Editing 1914 in science

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1914|science}}
{{Science year nav|1914}}

The year '''1914 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* July 22 – [[Sinope (moon)|Sinope]], the outermost known [[natural satellite|moon]] of [[Jupiter]], is discovered by [[Seth Barnes Nicholson]] at [[Lick Observatory]].
* A 76&nbsp;cm [[refracting telescope]] is built at [[Allegheny Observatory]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
* [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]] begins building [[rocket]]s.
* [[Walter Sydney Adams]] determines an incredibly high [[density]] for [[Sirius B]].

==Biology and medicine==
* March 27 – [[Belgium|Belgian]] surgeon [[Albert Hustin]] makes the first successful non-direct [[blood transfusion]], using [[anticoagulant]]s.
* August 1 – [[Swiss National Park]] (''Parc Naziunal Svizzer'') established in the [[Engadin]] region of Switzerland.
* September 1 – [[Martha (pigeon)|Martha]], the last known [[passenger pigeon]], dies, in the [[Cincinnati Zoo]].
* November 6 – [[Jacques Loeb]] publishes a paper on artificial [[parthenogenesis]] in [[sea urchin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=17742992|last=Loeb|first=J.|date=1914-11-06|title=Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays|volume=40|issue=1036|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|pages=680–681|doi=10.1126/science.40.1036.680|bibcode=1914Sci....40..680L|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448145}}</ref>
* November 26 – [[Karl von Frisch]] publishes his first significant paper on [[Western honey bee|honey bee]] behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".<ref>''Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere'' ([[Jena]]) '''35''' (1914–15) pp. 1–182. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.11736}}</ref>
* [[Julian Huxley]] publishes ''The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huxley |first=Julian S. |date=1914 |title=The Courtship habits of the Great Crested Grrebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the Theory of Sexual Selection. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31855761 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=491–562 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref> a key text in [[ethology]].
* [[John Joly]] develops a method of extracting [[radium]] and applying it in [[radiotherapy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|work=[[The Irish Times]]|date=16 December 1933|page=1}}</ref>
* [[Edward Calvin Kendall]] isolates [[thyroxine]].
* [[Morris Simmonds]] first reports [[hypopituitarism]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1055/s-0029-1190185|last=Simmonds|first=M.|title=Über hypophysisschwund mit todlichem ausgang|year=1914|journal=[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]|volume=40|page=322|issue=7|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429826}}</ref>
* [[Oxymorphone]], a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinatra|first=Raymond|title=The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521144506|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwPIjKg0XukC&q=oxymorphone+1914+germany&pg=PA123}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Theodore William Richards|T. W. Richards]] finds variations between the atomic weight of lead from different mineral sources, attributable to variations in [[Isotope|isotopic]] composition due to different radioactive origins.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scerri|first=Eric R.|year=2007|title=The Periodic Table|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=176–9|isbn=0-19-530573-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-lecture.html|title=Nobel Lecture:The Origins of the Conception of Isotopes|first=Frederick|last=Soddy|date=1922-12-12|accessdate=2023-04-25|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* In analysis of the [[Riemann hypothesis]]
** [[G. H. Hardy]] shows there are infinitely many [[Riemann hypothesis#Zeros on the critical line|zeros on the critical line]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hardy|first=G. H.|title=Sur les zéros de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann|journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|location=Paris|volume=158|pages=1012–1014|year=1914|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3111d.image.f1014.langEN|jfm=45.0716.04}} Reprinted in {{cite book|isbn=978-0-387-72125-5|editor1-last=Borwein|title=The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the {{sic|Af|ficionado|hide=y}} and Virtuoso Alike|series=CMS Books in Mathematics|publisher=Springer|place=New York|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Choi|editor3-first=Brendan|editor3-last=Rooney|editor4-first=Andrea|editor4-last=Weirathmueller|year=2008}}</ref> [[Harald Bohr]] and [[Edmund Landau]] show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bohr|first1=H.|last2=Landau|first2=E.|title=Ein Satz über Dirichletsche Reihen mit Anwendung auf die ζ-Funktion und die ''L''-Funktionen | doi=10.1007/BF03014823|journal=[[Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo]]|volume=37|issue=1|year=1914|pages=269–272|s2cid=121145912}}</ref> and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
** [[J. E. Littlewood]] shows that the [[prime number theorem]] underestimates the cumulative total of [[prime number|primes]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/27641834|last1=Granville|first1=Andrew|last2=Martin|first2=Greg|authorlink=Andrew Granville|date=January 2006|title=Prime Number Races|journal=American Mathematical Monthly|volume=113|issue=1|pages=1–33|url=http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/%7Eandrew/PDF/PrimeRace.pdf|jstor=27641834}}</ref>

