Editing 1965 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1965|science}}
{{Science year nav|1965}}

The year '''1965 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* February 20 – [[Ranger 8]] crashes into the [[Moon]] after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the [[Apollo program]] [[astronaut]]s.
* March 23 – [[NASA]] launches [[Gemini 3]], the [[United States]]' first two-person space flight (crew: [[Gus Grissom]] and [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]).
* August 21 – [[NASA]] launches [[Gemini 5]] ([[Gordon Cooper]], [[Pete Conrad]]) on the first 1-week space flight, as well as the first test of [[fuel cell]]s for electrical power on such a mission.
* November 16 – [[Venera program]]: The [[Soviet Union]] launches the [[Venera 3]] space probe from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] toward [[Venus]]. (On March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another [[planet]]).
* November 26 – At the [[Hammaguir]]a launch facility in the [[Sahara Desert]], [[France]] launches a  [[Diamant-A]] rocket with its first [[satellite]], ''[[Astérix (satellite)|Astérix-1]]'' on board, becoming the third country to enter [[Outer space|space]].
* Discovery of [[NML Cygni]], a red [[hypergiant]] and the largest star known, at about 1,650 times the Sun's radius.

==Biology==
* February 4 – [[Trofim Lysenko]] is removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] in the Soviet Union and [[Lysenkoism|Lysenkoist]] theories subjected to criticism as pseudoscience.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The descent of Lysenko|last=Cohen|first=Barry M.|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=56|pages=229–233|year=1965|issue=5|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Joravsky|first=David|title=The Lysenko Affair|url=https://archive.org/details/lysenkoaffair0000jora|url-access=registration|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1970|series=Russian Research Center studies, 61|isbn=0-674-53985-0}}</ref>
* [[Emile Zuckerkandl]] and [[Linus Pauling]] name their concept of the [[molecular clock]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zuckerkandl|first1=E.|first2=L.|last2=Pauling|editor=Bryson, B. |editor2=Vogel, H. |title=Evolving Genes and Proteins|year=1965|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York|pages=97–166|chapter=Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Gregory J.|last=Morgan|title=Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=31|year=1998|issue=2|pages=155–178|doi=10.1023/A:1004394418084|pmid=11620303|s2cid=5660841}}</ref>
* The [[Parma wallaby]], thought for around 70 years to be extinct, is rediscovered on [[Kawau Island]] (near [[Auckland]]).
* [[William Keble Martin|W. Keble Martin]] publishes ''The Concise British Flora in Colour''.
* The "brain-eating amoeba" ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'' is detected for the first time.

==Chemistry==
* [[Kevlar]] high-strength [[para-aramid]] [[synthetic fiber]] is developed by [[Stephanie Kwolek]] at [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Stephanie|last1=Kwolek|first2=Hiroshi|last2=Mera|first3=Tadahiko|last3=Takata|chapter=High-Performance Fibers|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2002|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a13_001|isbn=3527306730}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ip.com/patent/US3819587 |title=Wholly Aromatic Carbocyclic Polycarbonamide Fiber |date=1974-06-25 |access-date=2012-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308180247/http://ip.com/patent/US3819587 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=live }} US [[patent]] #3819587.</ref>
* [[Wang Yinglai]] and colleagues perform the first successful synthesis of [[insulin]].
* [[Peter Hirsch (metallurgist)|Peter Hirsch]], [[Archibald Howie]], [[Robin Nicholson (metallurgist)|Robin Nicholson]], D. W. Pashley and [[Michael Whelan (scientist)|Michael Whelan]] publish ''Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals''.

==Climatology==
* November 5 – US president Lyndon Johnson’s science advisory committee sends him a report entitled ''Restoring the Quality of Our Environment'', the introduction to which states: "Pollutants have altered on a global scale the [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide content of the air]] and the [[Lead poisoning|lead concentrations]] in ocean waters and human populations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/nov/05/scientists-warned-the-president-about-global-warming-50-years-ago-today|title=Scientists warned the US president about global warming 50 years ago today |work=The Guardian|date=2015-11-05|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>

==Computer science==
* January 14 – [[CDC 6600]] [[supercomputer]] delivered to [[CERN]] in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The CDC 6600 arrives at CERN|url=https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cdc-6600-arrives-cern|work=Timeline &ndash; Computing at CERN|publisher=CERN|location=Geneva|date=1965-01-14|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>
* March 22 – [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] launch the [[12-bit]] [[PDP-8]], the first successful commercial [[minicomputer]], which will sell more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to this date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/|title=The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8|authorlink=Douglas W. Jones|first=Douglas W|last=Jones|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref>
* April 19 – [[Gordon Moore]] describes the [[exponential growth]] trend in computing power which will become known as [[Moore's law]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Gordon E. |last=Moore |date=19 April 1965 |url=ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf |title=Cramming more components onto integrated circuits |journal=[[Electronics (magazine)|Electronics]] |volume=38 |issue=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218224945/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-18 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2005 |url=ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf |title=Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law |publisher=[[Intel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218225540/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-18 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2007|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1965-Moore.html|title=1965 – "Moore's Law" Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|access-date=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21648683-microchip-pioneers-prediction-has-bit-more-life-left-it-ever-more-moore |title=Ever more from Moore |newspaper=The Economist |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>

==History of science and technology==
* [[Ralph Lapp]] publishes ''The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power'' in the United States.
* [[Thomas Telford]]'s [[Conwy Suspension Bridge]] in north Wales (1822&ndash;26), superseded as a vehicle crossing, is placed in the care of Britain's [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]].

