Editing 1973 in science

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1973|science}}
{{Science year nav|1973}}

The year '''1973 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* March 7 – [[Comet Kohoutek]] is discovered
* April 6 – Launch of [[Pioneer 11]] [[spacecraft]]
* May 14 – ''[[Skylab]]'', the [[United States]]' first [[space station]], is launched.
* [[Solar eclipse of June 30, 1973]] – Very long total [[solar eclipse]] visible in NE South America, the Atlantic, and central Africa. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceed seven minutes of totality; this is the last. Observers aboard a [[Concorde]] jet are able to stretch totality to about 74 minutes by flying along the path of the moon's [[umbra]].
* July 25 – [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Mars 5]] space probe launched.
* November 3 – [[Mariner program]]: [[NASA]] launches the [[Mariner 10]] toward [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] (on March 29, 1974, it becomes the first [[space probe]] to reach that planet); it will be the first space flight to use [[gravity assist]].
* December 3 – [[Pioneer program]]: [[Pioneer 10]] sends back the first close-up images of [[Jupiter]].
* December 7 – The "Big Ear" at the [[Ohio State University Radio Observatory]] begins a full-time [[search for extraterrestrial intelligence]] (SETI) radio survey, running continuously until [[1995 in science|1995]].

==Biology==
* December 28 – [[Endangered Species Act]] signed into law in the [[United States]].

==Cartography==
* [[Waldo R. Tobler]] introduces the [[Tobler hyperelliptical projection]].

==Chemistry==
* A successful method of [[Vitamin B12 total synthesis|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> total synthesis]] is reported by the groups of [[Robert Burns Woodward]] and [[Albert Eschenmoser]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Total Synthesis of Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>|first=R. B.|last=Woodward|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|year=1973|volume=33|issue=1|pages=145–178|url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/33/1/0145/|doi=10.1351/pac197333010145|accessdate=2012-01-13|pmid=4684454|s2cid=30641959 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Nicolaou, K. C. |author2=Sorensen, E. J. |year=1996|title=Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-3-527-29231-8}}</ref>
* [[Akira Endo (biochemist)|Akira Endo]] identifies the first [[statin]], [[mevastatin]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Akira|last=Endo|author2=Kuroda M.|author3= Tsujita Y.|title=ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium|journal=Journal of Antibiotics|date=December 1976| volume=29|issue=12|pages=1346–8|pmid=1010803|doi=10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Computer science==
* March 1 – [[Xerox PARC]] releases the [[Xerox Alto]], the first computer designed to support an operating system based on a [[graphical user interface]]. 
* September – The [[TV Typewriter]] appears on the cover of ''[[Radio-Electronics]]''. Designed by [[Don Lancaster]], it is a video terminal that can display two pages of 16 lines of 32 upper case characters on a standard television set.
* October – A form of the [[suffix automaton]] is introduced by Peter Weiner.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q29541479|ref={{harvid|Weiner|1973}}}}</ref>
* November 21 – The sci-fi movie ''[[Westworld (film)|Westworld]]'' is the first feature film to use [[digital image processing]].

==Cryptography==
* October – Asymmetric key algorithms for [[public-key cryptography]] developed by [[James H. Ellis]], [[Clifford Cocks]] and [[Malcolm J. Williamson]] at the [[United Kingdom]] [[Government Communications Headquarters]].<ref>Disclosed 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/20100519084635/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/history/pke.html</ref>

==Earth sciences==
* Derek Ager publishes ''The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record''.

==History of science==
* May 5–July 28 – [[BBC Television]] series ''[[The Ascent of Man]]'', written and presented by [[Jacob Bronowski]], first airs; there is also an accompanying bestselling book.

==Mathematics==
* [[Fischer Black]] and [[Myron Scholes]] first articulate the [[Black–Scholes]] [[mathematical model]] used in the financial field containing certain [[Derivative (finance)|derivative]] investment instruments.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities|last1=Black|first1=Fischer|first2=Myron|last2=Scholes|journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]]|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=May–June 1973|volume=81|issue=3|pages=637–654|doi=10.1086/260062|jstor=1831029|s2cid=154552078 }}</ref>
* Jürgen Stückrad and Wolfgang Vogel introduce the [[Buchsbaum ring]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stückrad|first1=Jürgen|last2=Vogel|first2=Wolfgang|title=Eine Verallgemeinerung der Cohen-Macaulay Ringe und Anwendungen auf ein Problem der Multiplizitätstheorie|url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.kjm/1250523322|mr=0335504|year=1973|journal=Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University|issn=0023-608X|volume=13|pages=513–528}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stückrad|first1=Jürgen|last2=Vogel|first2=Wolfgang|title=Buchsbaum rings and applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBTvAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin; New York|isbn=978-3-540-16844-7|mr=881220|year=1986}}</ref>

==Physiology and medicine==
* August – Production of [[monoclonal antibodies]] involving human–mouse hybrid cells is first described by [[Jerrold Schwaber]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Schwaber, J.|author2=Cohen, E. P.|title=Human x mouse somatic cell hybrid clone secreting immunoglobulins of both parental types|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=244|issue=5416|pages=444–7|year=1973|pmid=4200460|doi=10.1038/244444a0|s2cid=4171375}}</ref>
* The term "[[dendritic cell]]" is coined by [[Ralph M. Steinman]] working with [[Zanvil A. Cohn]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steinman|first1=R. M.|last2=Cohn|first2=Z. A.|title=Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice: I. Morphology, Quantitation, Tissue Distribution|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=137|issue=5|pages=1142–62|year=1973|pmid=4573839|doi=10.1084/jem.137.5.1142|pmc=2139237}}</ref>
* The term "Norrmalmstorgssyndromet", translated as [[Stockholm syndrome]], is coined by [[Nils Bejerot]].

