Editing 1987 Mecca incident

{{Short description|Clash between Shia pilgrims and Saudi Arabian security forces}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title            = 1987 Mecca incident
| partof           = [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict]]
| image            = Beheshte Zahra Cemetery مقبره جان باختگان کشتار حجاج در مکه که در روز ۹ مرداد ۱۳۶۶ (۳۱ ژوئیه ۱۹۸۷) روی داد.jpg
| caption          = Memorial and Tombs of Victims in Tehran's [[Behesht-e Zahra]].
| date             = {{start date|1987|07|31|df=yes}}
| place            = [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia
| coordinates      = {{Coord|21|26|7.18|N|39|49|44.68|E}}
| causes           = [[Shi'a–Sunni relations|Shi'a–Sunni tensions]]
| goals            = 
| methods          = 
| status           = 
| result           = 
| side1            = [[Shia Islam|Shia]] pilgrims
| side2            = [[Saudi  Arabia]]n security forces
| fatalities       = Disputed; between 400 - 402
| injuries         = Disputed; estimated 649 - 2,000
| arrests          =
| damage           =
| buildings        =
| detentions       =
| charged          =
| fined            =
| effect           =
| effect_label     =
| casualties_label = 
| notes            = 
| sidebox          = 
}}
On 31 July 1987, during the [[Hajj]] (Arabic for pilgrimage) in [[Mecca]], a clash between [[Shia Islam|Shia]] pilgrim demonstrators and the [[Saudi Arabia]]n security forces resulted in the death of more than 400 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline of tragedies during hajj pilgrimage in Mecca |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/24/timeline-of-tragedies-in-mecca-during-hajj |website=The Guardian|date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The event has been variously described as a "riot" or a "massacre". It developed from increasing tensions between Shia [[Iran]] and [[Sunni]] Saudi Arabia since the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. Since 1981, Iranian pilgrims have held a political demonstration against Israel and the United States every year at Hajj,<ref> {{cite book |last1=Sivan |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Friedman |first2=Menachem |title=Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East |date=29 August 1990 |publisher=SUNY Press|page= 183}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Kifner|first=John|title=400 Die As Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Teheran – Gulf Tensions Rise – Angry Crowds Rampage at the Saudi, Kuwaiti and French Offices|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/02/world/400-die-iranian-marchers-battle-saudi-police-mecca-embassies-smashed-teheran.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=29 June 2017|work=The New York Times|page=1|date=2 August 1987}}</ref> but in 1987, a cordon of Saudi police and the [[Saudi Arabian National Guard]] sealed part of the planned<ref>{{cite web |title=Hajj: Major incidents |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2007/12/2008525172542227691.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> demonstration route, resulting in a confrontation between them and the pilgrims. This escalated into a violent clash, followed by a deadly stampede.<ref name="ReligiousRadicalism" /><ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p.190</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkan |first1=Elazar |last2=Barkey |first2=Karen |title=Choreographies of Shared Sacred Sites: Religion, Politics, and Conflict |date=11 November 2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231538060 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TNOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref>

How many pilgrims died and how they died are both disputed. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia blame each other for the loss of life.<ref name="Kramer-ME">{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/khomeinis-messengers-in-mecca/ |chapter=Khomeini’s Messengers in Mecca |title=Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival|first1=Martin S.|last1=Kramer |date=30 September 1996 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1560002727}}</ref> Estimates of fatalities range from 400 with thousands more injured (Iranian government);<ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p. 190</ref> 402, of which 275 were Iranian pilgrims, 85 Saudi police, and 42 pilgrims from other countries (Saudi government);<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> and more than 400 dead (''New York Times'').<ref name="nytimes"/>  Saudis claim the pilgrims were armed and died in a stampede.<ref name="latimes"/> Iranians claim many were killed by Saudi gunfire.<ref name=Wright-166/>

After the incident, Iranians attacked the Saudi, Kuwaiti and French Embassies, abducting four Saudis from the embassy.<ref name="nytimes"/>

