Editing 1988 in science

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{{Science year nav|1988}}

The year '''1988 in science''' and technology involved many significant events, some listed below.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* September 29 – [[NASA]] resumes [[Space Shuttle]] flights, grounded after the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]].
* November 15 – In the [[Soviet Union]], the uncrewed [[Shuttle Buran|Shuttle ''Buran'']] is launched by an [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] rocket on her maiden [[orbit]]al spaceflight (this was the first and last space flight for the shuttle).
* Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. A. H. Walker and Stephenson Yang publish radial-velocity observations suggesting that an [[extrasolar planet]] orbits the star [[Gamma Cephei]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = B. | last2 = Walker | first2 = G. A. H. | last3 = Yang | first3 = S. | title = A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars | doi = 10.1086/166608 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 331 | pages = 902 | year = 1988 | bibcode = 1988ApJ...331..902C | doi-access = free }}</ref> although its existence is not confirmed until 2003.
*[[3994 Ayashi|Asteroid 3994 Ayashi]] is discovered by [[Masahiro Koishikawa]].
*[[4407 Taihaku]] is discovered.
*[[4539 Miyagino]] is discovered.

==Climatology==
* [[NASA]] climate scientist [[James Hansen]] uses the term ''[[global warming]]'' in testimony to the [[United States Congress]]<ref>U.S. Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, "Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change, part 2" 100th Cong., 1st sess., 23 June 1988, p. 44: "global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming."</ref> bringing it to public attention.<ref>{{cite web|first=Erik|last=Conway|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.html|title=What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change|publisher=NASA|date=2012-01-28}}</ref>
* The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) is established.

==Computer science==
* August – [[Internet Relay Chat]], the first [[Internet]]-based chat protocol, is created by [[Jarkko Oikarinen]] in Finland.
* November 2 – The [[Morris worm]], the first [[computer worm]] distributed via the Internet, written by [[Robert Tappan Morris]], is launched from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Hill|title=The New International Telecommunication Regulations and the Internet: A Commentary and Legislative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4a9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-45416-5|pages=8}}</ref>
* November 17 – The Netherlands becomes the second country to get connected to the Internet.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
* c. December – The first proper and official [[Internet]] connection to Europe is made between the [[National Science Foundation Network]] at [[Princeton, New Jersey]] and Nordunet in [[Stockholm, Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf|title=nordunet_alkusivut_nettiversio.indd<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031416/http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The first version of the [[Photoshop]] [[graphics software]], devised by [[Thomas Knoll]], ships with Barneyscan [[image scanner]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyphoto.com/multimedia/multimedia_photoshop.html |title=From Darkroom to Desktop — How Photoshop Came to Light |access-date=2012-08-20 |last=Story |first=Derrick |date=2000-02-18 |work=Story Photography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626182822/http://www.storyphoto.com/multimedia/multimedia_photoshop.html |archive-date=June 26, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[NeXT Computer]] is released.
* [[Tim Berners-Lee]] begins openly to discuss his plans for what will become the [[World Wide Web]] at [[CERN]].

==Physiology and medicine==
* May 1 – The initial case definition of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] (the "[[Clinical descriptions of chronic fatigue syndrome#Holmes|Holmes definition]]") is published, displacing the name ''[[Chronic Epstein-Barr virus|Chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Holmes, Gary P.|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=108|issue=3|pages=387–9|year=1988|pmid=2829679|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last2=Sharpe|first2=Michael|last1=Campling|first1=Frankie|title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/ME)|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LqAIK616lgC&pg=PA14|isbn=0-19-263049-0|access-date=2008-04-02}}</ref>
* August 13 – 2nd [[International Studies of Infarct Survival]] (ISIS-2) demonstrates beneficial effects of [[aspirin]] in treatment of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=1988|author=ISIS-2 (Second International Study of lnfarct Survival) Collaborative Group|title=Randomised Trial of Intravenous Streptokinase, Oral Aspirin, Both, or Neither Among 17 187 Cases of Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction: ISIS-2|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=332|pages=349–360|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92833-4|issue=8607|pmid=2899772|s2cid=21071664 }}</ref>
* [[Patricia Bath]] [[patent]]s the Laserphaco Probe, a device "for ablating and removing [[cataract]] lenses".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Donald|first2=Jane|last2=Wilson|title=The Pride of African American History|year=2003|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4107-2873-9|page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Susan K.|title=African-American Inventors III|year=1998|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-1-56065-698-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericani00hend/page/9 9–13]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericani00hend/page/9}}</ref>

==Technology==
* [[TAT-8]], the first [[transatlantic telephone cable]] to use [[optical fiber]], is completed, facilitating linking of the American and European Internet.