==Mineralogy==
* [[Pascoite]] is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hillebrand|first1=W. F.|last2=Merwin|first2=H. E.|last3=Wright|first3=Fred E.|title=Hewettite, Metahewettite and Pascoite, Hydrous Calcium Vanadates|journal=[[Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.]]|date=January–May 1914|volume=53|issue=213|pages=31–54|jstor=984129}}</ref>

==Physics==
* April 24 – [[James Franck]] and [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz|Gustav Hertz]]'s [[Franck–Hertz experiment|experiment on electron collisions]] showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the [[Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft]].
* October 1 – [[Edgar Buckingham]] introduces use of the symbol "{{pi}}<sub>''i''</sub>" for the dimensionless variables (or parameters) in what becomes known as the [[Buckingham π theorem]], significant to [[dimensional analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=E.|last=Buckingham|title=On physically similar systems: illustrations of the use of dimensional equations|journal=[[Physical Review]]|publisher=American Physical Society|volume=4|issue=4|pages=345–376|year=1914|bibcode=1914PhRv....4..345B|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.4.345|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210014450082&view=1up&seq=905|hdl=10338.dmlcz/101743|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Ernest Rutherford]] suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains [[proton]]s.

==Technology==
* February 3 – [[Willis Carrier]] patents an [[air conditioner]] in the United States.
* September 5 – British [[Royal Navy]] [[scout cruiser]] {{HMS|Pathfinder|1904}} is sunk by [[SM U-21 (Germany)|German submarine ''U-21'']] in the [[Firth of Forth]] (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive [[torpedo]] fired from a [[submarine]].
* November 3 – [[Caresse Crosby|Polly Jacob]] patents a backless [[bra]] in the United States.
* [[Kodak]] introduce the [[Autographic]] system.

==Other events==
* October 23 – [[Manifesto of the Ninety-Three]] proclaimed in Germany.

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Max von Laue]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Theodore William Richards]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Robert Bárány]]

==Births==
* February 5 – [[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin|Alan Hodgkin]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), English [[physiologist]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1963).<ref>{{cite book|author=Neil Schlager|title=Science and Its Times: 1950-present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o5FAAAAYAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3939-6|page=153}}</ref>
* February 22 – [[Renato Dulbecco]] (died [[2012 in science|2012]]), Italian-born [[virologist]], winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975).
* March 5 – [[He Zehui]] (died [[2011 in science|2011]]), Chinese nuclear physicist.
* March 8 – [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich]] (died [[1987 in science|1987]]), [[Russian Empire|Russian]] [[astrophysicist]].
* March 25 – [[Norman Borlaug]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), American [[agronomist]], [[humanitarian]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel laureate]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peggy Saari|author2=Stephen Allison|author3=Marie C. Ellavich|title=Scientists: A-F|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtkHAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=U-X-L|isbn=978-0-7876-0960-3|page=105}}</ref>
* April 7 – [[Heinz Billing]], German physicist and computer scientist (died [[2017 in science|2017]])
* May 19 – [[Max Perutz]] (died [[2002 in science|2002]]), Austrian-born [[biologist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Manchester Memoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx8oAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=The Society|page=113}}</ref>
* June 3 – [[Ignacio Ponseti]] (died 2009), [[Menorca]]n-born pediatric orthopedist.
* June 4 – [[Alec Skempton]] (died [[2001 in science|2001]]), English pioneer of [[soil science]] and engineering historian.
* July 15 – [[Gavin Maxwell]] (died [[1969 in science|1969]]), Scottish naturalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harold Oxbury|title=Great Britons: Twentieth-century Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9coZAAAAYAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-211599-7|page=239}}</ref>
* July 24 – [[Frances Oldham Kelsey]] (died [[2015 in science|2015]]), Canadian pharmacologist.
* August 13 – [[Grace Bates]] (died [[1996 in science|1996]]), American mathematician.
* September 5 – [[Nicanor Parra]] (died [[2018 in science|2018]]), Chilean poet and physicist.
* October 2 – [[Jack Parsons (rocket engineer)|Jack Parsons]] (died [[1952 in science|1952]]), American rocket engineer and occultist.
* October 6 – [[Thor Heyerdahl]] (died 2002), [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[ethnographer]] and explorer, leader of the ''[[Kon-Tiki]]'' expedition.<ref>{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere|title=International Conference on Ocean Pollution: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiUQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42|year=1972|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=42}}</ref>
* October 14 – [[Raymond Davis Jr.]] (died [[2006 in science|2006]]), American [[chemist]] and [[physicist]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2002)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robyn V. Young|author2=Suzanne Sessine|title=World of Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imU6AQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3650-0|page=295}}</ref>
* October 21 – [[Martin Gardner]] (died [[2010 in science|2010]]), American writer on recreational [[mathematics]].
* October 28
** [[Jonas Salk]] (died [[1995 in science|1995]]), American medical researcher.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Oren Harman|author2=Michael R. Dietrich|title=Dreamers, Visionaries, and Revolutionaries in the Life Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A1uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=20 July 2018|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56990-1|pages=83}}</ref>
** [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]] (died [[1994 in science|1994]]), English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James K. Laylin|title=Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEy67gEvIuMC&pg=PA356|date=30 October 1993|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|isbn=978-0-8412-2690-6|pages=356}}</ref>
* December 15 – [[Anatole Abragam]], French physicist (died [[2011 in science|2011]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Science Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqkEAAAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research|page=67}}</ref>
* December 20 – [[Mary Helen Wright Greuter]] (died [[1997 in science|1997]]), American historian of astronomy.
* December 21 – [[Frank Fenner]] (died [[2010 in science|2010]]), Australian virologist and microbiologist.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Australian Journal of Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_I7yAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Australian National Research Council|page=254}}</ref>
* December 31 – [[Mary Logan Reddick]] (died [[1966 in science|1966]]), African American neuroembryologist.