==Background==
{{see also|Shia–Sunni relations#Hajj}}
Iran and Saudi Arabia have been called "bitter regional rivals" on "opposing sides of bloody conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq". This is in part for theological reasons — namely the differences between the two Islamic schools of thought that their governments adhere to.<ref name=rferl/>  The [[Wahhabi]] sect of Sunni Islam has both long supported the ruling House of Saud of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and long [[Wahhabism#On_Shi'ism|opposed Shi'i Islam]] as a sect deviant from true Islam.  Iranian Shia majority and Shi'i government were well aware of Wahhabi antagonism towards them  and the "history of mistrust" between Shi‘ite pilgrims and Sunni hosts  "stretches back as far as the sixteenth century".<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>
Adding to this was the revolutionary antagonism of Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] and his anti-American, anti-monarchy Iranian Revolutionary followers against the pro-American royal rulers of Saudi Arabia.
In a 1987 public address Khomeini declared that "these vile and ungodly [[Wahhabi movement|Wahhabis]] are like daggers which have always pierced the heart of the Muslims from the back". He announced that [[Mecca]] was in the hands of "a band of [[Heresy|heretics]]",<ref name="Kramer-ME"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2009|page=171|quote="Tehran's efforts to export the revolution through leaflets, radio broadcasts and tape cassettes castigating Al Saud for corruption and hypocrisy found a receptive audience in the Eastern Province. On 28 November, Saudi Shia summoned the courage to break the taboo on public religious expression by holding processions to celebrate the Shia holy day of Ashura [...]<br/>"on 1 February, the one-year anniversary of Ayatollah Khomeini's return to Iran, violent demonstrations again erupted. Crowds attacked banks and vehicles and hoisted placards with Khomeini's picture. The government responded to the February protests with a mix of coercion and co-optation. On the one hand, leading Shiite activists were arrested. On the other, a high official from the Interior Ministry met with Shiite representatives and acknowledged that Riyadh had neglected the region's development needs. [...] extend the electricity network [...] more schools and hospitals and improve sewage disposal."}}</ref> (i.e. the House of Saud).

The incident occurred during the last phase of the bloody [[Iran–Iraq War]], at a moment of "escalating tensions" between Sunni Arab-ruled Iraq (which was receiving help from Sunni Arab-ruled Saudi Arabia) and Persian Shi'i-ruled Iran.  America had reflagged of Kuwaiti petroleum tankers and the introduced of foreign naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, a foreign intervention favored by Saudi Arabia and opposed by Iran. .

Serious loss of life at Hajj occurs periodically (in [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|1990]], [[1994 Hajj stampede|1994]], [[1998 Hajj stampede|1998]], [[2001 Hajj stampede|2001]], [[2004 Hajj stampede|2004]], [[2006 Hajj stampede|2006]], [[2015 Mina stampede|2015]]); not surprising in a situation where two million or more pilgrims "all trying to do the  same thing in the same place on the same day" while speaking different languages, and are vulnerable to death from suffocation or being physically crushed in the press of the crowd.<ref name="LANGEWIESCHE-2018">{{cite news |last1=LANGEWIESCHE |first1=WILLIAM |title=The 10-Minute Mecca Stampede That Made History |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/01/the-mecca-stampede-that-made-history-hajj |access-date=15 June 2023 |agency=Vanity Fair |date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In 2015, an estimated 2,400 pilgrims, including more than 400 Iranians, were killed in a stampede, that led to a "war of words" between Iran and Saudi Arabia that reached a "fever pitch".<ref name=rferl>{{cite news|title=Strained History: Iran-Saudi War Of Words Over Hajj | url=https://www.rferl.org/amp/iran-saudi-arabia-war-of-words-over-hajj/27973885.html |date= |agency=rferl.org |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

===Post-Iranian revolutionary hajjs===
For years, Iranian pilgrims had tried to stage [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]] which are known as "Distancing Ourselves from [[Shirk (polytheism)|Mushrikīn]]" (برائت از مشرکين) in the [[Muslim]] holy city of [[Mecca]] during the ''[[hajj]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2007/01/070110_a_az_iran_saudi.shtml|title=BBCPersian.com|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> "Anti shah, anti-Israel and anti-American propaganda during the Hajj" by devotees of Khomeini had been happening since about 1971.<ref name="Matthiesen"/> These demonstrations had their origins in 1971, when [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] instructed his Shiite followers to distribute political messages when performing their pilgrimage. Even though a few Iranians were arrested for this act, the Saudi officials were generally apathetic, as they did not view these political messages to be a threat to the Saudi royalty.<ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p. 182</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]], following the principles elaborated by Khomeini, they appealed directly to the Muslim pilgrims of other lands gradually heightening political activity in each the pilgrimage.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> Iran claimed that "the Hajj and the Holy places should be placed under international oversight as opposed to being managed by the Saudis alone". The Saudi government reacted to these disturbances with increasing concern  because "the Hajj is an important legitimizing factor for the Saudi ruling family".<ref name="Matthiesen"/>

