Editing 2-2-2

{{short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
[[Image:Adler May 2008 Fuerth 3.jpg|thumb|Replica of ''Adler'' at Fürth, May 2008]]
Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''2-2-2''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] of two [[leading wheel]]s on one axle, two powered [[driving wheel]]s on one axle, and two [[trailing wheel]]s on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] than the earlier [[0-2-2]] and [[2-2-0]] types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a '''[[single (locomotive)|Single]]''', although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.

==Equivalent classifications==
Other equivalent classifications are:
*[[UIC classification]]: '''1A1''' (also known as German classification and [[Italian classification]])
*[[French classification]]: '''111'''
*[[Turkish classification]]: '''13'''
*[[Swiss classification]]: '''1/3'''

==History==
The 2-2-2 configuration appears to have been developed by [[Robert Stephenson & Company]] in 1834, as an enlargement of their [[2-2-0]] ''Planet'' configuration, offering more stability and a larger [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]]. The new type became known as Stephenson's [[Patentee locomotive]].<ref>Hamilton Ellis, ''The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways,'' Hamlyn, 1968, p.37.</ref> [[Adler (locomotive)|Adler]], the first successful locomotive to operate in Germany, was a ''Patentee'' supplied by Robert Stephenson & Company in component form in December, 1835 was one of the earliest examples. Other examples were exported to the [[Netherlands]], [[Russia]] and [[Italy]].<ref>Ellis, ''The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways,'' p.37.</ref> By 1838 the 2-2-2 had become the standard passenger design by Robert Stephenson & Company.<ref>Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803–1853, H.M.S.O, 1958, p.13.</ref>

Eighteen of the first nineteen locomotives ordered by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] for the opening of the [[Great Western Railway]] in 1837/8 were of the 2-2-2 type.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reed |first=P.J.T. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part two: Broad Gauge |date=February 1953 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence & Travel Society]] |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0-901115-32-0 |page=B9}}</ref> These included six [[GWR Charles Tayleur locomotives|2-2-2 locomotives]] built by Charles Tayleur at his [[Vulcan Foundry]]. Also in 1837 the successful ''[[GWR Star Class|North Star]]'' broad gauge locomotive was delivered to the Great Western Railway by Stephenson, becoming the first of a class of twelve locomotives by 1841.

[[File:North Star photograph.jpg|thumb|[[Great Western Railway]] [[GWR Star Class|North Star]] at Swindon]]

===Later UK developments===
[[Sharp, Stewart and Company#Early days|Sharp, Roberts & Company]] constructed more than 600 2-2-2 locomotives between 1837 and 1857. Ten of these supplied to the [[Grand Junction Railway]] became the basis of [[Alexander Allan (locomotive engineer)|Alexander Allan's]] successful designs for the railway from 1845 (the first of which, formerly named ''Columbine'', is preserved). [[John Rennie the Younger|John Rennie]] supplied 2-2-2 locomotives to the [[London and Croydon Railway]] from 1838 and the [[London and Brighton Railway]] in 1840.<ref>D.L. Bradley, Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, Part 1, Railway Correspondence & Travel Society, 1969, p.36.</ref> [[Arend (locomotive)|Arend]] ("eagle") was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands, built by [[R. B. Longridge and Company]] of [[Bedlington]], Northumberland in 1839.

The Great Western Railway continued to order both [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] and [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]] locomotives on the railway, including the [[GWR Firefly Class|Firefly]] and [[GWR Sun Class|Sun classes]] (1840–42), which were enlarged versions of [[GWR Star Class|North Star]]. [[Bury, Curtis and Kennedy]] supplied six 2-2-2 locomotives to the [[Bristol and Gloucester Railway]] in 1844, and fourteen to the [[Great Southern and Western Railway]] in Ireland in 1848, (the last of these has been preserved at [[Cork Kent railway station]].

[[File:Jenny Lind locomotive.jpg|thumb|left|The original "Jenny Lind" locomotive, 1847.]]
The [[Jenny Lind locomotive]], designed by [[David Joy (engineer)|David Joy]] and built in 1847 for the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] by the [[E. B. Wilson and Company]] of [[Leeds]], became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways. The [[London and North Western Railway]] [[LNWR 2-2-2 3020 Cornwall|''Cornwall'']] locomotive was designed at [[Crewe Works]] as a [[4-2-2]] by [[Francis Trevithick]] in 1847, but was rebuilt as a 2-2-2 in 1858.

Although by the 1860s the 2-2-2 configuration was beginning to be superseded by the [[2-4-0]] type with better adhesion, the invention of [[Sandbox (locomotive)|steam sanding]] gave 2-2-2 singles a new lease of life, and they continued to be built until the 1890s. Notable late examples include [[William Stroudley]]'s [[LB&SCR G class|singles]] of 1874–1880, [[William Dean (engineer)|William Dean's]] [[GWR 157 Class (Dean)|157 class]] of 1878–79,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tabor |first=F.J. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part four: Six-wheeled Tender Engines |date=February 1956 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence & Travel Society]] |location=Kenilworth |page=D15}}</ref> and his [[GWR 3001 Class|3001 class]] (1891–92),<ref>{{harvnb|Tabor|1956|p=D19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=le Fleming |first=H.M. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part seven: Dean's Larger Tender Engines |date=October 1954 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence & Travel Society]] |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0-901115-18-5 |pages=G7–G8}}</ref> both for the Great Western Railway. [[James Holden (engineer)|James Holden]] of the [[Great Eastern Railway]] created some [[GER Class D27|2-2-2 singles]] in 1889 by removing the [[coupling rod]] from a [[2-4-0]].

