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1968 in science
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{{Short description|none}} [[File:Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg | thumb | right]] <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1968|science}} {{Science year nav|1968}} The year '''1968 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below. ==Astronomy== * [[Thomas Gold]] explains the recently discovered radio [[pulsar]]s as rapidly rotating [[neutron star]]s; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.<ref>''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''218''' pp. 731โ732.</ref> ==Computer science== * April โ First book printed completely using electronic composition, the United States edition of [[Paul Winterton|Andrew Garve]]'s thriller ''[[The Long Short Cut]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Altbach|first1=Philip Gabriel|last2=Hoshino|first2=Edith S.|title=International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuWEc20g0-cC&pg=PA65|year=1995|publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=978-0-8153-0786-0|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Joseph Nathan|year=1997|title=Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in American History|edition=5th|publisher=The H.W. Wilson Company|isbn=978-0-8242-0930-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0/page/67 67]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0/page/67}}</ref> * July 18 โ The [[semiconductor chip]] company [[Intel]] is founded by [[Gordon E. Moore]] and [[Robert Noyce]] in [[Mountain View, California]]. * December 9 โ In what becomes retrospectively known as "[[The Mother of All Demos]]", [[Douglas Engelbart]] of [[Stanford Research Institute]]'s [[Augmentation Research Center]] demonstrates for the first time the [[computer mouse]], the [[video conference]], [[Teleconference|teleconferencing]], [[hypertext]], [[word processing]], [[hypermedia]], object addressing, the [[dynamic linker]] and a [[collaborative real-time editor]] using [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]].<ref>{{cite conference|chapter-url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3954.html|chapter=A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect|first1=W. K.|last1=English|authorlink1=Bill English (computer engineer)|first2=D. C.|last2=Engelbart|title=AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference|place=San Francisco|date=1968-12-09|volume=33|pages=395โ410|work=Augment|id=3954}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/12/dayintech_1209|title=Dec. 9, 1968: The Mother of All Demos|last=Tweney|first=Dylan|date=2008-09-12|work=[[Wired News]]|accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/11/engelbart_celebration/|title=The Mother of All Demos โ 150 years ahead of its time|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=2008-12-11|work=[[The Register]]|accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref> ==Mathematics== * [[Beniamino Segre]] describes a version of the [[tennis ball theorem]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Segre|first=Beniamino|journal=[[Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni|Rendiconti di Matematica]]|mr=0243466|pages=237โ297|title=Alcune proprietร differenziali in grande delle curve chiuse sghembe|volume=1|year=1968}}</ref> ==Medicine== * January 2 โ Dr. [[Christiaan Barnard]] performs the second successful human [[heart transplant]], in [[South Africa]], on [[Philip Blaiberg]], who survives for nineteen months. * November โ Outbreak of acute [[gastroenteritis]] among schoolchildren in [[Norwalk, Ohio]], caused by "Norwalk agent", the first identified [[norovirus]]. * Publication of a [[Harvard Medical School|Harvard]] committee report on irreversible coma establishes a paradigm for defining [[brain death]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/205/6/337.short|volume=205|year=1968|pages=337โ340|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.205.6.337|pmid=5694976 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Calixto|last=Machado|title=The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor|journal=[[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]]|year=2005|volume=64|pages=1938โ42|issue=11|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000163515.09793.cb|pmid=15955947|s2cid=11058683 }}</ref> France becomes the first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death. * Doctors perform the first successful [[bone marrow transplant]], to treat [[severe combined immunodeficiency]] (SCID). * [[DiGeorge syndrome]] is first described by [[pediatric endocrinologist]] [[Angelo DiGeorge]].<ref>{{citation|last=DiGeorge|first=A. M.|title=Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism|volume=IV|issue=1|location=White Plains, NY|publisher=March of Dimes-Birth Defects Foundation|year=1968|pages=116โ21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2459/01.JCM.0000203848.90267.3e|first1=Angelo|last2=Sarkozy|last1=Restivo|first2=Anna|last3=Digilio|first3=Maria Cristina|last4=Dallapiccola|pmid=16645366|first4=Bruno|last5=Marino|first5=Bruno|title=22q11 Deletion syndrome: a review of some developmental biology aspects of the cardiovascular system|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=7|issue=2|pages=77โ85|year=2006|s2cid=25905258 |url=http://www.jcardiovascularmedicine.com/pt/re/jcm/abstract.01244665-200602000-00001.htm;jsessionid=K0GCjVnhWKskr2CxfrkZQlw2zDpw9lQTLJzcrSJFmNlGp7L8vQdK!713060492!181195629!8091!-1|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Physics== * [[Georges Charpak]] develops the [[multiwire proportional chamber]] for particle detection at [[CERN]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1968: Georges Charpak revolutionizes detection|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History68-en.html|publisher=CERN|year=2008|accessdate=2011-02-28}}</ref> ==Psychology== * [[John M. Darley|John Darley]] and [[Bibb Latanรฉ]] demonstrate the [[bystander effect]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Darley|first1=J. M.|name-list-style=amp|last2=Latanรฉ|first2=B.