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1974 in science
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1974|science}} {{Science year nav|1974}} The year '''1974 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below. ==Astronomy and space exploration== * February 8 β After 84 days in [[outer space|space]], the last crew of the temporary American [[space station]] [[Skylab]] return to [[Earth]]. * February 13β15 β [[Sagittarius A*]], thought to be the location of a [[supermassive black hole]], is identified by Bruce Balick and Robert Brown using the baseline interferometer of the United States [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Melia|first=Fulvio|title=The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-691-13129-0|page=2}}</ref> * November 16 β [[Arecibo message]] transmitted from [[Arecibo Observatory]] (Puerto Rico) to [[Messier 13]]. * [[Hawking radiation]] is predicted by [[Stephen Hawking]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawking|first=S. W.|date=1974-03-01|title=Black hole explosions?|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=248|issue=5443|page=30|doi=10.1038/248030a0|bibcode=1974Natur.248...30H|s2cid=4290107 }}</ref> ==Computer Science== * The [[Mark-8]] [[microcomputer]] based on the [[Intel 8008]] [[microprocessor]] is designed by Jonathan Titus. It is announced on the cover of the July 1974 issue of [[Radio-Electronics]] as "Your Personal Minicomputer". ==History of science== * [[F. W. Winterbotham]] publishes ''The Ultra secret: the inside story of Operation Ultra, Bletchley Park and Enigma'', the first popular account of [[cryptography]] carried out at [[Bletchley Park]] during [[World War II]]. ==Mathematics== * Yves Hellegouarch proposes a connection between [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] and the [[Frey curve]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hellegouarch|first=Yves|title=Points d'ordre 2p<sup>h</sup> sur les courbes elliptiques|mr=0379507|year=1974|publisher=Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny|journal=Acta Arithmetica|issn=0065-1036|volume=26|issue=3|pages=253β263|doi=10.4064/aa-26-3-253-263|url=https://www.impan.pl/shop/publication/transaction/download/product/100601?download.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Medicine== * September 25 – 1974 β The first "[[Tommy John surgery]]" for replacement of [[ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint]] is performed by [[Frank Jobe]] in the United States. * Identification of [[controlled trials]] in [[perinatal]] medicine, as advocated by [[Archie Cochrane]], begins in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Cochrane Library|url=http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/AboutTheCochraneLibrary.html#ABOUT|publisher=The [[Cochrane Library]]|accessdate=2011-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105124021/http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/AboutTheCochraneLibrary.html#ABOUT|archivedate=2011-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Henry Heimlich]] describes the "[[Choking#Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)|Heimlich Maneuver]]" as a treatment for choking.<ref>{{cite journal|first=H.|last=Heimlich |title=Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary|journal=Emergency Medicine |date=June 1974}}</ref> ==Paleoanthropology and paleontology== * November 24 β A group of [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologists]] discover remains of a 3.2-million-year-old skeleton of an ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' in the [[Afar Depression]] of [[Ethiopia]], nicknaming her "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]". ==Physics== * May 18 β "[[Smiling Buddha]]", [[India]]'s first [[nuclear testing|nuclear test explosion]] takes place underground at [[Pokhran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program β Smiling Buddha: 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|year=2001|accessdate=2011-05-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519083726/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html| archivedate=19 May 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> * "November Revolution": [[J/Ο meson]], the first particle found to contain a [[charm quark]], discovered by teams at the [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]], led by [[Samuel C. C. Ting|Samuel Ting]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Aubert, J. J.|date=2 December 1974|title=Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle ''J''|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=33|pages=1404β6|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404|bibcode=1974PhRvL..33.1404A|issue=23|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> and at the [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]], led by [[Burton Richter]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Augustin, J.-E.|date=2 December 1974|title=Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in ''e''<sup>+</sup>''e''<sup>β</sup> Annihilation|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=33|pages=1406β8|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406|bibcode=1974PhRvL..33.1406A|issue=23|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Physiology== * May β British neuroscientists [[John Hughes (neuroscientist)|John Hughes]] and [[Hans Kosterlitz]] announce their isolation of the [[peptide]]s [[met-enkephalin|met-]] and [[leu-enkephalin]]. ==Psychology== * ''[[Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins]]'' is published by [[Konrad Lorenz]]. * [[Leon Kamin]] demonstrates that Sir [[Cyril Burt]]'s influential research into [[heritability of IQ]] using [[Twin study|twin studies]] shows evidence of statistical [[Scientific misconduct|falsification]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillie|first=O.|date=1976-10-24|title=Crucial data was faked by eminent psychologist|location=London|work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> ==Technology== * June 26 β The [[Universal Product Code]] is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]'s [[chewing gum]] at the Marsh Supermarket in [[Troy, Ohio]], the first use of [[barcode]] technology in American retailing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19849141|title=Barcode birthday: 60 years since patent|first=Zoe|last=Kleinman|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2012-10-07|accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> * [[Stephen Salter]] invents the "Salter Duck", a [[wave power|wave energy]] converter. ==Zoology== * January 7 β Outbreak of 4-year [[Gombe Chimpanzee War]] in [[Tanzania]], reported by [[Jane Goodall]]. * [[Digital dermatitis]] in cattle identified in Italy by Cheli and Mortellaro. ==Other events== * [[Rubik's Cube]] invented by [[ErnΕ Rubik]].<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Fotheringham|title=Fotheringham's Sporting Pastimes|publisher=Anova Books|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/fotheringhamsext0000foth/page/50 50]|isbn=978-1-86105-953-6|url=https://archive.org/details/fotheringhamsext0000foth/page/50}}</ref> ==Awards== * [[Fields Medal|Fields Prize in Mathematics]]: [[Enrico Bombieri]] and [[David Mumford]] * [[Nobel Prize]]s ** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] β [[Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/5/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903184929/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/5/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |website=National Geographic News |access-date=19 January 2021 |language=en |date=19 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] β [[Paul J. Flory]] ** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] β [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian de Duve]], [[George Emil Palade]] * [[Turing Award]] β [[Donald Knuth]] ==Births== * March 10 β [[Biz Stone]], American computing entrepreneur * August 8 β [[Manjul Bhargava]], Canadian-born mathematician * August 11 β [[Sarah-Jayne Blakemore]], English cognitive neuroscientist * September 28 β [[Sunil Kumar Verma]], Indian biologist ==Deaths== * February 4 β [[Satyendra Nath Bose|S. N. Bose]], [[India]]n [[physicist]] (b. [[1894 in science|1894]]) * April 12 β [[Cornelis Simon Meijer]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[mathematician]] (b. [[1904 in science|1904]]) * May 4 β [[Ludwig Karl Koch|Ludwig Koch]], [[Germany|German]]-born [[United Kingdom|British]] animal [[Sound recording and reproduction|sound recordist]] (b. [[1881 in science|1881]]) * May 18 β [[Harry Ricardo]], [[English people|English]] [[mechanical engineer]] (b. [[1885 in science|1885]]) * May 22 β [[Irmgard FlΓΌgge-Lotz]] (b. [[1903 in science|1903]]), German-American mathematician and [[aerospace engineer]] * June 28 β [[Vannevar Bush]], American science administrator (b. [[1890 in science|1890]]) * July 3 β [[Sergey Lebedev (scientist)|Sergey Lebedev]], Soviet [[Russians|Russian]] computer scientist (b. [[1902 in science|1902]]) * August 22 β [[Jacob Bronowski]], [[Poland|Polish]]-born British scientific [[polymath]] (b. [[1908 in science|1908]]) ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1974 in science| ]] [[Category:20th century in science]] [[Category:1970s in science]]
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