==Psychiatry==
* [[David Rosenhan]] publishes the results of his [[Rosenhan experiment|experiment into the validity of psychiatric diagnosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rosenhan|first=D. L.|title=On being sane in insane places|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|location=New York|volume=179|issue=4070|pages=250–8|date=January 1973|pmid=4683124|doi=10.1126/science.179.4070.250|url=http://web.cocc.edu/lminorevans/on_being_sane_in_insane_places.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117175255/http://web.cocc.edu/lminorevans/on_being_sane_in_insane_places.htm|archivedate=2004-11-17|bibcode = 1973Sci...179..250R |s2cid=15089027 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* The [[American Psychiatric Association]] publishes the 1st edition of its ''Principles of Medical Ethics'', incorporating the '[[Goldwater rule]]' (that it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion on an individual in the public eye without an examination and consent).<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Ethics of APA's Goldwater Rule|last1=Kroll|first1=Jerome|last2=Pouncey|first2=Claire|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2016|volume=44|issue=2|pages=226–235|pmid=27236179|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/44/2/226.long|issn=1093-6793}}</ref>
* December 15 – The [[American Psychiatric Association]] removes the definition of [[homosexuality]] as a [[mental disorder]] from the 2nd edition of its ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-II).

==Technology==
* April 2 – The [[LexisNexis]] computerized legal research service begins.
* April 3 – The first handheld [[mobile phone]] call is made by [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First Mobile Phone Call Was Placed Exactly 40 Years Ago|url=http://mashable.com/2013/04/03/first-mobile-phone-call/|publisher=Mashable|year=2013|accessdate=2013-04-03}}</ref>
* June 4 – A [[United States patent]] for the Docutel [[automated teller machine]] is granted to [[Donald Wetzel]], Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
* Ichiro Kato, Waseda University, develops the world's first full-scale [[humanoid robot]], Wabot-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Industrial Robots|url=http://www.ifr.org/uploads/media/History_of_Industrial_Robots_online_brochure_by_IFR_2012.pdf|publisher=International Federation of Robotics|year=2012|accessdate=2013-04-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224213437/http://www.ifr.org/uploads/media/History_of_Industrial_Robots_online_brochure_by_IFR_2012.pdf|archivedate=2012-12-24}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* March 6 – The [[Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts]], founded as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (''Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost''), elects its first members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (MASA)|url=http://www.interacademies.net/Academies/ByRegion/SouthEasternEurope/Montenegro/13024.aspx|publisher=IAP|year=2013|accessdate=2015-01-09|archive-date=2015-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109162532/http://www.interacademies.net/Academies/ByRegion/SouthEasternEurope/Montenegro/13024.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]], [[Brian David Josephson]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Karl Von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
* [[Turing Award]] – [[Charles W. Bachman]]

==Births==
* May 19 – [[Alice Roberts]], English evolutionary biologist, biological anthropologist and science and archaeology popularizer
* October 5 – [[Cédric Villani]], French mathematician and politician
* November 19 – [[Nim Chimpsky]] (d. [[2000 in science|2000]]), [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]
* December 5 – [[Luboš Motl]], Czech theoretical physicist

==Deaths==
* February 11 – [[J. Hans D. Jensen]] (b. [[1907 in science|1907]]), [[Germans|German]] [[nuclear physicist]]
* February 20 – [[Alf Lysholm]] (b. [[1893 in science|1893]]), [[Swedes|Swedish]] [[mechanical engineer]].
* March 12 – [[David Lack]] (b. [[1910 in science|1910]]), [[English people|English]] [[ornithologist]]
* March 14 – [[Howard H. Aiken]] (b. [[1900 in science|1900]]), [[Americans|American]] computing pioneer
* March 28 – [[C. Doris Hellman]] (b. [[1910 in science|1910]]), American historian of science
* March 30 – [[William Justin Kroll]] (b. [[1889 in science|1889]]), [[Luxembourgers|Luxembourgish]] [[metallurgist]]
* May 21 – [[Grigore Moisil]] (b. [[1906 in science|1906]]), Romanian mathematician, died in Canada
* July 1 – [[Laurens Hammond]] (b. [[1895 in science|1895]]), American inventor
* August 9 – [[Preben von Magnus]] (b. [[1912 in science|1912]]), [[Danes|Danish]] [[virologist]]
* August 12 – [[Walter Rudolf Hess]] (b. [[1881 in science|1881]]), [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[physiologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
* August 16 – [[Selman Waksman]] (b. [[1888 in science|1888]]), Ukrainian-born Jewish-American [[biochemist]] and [[microbiologist]]
* November 25 – [[Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu]] (b. [[1887 in science|1887]]), [[Romanians|Romanian]] [[engineer]]
* December 10 – [[Wolf V. Vishniac]] (b. [[1922 in science|1922]]), American microbiologist
* December 17 – [[Charles Greeley Abbot]] (b. [[1872 in science|1872]]), American [[astrophysicist]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1973 In Science}}
[[Category:1973 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1970s in science]]