The first large clash between Shia pilgrims and Saudi security forces occurred in 1981.<ref name="Matthiesen">{{cite book |last1=Matthiesen |first1=Toby |title=The Other Saudis |date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107043046 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4tsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref> In 1981, this was escalated to chanting political slogans in the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the [[Prophet's Mosque]], two of the holiest sites in Islam, resulting in violent clashes with Saudi security and one death.<ref name="ReligiousRadicalism">{{cite book |last1=Sivan |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Friedman |first2=Menachem |title=Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East |date=29 August 1990 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791401590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHpPQ__CotAC&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p. 183</ref> In the same year, [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid of Saudi Arabia]] wrote a letter to [[Saddam Hussein]] saying "crush these stupid Iranians" as Saddam continued with the [[Iran–Iraq War|invasion of Iranian territory]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ميراث پان عربيسم |url=https://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/panarabism/miraspan-arabism.pdf |website=azargoshnasp.net |language=Arabic }}</ref>

In 1982, Khomeini appointed [[Hujjat al-Islam|Hojatoleslam]] [[Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha]] as the supervisor and personal representative of Ayatollah Khomeini. Khoiniha was the "mentor" of the students who had seized the United States Embassy in the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. During the hajj that year, Saudi police clashed with demonstrators who Khoiniha addressed in both Medina and Mecca. In Mecca he was arrested, and after giving a speech in Medina following the pilgrimage he was declared an “instigator” and expelled from Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/><ref name=SAHIMI-PBS>{{cite web |last1=SAHIMI |first1=MUHAMMAD |title=The power behind the scene: Khoeiniha |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/power-behind-the-scene-khoeiniha.html |website=PBS |access-date=30 October 2009}}</ref>

During the next few years, both sides tried to calm the situation: Khomeini urged his devotees to maintain peace and order, not to distribute printed political material, and not to criticize Muslim governments. In return, Saudi officials changed their earlier policy and allowed two separate demonstrations to occur: One in Mecca, and the other in Medina.<ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p.186</ref> By 1986, the situation was calm enough for Saudi officials to re-open the al-Baqi' cemetery for Shiite pilgrims, and in response, Khomeini's representative formally thanked the Saudi King for the gesture.<ref name="Kramer">{{cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Martin S. |title=Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival |date=January 1996 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-272-7|page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRkTJCcyn00C&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref>Kramer, ''Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival'', page 177</ref> However, in the same year, Iranian radical [[Mehdi Hashemi]] was accused of smuggling explosives on an airplane headed for Saudi Arabia, renewing Saudi fears.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/amid-new-revelations-1986-hajj-terror-plot-must-finally-be-fully-investigated/29574827.html|title = Amid New Revelations, 1986 Hajj Terror Plot Must Finally be Fully Investigated| date=31 October 2018 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |title=New Gang May Hold 3 Americans – Latest Kidnapping Could Mean Fury Against Secret Talks |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1986-11-14-0270230241-story.html |website=orlandosentinel |author=Los Angeles Times|date=14 November 1986}}</ref>

Internationally, U.S. naval forces were being introduced into the Persian Gulf during this time in response to the [[Iran-Iraq War]] and heightening political tensions.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>

===Planning for 1987 demonstration===
According to the speech early in July 1987, [[Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha]] said that "a mere march or demonstration by Iranians will not suffice". He demanded that the Saudi regime allow Iranian pilgrims to enter the Great Mosque in Mecca at the end of their demonstration,<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> without the presence of security guards.<ref name="Rabinovich">{{cite book |last1=Rabinovich |first1=Itamar |last2=Shaked |first2=Haim |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |year=1989 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |isbn=9780813309255 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CKNrjrfWJ90C/page/n204 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CKNrjrfWJ90C|quote=All we ask is that the Saudi government not oppose this, nor send its guards to the Great Mosque. Let us see what happens. We will try it for one year. }}</ref> Then a representative of Khomeini would explain Iran’s case regarding the [[Iran–Iraq War|Iran Iraq]] war and an Iranian pilgrimage representative would conduct a referendum among all the pilgrims over the decision of the emir of Kuwait to invite foreign escorts for Kuwaiti tankers.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> “All we ask is that the Saudi government not oppose this, nor send its guards to the Great Mosque. Let us see what happens. We will try it for one year.”<ref>Khoeniha’s speech, Radio Tehran, 2 July 1987, quoted in BBC Summary, 4 July 1987.</ref>  

Even though [[Mehdi Karrubi]], who was Khomeini's official pilgrimage representative that year, tried to assure Saudi officials that the demonstrations would occur in the usual manner and in the agreed routes, it did little to quell the Saudi fears.<ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p.188</ref>