==Deaths==
* January 24 – Sir [[David Gill (astronomer)|David Gill]] (born [[1843 in science|1843]]), Scottish [[astronomer]].
* March 19 – [[Giuseppe Mercalli]] (born [[1850 in science|1850]]), Italian [[volcanologist]].
* March 30 – [[John Henry Poynting]] (born [[1852 in science|1852]]), English physicist, discovered the [[Poynting–Robertson effect]] and developed the [[Poynting vector]].
* April 16 – [[George William Hill]] (born [[1838 in science|1838]]), American astronomer.
* April 26 – [[Eduard Suess]] (born [[1831 in science|1831]]), German [[geologist]] and [[ecologist]].
* May 15 – [[Ida Freund]] (born [[1863 in science|1863]]), Austrian-born British chemist and educator.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marelene F. Rayner-Canham|author2=Geoffrey Rayner-Canham|title=Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_NJ7AubQIcC&pg=PA61|year=1998|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|isbn=978-0-941901-27-7|pages=61}}</ref>
* May 27 – [[Joseph Swan]] (born [[1828 in science|1828]]), English physicist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Institution of Electrical Engineers|title=Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oshNdpQ3MrIC|year=1915|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|page=722}}</ref>
* September 13 – [[Robert Hope-Jones]] (born [[1859 in science|1859]]), English-born inventor of the theatre organ (suicide).<ref>{{cite news|title=Death of Robert Hope-Jones|date=19 September 1914|work=Music Trade Review}}</ref>
* November 5 – [[August Weismann]] (born [[1834 in science|1834]]), German [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=United States Congressional Serial Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuFGAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA28|year=1915|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=19}}</ref>
* November 10 – [[Lydia Shackleton]] (born [[1828 in science|1828]]), Irish botanical artist.
* November 28 – [[Johann Wilhelm Hittorf]] (born [[1824 in science|1824]]), German physicist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chemical Society (Great Britain)|title=Journal of the Chemical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FO44AAAAMAAJ|year=1915|publisher=The Society|page=582}}</ref>
* December 24 – [[John Muir]] (born [[1838 in science|1838]]), Scottish American geologist and ecologist, founder of the [[Sierra Club]].
* December 29 – [[Johannes Ludwig Janson]] (born [[1849 in science|1849]]), German veterinary scientist.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=21073248 | volume=8 | title=Johannes Ludwig Janson, professor of veterinary medicine in Tokyo in 1880-1902 - contribution to German-Japanese medical relations, part IV | year=2010 | journal=Acta Med Hist Adriat | pages=109–18 | last = Kast | first = A.| issue=1 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1914 In Science}}
[[Category:1914 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1910s in science]]