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1925 in science
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1925|science}} {{Science year nav|1925}} The year '''1925 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below. ==Astronomy and space science== * January 1 – [[Cecilia Payne]] completes her PhD thesis ''Stellar Atmospheres: a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars''<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Payne|first=Cecilia H.|title=Stellar Atmospheres: a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars|publisher=Radcliffe College|year=1925|type=PhD|bibcode=1925PhDT.........1P|oclc=1443459|id={{ProQuest|301786588}}}}</ref> at [[Radcliffe College]] of [[Harvard University]], providing spectral evidence that stars are composed almost entirely of hydrogen with helium, contrary to scientific consensus at the time; however, her findings will be vindicated by 1929 and astronomer [[Otto Struve]] will describe her work as "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201501/physicshistory.cfm|title=January 1, 1925: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin and the Day the Universe Changed|website=American Physical Society|date=January 2015|accessdate=2021-04-01}}</ref> ==Biology== * July 10–21 – [[Scopes Trial]]: In a staged test case (the "Monkey Trial") in [[Dayton, Tennessee]], [[John T. Scopes]], a young high school science teacher is accused of assigning a reading from a state-mandated textbook on Darwinian [[evolution]] in violation of a [[Tennessee]] state law, the "[[Butler Act]]". He is found guilty and fined $100, though the verdict is later overturned on a technicality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Jeffrey P.|title=The Scopes Trial: A Brief History with Documents|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|year=2002}}</ref> * September – Official opening of [[Thijsse's Hof]] (Garden of [[Jac. P. Thijsse|Thijsse]]), the first [[wildlife garden]] in the Netherlands, in [[Bloemendaal]] near [[Haarlem]]. * Approximate date – [[Extinction]] of the [[Bubal hartebeest]] in [[North Africa]]. ==Cartography== * [[Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection]] published by American cartographer [[Oscar S. Adams]].<ref>{{citation|title=Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations|first=Donald|last=Fenna|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2006|isbn=9780849381690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LZeu8RxOIsC&pg=PA357|page=357}}.</ref> ==Chemistry== * May – [[Rhenium]] is discovered by [[Walter Noddack]] and [[Ida Tacke]] in [[Berlin]], the last stable, non-radioactive naturally occurring [[Chemical element|element]] to be found.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-850340-7|chapter=Rhenium|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/358 358–360]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/358}}</ref> * The [[Fischer–Tropsch process]] for production of [[hydrocarbon]]s is first developed by [[Franz Joseph Emil Fischer|Franz Fischer]] and [[Hans Tropsch]] at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. ==History of science== * [[Museum of the History of Science]] opens in the [[Ashmolean Museum|Old Ashmolean]] building in [[Oxford]], set up by [[Robert Gunther]] based largely on the collection given by Dr [[Lewis Evans (collector)|Lewis Evans]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Simcock, A. V.|title=Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean|location=Oxford|publisher=Museum of the History of Science|year=1985|isbn=0-903364-04-2}}</ref> * [[Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel]] established by donation of the collection of [[pharmacist]] Josef Anton Häfliger. * [[Edwin Arthur Burtt]]'s ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science'' is published. ==Physics== * January – [[Wolfgang Pauli]] announces his [[Pauli exclusion principle|exclusion rule]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=This Month in Physics History – January 1925: Wolfgang Pauli announces the exclusion principle|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200701/history.cfm|work=APS News |volume=16|issue=1|publisher=American Physical Society|accessdate=2011-06-25 |date=January 2007}}</ref> * June – [[Werner Heisenberg]] spends time on [[Heligoland]]<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Carlo Rovelli|first=Carlo|last=Rovelli|title=Helgoland|year=2020}}</ref> resulting in the September publication of his seminal paper, "[[Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen]]" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations") in ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]''. * September–November – Heisenberg, [[Max Born]] and [[Pascual Jordan]] submit their papers "Zur Quantenmechanik" setting out their [[Matrix mechanics|matrix formulation]] of [[quantum mechanics]], to ''Zeitschrift für Physik''. ==Technology== * June 13 – [[Charles Francis Jenkins]] achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from [[Anacostia]] to [[Washington, DC]]. The images are viewed by representatives of the [[Bureau of Standards]], the [[U.S. Navy]], the [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]] and others. Jenkins calls this "the first public demonstration of radiovision". * October 2 – [[John Logie Baird]] successfully transmits the first television pictures with a greyscale image, in London.<ref>{{cite book|first=R. W.|last=Burns|title=Television: An International History of the Formative Years|location=London|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|isbn=9780852969144|page=264}}</ref> * October 22 – [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]] files the first [[patent]] for a form of [[field-effect transistor]].<ref>{{US patent|1745175}} ''Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents'', first filed in Canada, describing a device similar to a [[MESFET]]. Granted 28 January 1930. {{cite book|first=Thomas H.|last=Lee|title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits|edition=New|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521835398|pages=167ff}}</ref> * November 4 – [[Charles F. Brannock]] files a patent for the [[Brannock Device]] for measuring shoe sizes.