==Mathematics==
* [[James Ax]] and [[Simon B. Kochen]] make the first proof of the [[Ax–Kochen theorem]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=James|last1=Ax|first2=Simon|last2=Kochen|title=Diophantine problems over local fields, I|journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]|volume=87|pages=605–630|year=1965|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2373065|jstor=2373065}}</ref>
* [[James Cooley]] and [[John Tukey]] publish the general version of the [[Fast Fourier transform]] which becomes known as the [[Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series|url=https://www.ams.org/mcom/1965-19-090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1/|journal=[[Mathematics of Computation]]|date=1965|issn=0025-5718|pages=297–301|volume=19|issue=90|doi=10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1|author-first1=James W.|author-last1=Cooley|author-first2=John W.|author-last2=Tukey|access-date=2017-12-30|doi-access=free}}</ref> and significant in [[digital signal processing]].
* [[Lotfi Zadeh]] develops [[fuzzy logic]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=65}}</ref>

==Physics==
* January – Mathematician [[Roger Penrose]] publishes a key paper on [[gravitational collapse]] and space-time singularities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Penrose|first=Roger|title=Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|date=January 1965|volume=14|issue=3|pages=57–59|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57|url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57|bibcode=1965PhRvL..14...57P |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Physiology and medicine==
* English [[Pediatrics|paediatrician]] [[Harry Angelman]] first describes [[Angelman syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb07844.x|last=Angelman|first=Harvey|year=1965|title='Puppet' Children: A report of three cases|journal=[[Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology]]|volume=7|pages=681–688|issue=6|s2cid=53730099}}</ref>
* English [[neurologist]] [[Victor Dubowitz]] first describes [[Dubowitz syndrome]].
* [[Frank Pantridge]] installs the first portable [[defibrillator]], in a [[Belfast]] [[ambulance]].

==Psychology==
* [[Konrad Lorenz]] publishes ''[[Evolution and Modification of Behavior]]''.

==Technology==
* January – Bryan Whitby and S. C. Cummins file a [[United Kingdom]] [[patent]] application for mobile [[ice cream]] producing equipment with the [[soft serve]] units powered off the [[ice cream van]]'s drive mechanism (rather than a separate generator), which becomes a global standard.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|publisher=Whitby Morrison|url=http://www.whitbymorrison.com/Company/History.php|location=Crewe|access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fifty Years of Ice Cream Vehicles, 1949–99|first1=Stuart|last1=Whitby|first2=Alan|last2=Earnshaw|location=Appleby|publisher=Trans-Pennine|year=1999|isbn=978-1-903016-08-4}}</ref>
* March 4 – Patent for the [[lava lamp]] filed.<ref>{{US patent|3387396}}</ref>
* July 20 – [[Owen Finlay Maclaren]] files a UK patent application for the modern collapsible [[Baby transport#Strollers|baby buggy]].
* December 25 – American engineer [[Sherm Poppen]] invents the [[snurfer]], predecessor of the [[snowboard]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/793893510/|title=Stoked for competition|work=[[The Herald-Sun (Durham, North Carolina)|The Herald-Sun]]|location=[[Durham, North Carolina]]|date=1998-02-08|access-date=2024-04-27|page=48|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Closed access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Sherman “Sherm” Poppen|url=https://mashf.com/hall-of-fame/it-traditional/?srch=Sherm+Poppen|website=Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame|accessdate=2025-01-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Richard Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Robert Burns Woodward]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Francois Jacob|François Jacob]], [[Andre Lwoff|André Lwoff]], [[Jacques Monod]]
* [[Order of Merit]]: [[Dorothy Hodgkin]]

==Births==
* March 3 – [[Tedros Adhanom]], [[Ethiopia]]n public health authority.
* March 7 – [[Ottoline Leyser]], [[English people|English]] [[plant biologist]] and science administrator.
* June 4 – [[Adi Utarini]], [[Indonesia]]n public health researcher.
* June 5 – [[Michael E. Brown]], [[Americans|American]] [[astronomer]].
* June 16 – [[Andrea M. Ghez]], American astronomer, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2020.
* June 21 – [[Yang Liwei]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] astronaut.
* October 11 – [[Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain]], [[Spain|Spanish]] [[physicist]].

==Deaths==
* March 30 – [[Philip Showalter Hench]] (born [[1896 in science|1896]]), American physician, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in [[1950 in science|1950]].
* July 9 – [[Louis Harold Gray]] (born [[1905 in science|1905]]), [[English people|English]] physicist, inventor of the field of [[radiobiology]].
* August 28 – [[Giulio Racah]] (born [[1909 in science|1909]]), [[Israel]]i [[physicist]].
* September 4 – [[Albert Schweitzer]] (born [[1875 in science|1875]]), [[Alsace|Alsatian]] medical missionary.
* September 20 – [[Arthur Holmes]] (born [[1890 in science|1890]]), English [[geologist]].
* October 12 – [[Paul Hermann Müller]] (born [[1899 in science|1899]]), [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[chemist]], winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in [[1948 in science|1948]].
* November 11 – [[Ronald Hatton]] (born [[1886 in science|1886]]), English [[pomologist]].
* December 11 – [[George Constantinescu]] (born [[1881 in science|1881]]), Romanian-born engineer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:1965 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1960s in science]]