|year=1968|title=Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility|journal=[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]]|volume=8|issue=4, Pt.1|pages=377โ383|doi=10.1037/h0025589|pmid=5645600|url=http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps19.html|access-date=2011-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507023426/http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps19.html|archive-date=2013-05-07|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * [[Walter Mischel]] publishes ''Personality and Assessment''. ==Robotics== * January โ [[Miomir Vukobratoviฤ]] proposes [[Zero Moment Point]], a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion. ==Space exploration== * September 15โ22 โ [[Zond program]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spacecraft [[Zond 5]] becomes the first vehicle to circle the Moon (September 18) and return to splashdown on Earth. It also carries the first living organisms to circle the Moon, including two [[Russian tortoise]]s, ''[[Piophila]]'', [[mealworm]]s, [[plant]]s and [[bacteria]]. * October 11 โ [[Apollo program]]: [[NASA]] launches [[Apollo 7]], the first crewed Apollo mission, with [[astronaut]]s [[Wally Schirra]], [[Donn Fulton Eisele]] and [[R. Walter Cunningham]] aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live [[television]] broadcast from [[orbit]] and testing the [[lunar module]] docking maneuver. * December 24 โ [[Apollo 8]] enters [[Moon]] orbit. [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]] and [[William A. Anders]] are the first humans to see the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of the Moon and planet [[Earth]] as a whole. Anders photographs ''[[Earthrise]]''. ==Technology== * June 6 โ [[Roy Jacuzzi]] is granted a [[patent]] for the [[Jacuzzi]] whirlpool [[hot tub]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=3297025|pubdate=1967-01-10|title=Hydrotherapy tub|assign1=Jacuzzi Bros. Inc.|inventor1-last=Jacuzzi|inventor1-first=Candido}}.</ref> ==Events== * April 4 โ [[United States]] theatrical release of [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', based on a story by [[Arthur C. Clarke]]. ==Publications== * [[James D. Watson]] โ ''[[The Double Helix]]: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA''. ==Awards== * [[Nobel Prize]]s ** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] โ [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]] ** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] โ [[Lars Onsager]] ** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] โ [[Robert W. Holley]], [[Har Gobind Khorana]], [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]] * [[Turing Award]] โ [[Richard Hamming]] ==Births== * January 11 โ [[Benjamin List]], German organic chemist, recipient of [[2021 in science|2021]] [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] * March 3 โ [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]], [[English people|English]] physicist and science communicator, previously rock keyboardist * March 9 โ [[Maggie Aderin-Pocock]], English space scientist and science educator * March 16 โ [[David MacMillan]], Scottish-born organic chemist, recipient of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry * June 30 โ [[Samantha Tross]], [[Guyanese people|Guyanese]]-born [[British people|British]] [[orthopedic surgeon]] * September 30 โ [[Bennet Omalu]], Nigerian physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist * December 11 โ [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]], [[French people|French]] [[biochemist]], recipient of [[2020 in science|2020]] Nobel Prize in Chemistry<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/|website=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=2020-10-07}}</ref> ==Deaths== * January 6 โ [[Xu Shunshou]] (born [[1917 in science|1917]]), [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[aeronautical engineer]]. * February 1 โ [[Jacob van der Hoeden]] (born [[1891 in science|1891]]), Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist * February 21 โ [[Howard Florey]] (born [[1898 in science|1898]]), Australian pharmacologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] * February 22 โ [[May Smith (psychologist)|May Smith]] (born [[1879 in science|1879]]), [[English people|English]] [[experimental psychologist]]. * March 27 โ [[Yuri Gagarin]] (born [[1934 in science|1934]]), [[Russia]]n [[astronaut|cosmonaut]], the first man in [[Outer space|space]]. * April 1 โ [[Lev Davidovich Landau]] (born [[1908 in science|1908]]), Russian [[physicist]]. * June 21 โ [[Constance Georgina Adams|Constance Georgina Tardrew]] (born [[1883 in science|1883]]), South African botanist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rall |first=Maureen |title=Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years| location=Kimberley, South Africa |publisher=Kimberley Africana Library |year=2002 |page=117 |isbn=978-0-62027-613-9}}</ref> * July 22 โ [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] (born [[1886 in science|1886]]), [[Indian people|Indian]] [[physician]] and social reformer. * July 28 โ [[Otto Hahn]] (born [[1879 in science|1879]]), [[Germans|German]] [[chemist]], recipient of [[1944 in science|1944]] [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. * October 27 โ [[Lise Meitner]] (born [[1878 in science|1878]]), German physicist, discoverer in 1939, with Otto Hahn, of nuclear fission.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bailey Ogilvie |first1=Marilyn |last2=Harvey| first2=Joy |title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z | location=London |publisher=Routledge| year=2000 |isbn=978-0-41592-040-7 |page=877}}</ref> * November 8 โ [[Chika Kuroda]] (born [[1884 in science|1884]]), Japanese chemist.<ref>[https://www.lib.ocha.ac.jp/archives/en/researcher/kuroda_chika.html?grid=txtlink Chika Kuroda--ๆฅๆฌๅใฎๅฅณๆงๅๅญฆ่ ]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1968 In Science}} [[Category:1968 in science| ]] [[Category:20th century in science]] [[Category:1960s in science]]
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