<ref>"Foot-Measuring Instrument." [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1682366 U.S. Patent 1,682,366.]</ref> * ''late'' 1925 ''or early'' [[1926 in science|1926]] – [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] demonstrates a [[cathode-ray tube]] television system using Braun tubes at the [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Electric]] laboratories in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. * [[Jonas Hesselman]] introduces the [[Hesselman engine]]. ==Other events== * [[Sinclair Lewis]]'s novel ''[[Arrowsmith (novel)|Arrowsmith]]'' is published in the [[United States]], notable in having the culture of medical science as a principal theme.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://mh.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/32/2/82|title=The novel ''Arrowsmith'', Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) and Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): a literary portrait of "medical science"|first=H. M.|last=Fangerau|journal=Medical Humanities|volume=32|year=2006|pages=82–87|issue=2|doi=10.1136/jmh.2006.000230|pmid=23673799}}</ref> ==Awards== * [[Nobel Prize]]s ** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[James Franck]], [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] ** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]] ==Births== * January 7 – [[Gerald Durrell]] (died [[1995 in science|1995]]), [[India]]n-born [[British people|British]] [[wildlife conservation]]ist. * January 30 – [[Douglas Engelbart]] (died [[2013 in science|2013]]), [[Americans|American]] pioneer in [[human–computer interaction]]. * February 1 – [[John F. Yardley]] (died [[2001 in science|2001]]), American aeronautical engineer. * February 25 – [[Elliott Organick]] (died [[1985 in science|1985]]), American computer scientist and educator. * February 28 – [[Louis Nirenberg]] (died [[2020 in science|2020]]), [[Canadians|Canadian]]-born American mathematician. * March 1 – [[Solomon Marcus]] (died [[2016 in science|2016]]), [[Romanians|Romanian]] mathematician. * March 20 – [[David Warren (inventor)|David Warren]] (died [[2010 in science|2010]]), [[Australians|Australian]] aviation scientist. * April 12 – [[Evelyn Berezin]] (died [[2018 in science|2018]]), American computer scientist. * May 1 – [[Scott Carpenter]] (died 2013), American [[astronaut]]. * May 16 – [[Nancy Roman]] (died [[2018 in science|2018]]), American astronomer. * May 27 – [[John L. Harper]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), British [[biologist]], specializing in [[ecology]] and [[plant]] [[population biology]]. * June 17 – [[Alexander Shulgin]] (died [[2014 in science|2014]]), American [[psychopharmacologist]]. * July 8 – [[Norbert Pfennig]] (died [[2008 in science|2008]]), [[Germans|German]] [[microbiologist]]. * July 26 – [[Joseph Engelberger]] (died [[2015 in science|2015]]), American [[robotics]] engineer. * August 10 – [[Stanislav Brebera]] (died [[2012 in science|2012]]), [[Czechs|Czech]] [[chemist]]. * August 19 – [[Frederic Richards]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), American [[biochemist]] and [[biophysics|biophysicist]] known for solving the [[crystallography|crystal structure]] of the [[ribonuclease S]] [[enzyme]] in 1967 and for defining the concept of [[solvent-accessible surface]]. * September 16 – [[Eugene Garfield]] (died [[2017 in science|2017]]), American pioneer of [[bibliometrics]] and [[scientometrics]]. * September 27 – [[Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert Edwards]] (died [[2013 in science|2013]]), [[British people|British]] [[physiologist]] and pioneer of [[In vitro fertilisation|''in vitro'' fertilisation]], recipient of the 2010 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. * September 28 – [[Seymour Cray]] (died [[1996 in science|1996]]), American supercomputer architect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seymour R. Cray - American engineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seymour-R-Cray|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=21 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> * September 30 – [[Arkady Ostashev]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), Soviet, Russian [[scientist]], participant in the launch of the first artificial [[Earth]] [[Sputnik 1|satellite]] and the [[Yuri Gagarin|first cosmonaut]], [[Kandidat|Candidate of Technical Sciences]], [[Docent]], [[laureate]] of the [[Lenin Prize|Lenin]] and [[USSR State Prize|state]] [[prize]]s. * October 13 – [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Roberts]] (died [[2013 in science|2013]]), chemist and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]. * October 29 – [[Klaus Roth]] (died 2015), German-born mathematician. * October 31 – [[John Pople]] (died [[2004 in science|2004]]), British [[theoretical chemist]], recipient of the 1998 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. * November 16 – [[Michel Jouvet]] (died [[2017 in science|2017]]), [[French people|French]] [[Oneirology|oneirologist]]. * December 1 – [[Martin Rodbell]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. * December 11 – [[Paul Greengard]] (died [[2019 in science|2019]]), American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ==Deaths== * February 3 – [[Oliver Heaviside]] (born [[1850 in science|1850]]), English [[physicist]]. * February 22 – Sir [[Clifford Allbutt]] (born [[1836 in science|1836]]), English [[physician]], inventor of the clinical thermometer. * May 5 – [[Catharine van Tussenbroek]] (born [[1852 in science|1852]]), Dutch physician. * June 3 – [[Camille Flammarion]] (born [[1842 in science|1842]]), French [[astronomer]]. * June 22 – [[Felix Klein]] (born [[1849 in science|1849]]), [[Germans|German]] [[mathematician]]. * July 26 – [[Gottlob Frege]] (born [[1848 in science|1848]]), German philosopher, logician and mathematician. * October 31 – [[José Ingenieros]] (born [[1877 in science|1877]]), Argentine [[polymath]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1925 In Science}} [[Category:1925 in science| ]] [[Category:20th century in science]] [[Category:1920s in science]]
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