But  Saudis and Iranians worked together to go over "the route of the planned demonstration".<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>  As a result of dialogue and strict regulations which were imposed after it, it was agreed that "the demonstration would end half a kilometer before the great Mosque", but the decision "put the Saudi security forces on a high state of alert",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brecher |first1=Michael |last2=Wilkenfeld |first2=Jonathan|author1-link=Michael Brecher|author2-link=Jonathan Wilkenfeld |title=A Study of Crisis |year=1997 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472108060 |page=656 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&pg=PA656}}</ref> and 
Saudi authorities "remained deeply suspicious".<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> An unnamed Saudi authority  quoted by Israeli scholar [[Martin Kramer]] criticized the planned demonstration, stating that while Saudi Arabia provided occasions "for the expression of Muslim opinion on various matters", even during the hajj, political demonstrations in the Great Mosque would constitute a religious innovation in Islam (''[[Bid'ah]]''), and “anyone who attempts to innovate in Islam will go to hell.”<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>  Just before the Mecca demonstration, Saudis pressured the Iranian representative Karrubi to cancel the march, which he refused to do.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>

Two days before the planned demonstration, Khomeini’s annual message to the pilgrims was published, which as in years past, "included the customary plea" to pilgrims that they 'avoid clashes, insults, and disputes,' and warned against those intent on disruption 'who might embark on spontaneous moves'.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/><ref>From Beirut to Jerusalem Thomas L. Friedman – 1990 – 541 pages – Snippet view</ref>

==1987 demonstrations==

On Friday 31 July 1987, the demonstration started amid heightened security after Friday's midday prayers, while Iranian pilgrims chanted "Death to America! Death to the Soviet Union! Death to Israel!".<ref name="nytimes"/> The march was uneventful until the end of the planned route when the demonstrators found their way blocked by Saudi riot police and National Guardsmen. At this point, some of the Iranians began to call for the demonstrators to press ahead and continue to the Great Mosque, at the same time "unidentified persons in an adjacent parking garage" began to throw "bricks, pieces of concrete, and iron bars" at the Iranians.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> These events angered the Iranians, escalating the situation  into a violent clash between the Iranian pilgrims and the Saudi security forces.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/> 

===Force used===
The Saudis reportedly used truncheons and electric prods and the Iranians reportedly used knives and clubs.<ref>Sivan and Friedman, ''Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East'', p.189</ref>
Saudi security personnel deny firing at the demonstrators,<ref name="McLachlan"/><ref name="latimes">{{cite web |title=Saudis Report Broad Support for Mecca Policy : Envoy Says Heads of 40 Nations Hail Tough Stand Against Iranian Rioters |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-07-mn-1141-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=7 August 1987}}</ref> Saudi officials insist that no shots were fired, and that all deaths were caused by the melee and stampede. In a Washington news conference, the Saudi ambassador Prince [[Bandar bin Sultan]] claimed that "not one bullet was fired", blaming the violence on the Iranian pilgrims who he accused of "brandishing knives, clubs and broken glass drawn from beneath their cloaks".<ref name="latimes"/> 

Iranian officials maintain that the Saudis had fired on the protesters without provocation and that the demonstrations had been peaceful.<ref name="latimes"/>   [[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]] also reports that "many of the Iranian bodies, shown to American and European reporters immediately upon their return to Tehran, had bullet punctures."<ref name=Wright-166>''In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade'' by [[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]], p166</ref> [[Ami Ayalon]], an Israeli politician, wrote that "most of the Iranian pilgrims apparently shot by Saudi security authorities during the demonstration".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayalon |first1=Ami |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume Xii, 1988 |date=25 September 1990 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |isbn=9780813310442 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gce1I2KAxdwC&pg=PA177}}</ref> Martin Kramer also writes that "according to American intelligence sources, the tide was finally turned by reinforcements from the National Guard, who fired tear gas shells into the crowd and then opened fire with pistols and automatic weapons".<ref>Report on the assessment of American intelligence sources, New York Times, 6 September 1987.</ref><ref name="Kramer-ME"/>

===Casualties===
The rioting and the resulting stampede reportedly caused the death of 402 people (275 Iranians, 85 Saudis, including policemen, and 42 pilgrims from other countries) and 649 people were reportedly wounded (303 Iranians, 145 Saudis and 201 other nationals).<ref name="McLachlan">K. McLachlan, Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf. ''[[GeoJournal]]'', Vol.28, Issue 3, Nov. 1992, p.359; also, "400 Die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Tehran", ''The New York Times'', 8/2/87</ref> The Iranian news agency announced that "200 Iranians had been killed and more than 2,000 wounded".<ref name="nytimes"/> Martin Kramer states that the Iranian authorities claimed that 400 Iranian pilgrims died, and that several thousand were injured.<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>