==Publications==
* [[Stephen Hawking]] publishes ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''.

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Leon M. Lederman]], [[Melvin Schwartz]], [[Jack Steinberger]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Johann Deisenhofer]], [[Robert Huber]], [[Hartmut Michel]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – Sir [[James W. Black]], [[Gertrude B. Elion]], [[George H. Hitchings]]
* [[Turing Award]] – [[Ivan Sutherland]]

==Births==

{{Empty section|date=March 2024}}

==Deaths==
* January 11 – [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]] (born 1898), Polish American [[physicist]], winner of [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1944 for invention of the atomic beam magnetic resonance method of measuring magnetic properties of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Current Biography Yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQhaAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=H.W. Wilson Company|page=649}}</ref>
* January 18 – [[Cataldo Agostinelli]] (born 1894), Italian mathematician<ref>{{cite book|author=Canadian Mathematical Society|title=Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egeGAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Canadian Mathematical Society = Société mathématique du Canada|page=21}}</ref> 
* January 21 – [[E. B. Ford]] (born 1901), English [[Ecological genetics|ecological geneticist]] and [[lepidopterist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Annual Obituary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmIYAAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=St. Martin's|isbn=978-1-55862-050-6|page=13}}</ref>
* February 15 – [[Richard Feynman]] (born 1918), American physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on [[quantum electrodynamics]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jagdish Mehra|author2=K. A. Milton|title=Climbing the Mountain: The Scientific Biography of Julian Schwinger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SmZSN8F164C&pg=PA611|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850658-4|pages=611}}</ref>
* March 7 – [[Edmund Berkeley]], American computer scientist (born 1909)<ref>{{cite book|author=Society of Actuaries|title=Transactions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYAUAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Printing Department, University of Chicago|isbn=978-0-938959-09-0|page=1196}}</ref>
* March 8 – [[Werner Hartmann (physicist)|Werner Hartmann]], German physicist (b. [[1912]])<ref>Augustine, Dolores L. ''Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945-1990'' (MIT, 2007), pages 178-189</ref>
* April 27 – [[Valery Legasov]] (born 1936), Russian [[nuclear physicist]], known for the investigation of causes of the [[Chernobyl]] disaster and planning the mitigation of its consequences.<ref>{{cite book|title=Man & Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgrsAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development|page=87}}</ref>
* May 8 – [[Robert A. Heinlein]] (born 1907), American "hard" science fiction author.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harold Bloom|title=Science Fiction Writers of the Golden Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JsfAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Chelsea House|isbn=978-0-7910-2199-6|page=111}}</ref>
* May 20 – [[Ana Aslan]] (born 1897), Romanian biologist.
* May 27 – [[Ernst Ruska]] (born 1906), German winner of [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for work in electron optics.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Thomas Kurian|title=The Nobel Scientists: A Biographical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbTaAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-57392-927-1|page=230}}</ref>
* June 9 – [[Karl Kraus (physicist)|Karl Kraus]], German theoretical physicist (b. [[1938 in science|1938]]){{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
* September 1 – [[Luis Walter Alvarez]] (born 1911), American experimental physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for bubble chamber research into particle physics.
* August 6 – [[Illa Martin]], [[dendrologist]], botanist, conservationist and dentist (b. [[1900]])<ref>*HW Schmitz: ''Dr. Illa Martin verstorben''. In: ''Der Niederrhein''. Krefeld, No. 4 1988</ref>
* October 9 – [[Felix Wankel]] (born 1902), German mechanical engineer.
* December 4 – [[Osman Achmatowicz]] (born 1899), Polish chemist 
* December 21 – [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] (born 1907), Dutch-born [[Ethology|ethologist]], [[ornithologist]], winner of [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Patrick Gordon Bateson|title=The Development and Integration of Behaviour: Essays in Honour of Robert Hinde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2E6IC2PhSYC&pg=PA464|date=30 May 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40709-0|pages=464}}</ref>
* December 30 – [[Dennis H. Klatt]] (born 1938), American pioneer of [[speech synthesis]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1988 In Science}}
[[Category:1988 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1980s in science]]