==Reaction/aftermath==
After the incident, [[Ali Khamenei]], then president of Iran, declared that "they are now propagandizing and claiming that this incident was a war between [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shia and Sunni]]. This is a lie! Of course, there is a war, but a war between the American perception of Islam and true revolutionary Islam."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Martin Seth |title=Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East |date=31 December 2011 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781412817394 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jjM74ZYS5kC&q=shooting+firing+1987+Mecca+incident&pg=PA161}}</ref>

Another high level Iranian leader, Ayatollah Hussein Ali Montazeri, urged Muslim religious leaders to "wrest control of Islam's holy sites in Saudi Arabia from the royal family".<ref name="nytimes"/> In [[Iraq]], the Revolutionary Command Council, ostensibly an organ of the secular Baath Arab socialist party, demanded that visiting of Islam's holy sites by Iranians should be banned.<ref name="nytimes"/> The Iranian-backed [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]] asked Saudi Arabia to "pay for the deaths of the Shiite pilgrims".<ref name="nytimes"/>

On 3 August 1987,  one million Iranians converged on the building of the Islamic Council in Tehran, screaming "Revenge! Revenge!" in a rally "marking what was officially described as 'a day of hate,' according to the official Islamic Republic News Agency".<ref name="Kifner-NYT-uproot-1987">{{cite news |last1=Kifner |first1=John |title=IRANIAN OFFICIALS URGE 'UPROOTING' OF SAUDI ROYALTY |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/03/world/iranian-officials-urge-uprooting-of-saudi-royalty.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |agency=New York Times |date=3 August 1987}}</ref><ref>"A spontaneous demonstration in Tehran on 1 August ended in attacks on the Saudi and Kuwaiti embassies." The longest war: the Iran-Iraq military conflict, page 225</ref> On the same day, the Iranian leader Khomeini called on Saudis to overthrow the [[House of Saud]] to avenge the pilgrims' deaths.<ref>"Khomeini called for the overthrow of the Saudi royal family to avenge the pilgrims' deaths" Saudi Arabia A Country Study, page 271</ref>

For three years after the incident of 1987 -- from 1988 to 1990 -- the Iranian government banned Iranians from going on the Hajj  but "[[Iran–Saudi Arabia relations|diplomatic ties]] were restored in 1991".<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi-Iran war of words escalates over Hajj row |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/saudi-iran-war-words-escalates-hajj-row-160907104137364.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>
Following the incident, Saudi Arabia ended its diplomatic relations with Iran and it reduced the number of permitted Iranian pilgrims to 45,000, down from 150,000 in earlier years.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jjM74ZYS5kC&pg=PA176 |chapter=The Three-Year Boycott | title=Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East | publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] | author=Kramer, Martin Seth | author-link=Martin Kramer | year=2011 | pages=176 | isbn=978-1412817394}}</ref> In 1991, Iran and Saudi Arabia renewed diplomatic relations after agreeing to allow Iranian pilgrims to perform the Hajj once more. The total number of pilgrims was set at 115,000, and the demonstrations by Iranians were again allowed, but only in one specific location granted by the Saudis. By this agreement, Iranian pilgrims continued their annual demonstration during the 1990s and 2000s with few or no incidents. They limited their rally to within the confines of their compound in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jjM74ZYS5kC&pg=PA178 |chapter=An Understanding Renewed? | title=Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East | publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] | author=Kramer, Martin Seth | year=2011 | pages=178 | isbn=978-1412817394}}</ref>

Approximately 20,000 Pakistani troops who were stationed in Saudi Arabia were sent back to Pakistan, because Saudi Arabia was uncomfortable with the presence of Shi'ite soldiers.<ref name="Jaffrelot2016">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|date=12 April 2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54025-4|pages=307}}</ref>

[[Martin Kramer]] writes that "as no independent investigation will ever be conducted, important details will remain in doubt. But no evidence has been produced by Saudi Arabia or Iran to establish that the other side acted deliberately or with premeditation in order to provoke violence."<ref name="Kramer-ME"/>

==See also==
*[[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]]
*[[Shi'a–Sunni relations]]
*[[Incidents during the Hajj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.introducingislam.org/info/carnage/carnage.php Carnage in Mecca]

{{Hajj incidents|state=expanded}}
{{Iran–Saudi Arabia relations}}
{{Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1987 Mecca incident}}
[[Category:1987 in Saudi Arabia|Mecca]]
[[Category:1987 in Iran]]
[[Category:1987 riots|Massacre of Iranian pilgrims]]
[[Category:20th century in Mecca]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Incidents during the Hajj]]
[[Category:Protests in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Massacres in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence]]
[[Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations]]
[[Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict]]
[[Category:1987 disasters in Saudi Arabia]]