===Belgium===
[[File:Stoomloc Le Belge.jpg|thumb|Replica of [[Le Belge (locomotive)|'Le Belge' 1835]]]]
The first steam railway locomotive built in Belgium in 1835, and was built by [[John Cockerill (industrialist)|John Cockerill]] under license to a design by [[Robert Stephenson & Company]] It was built for use on the first main line on the European mainland, the [[Belgian railway line 25|Brussels-Mechelen line]].<ref name="r2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tassignon.be/trains/Vapeur%20Belge/Vapeur_Belge.htm|title=La Construction des LOCOMOTIVES à VAPEUR en Belgique|work=www.tassignon.be|language=fr}}</ref> A replica was built at the workshops of [[Boissellerie Cognaut]] for the 150th anniversary of the formation of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.scarlet.be/~tsd79548/lebelgevresse.htm|title=La loco à vapeur de Vresse-sur-semois|language=fr|work=home.scarlet.be}}</ref> [[Belgian railway line 25|Brussels-Mechelen line]]

===Italy===
Two 2-2-2 locomotives were imported from Longridge and Co of [[Bedlington Ironworks]] England for the [[Naples–Portici railway]] in 1839 named Bayard and Vesuvio. A replica of 'Bayard is at the Naples Railway Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/italy01.htm|title=The Naples Railway Museum|website=www.internationalsteam.co.uk|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

===Germany===
Most of the earliest locomotives to operate in what is now Germany before the mid-1840s were 2-2-2s delivered by UK manufacturers. However, by 1839 the type was also being built locally ''see'' [[List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses]]. The [[LDE – Pegasus|Pegasus]] of 1839 was the first locomotive to be built by the [[Sächsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie]] in [[Chemnitz]]. [[August Borsig]] and Company manufactured [[Beuth (locomotive)|Beuth]] in 1843 which was highly successful; its valve design became de facto standard for locomotives for decades to come.<ref>Christopher Chant, 'The World's Railways, Regency House Publishing (2001)1552671607</ref> By 1846 he had manufactured more than a hundred similar locomotives. Both the [[Leipzig-Dresden Railway Company|Leipzig-Dresden Railway]] and [[Royal Bavarian State Railways]] (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) built several 2-2-2 classes 1841-1859. Similarly, the [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway]] grouped various 2-2-2 steam locomotives procured from German manufacturers between 1848 and 1863 into its [[Mecklenburg I]] class.

===Austria===
The [[Imperial Austrian State Railways]] (kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen or kkStB) built two successful [[kkStB Class 112|locomotives]] of this wheel arrangement in 1907. Similarly the Federal Railway of Austria (BBÖ) built two examples of an express tank [[BBÖ Class 12|locomotive]] in 1934 and 1937.

===Latvia===
One of last 2-2-2 tank locomotives were ordered by [[Latvian Railways]], for local traffic. The locomotives Tk class were designed by German Hohenzollern, and 20 were manufactured in Germany and Latvia in 1928-1934.<ref name=alt/> They were next seized by Soviet railways. After World War II one served in Poland as OKa1 class.<ref name=alt>Altbergs, Toms. ''The Latvian Tk tanks'', "Locomotives International" No.101, p. 54-56</ref>[[Image:PioneerLocomotiveSmithsonian.jpg|thumb|right|The locomotive "Pioneer" in service on the [[Cumberland Valley Railroad]] in the 1880s or 1890s.]]
[[File:Fairy Queen Engine.jpg|thumb|Fairy Queen, [[Eastern Railway zone|East India Railway]], 2017]]

==Preserved examples and replicas==
* A replica of [[Adler (locomotive)|Adler]] of 1835
* A replica of [[GWR Star Class#Replica|North Star]] of 1837
* A replica of [[De Arend (locomotive)|Arend]] of 1839
* A replica of Odin of 1846 (constructed at [[Roskilde]] roundhouse between 2004–2018)
*LNWR No 1868 (formerly named [[Crewe type (locomotive)| Columbine]]) built 1845
* The [[LNWR 2-2-2 3020 Cornwall]] built 1847
* [[GS&WR Class 21 |GS&WR Bury No. 36]] of 1848, on display at [[Cork Kent railway station]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
* CVRR 2-2-2, ''Pioneer'', built by the Union Works, Boston Massachusetts, 1851.  Held by the [[Smithsonian]]
* The [[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|East Indian Railway No. 22]], also known as "Fairy Queen" is a 2-2-2T built in 1855 for the East Indian Railway. It still operates for them today, making it the oldest operating steam locomotive in the world in regular service.
* [[BBÖ 12|BBÖ Class 12]] locomotive of 1937
* CP 1 - D Luiz I, a 2-2-2 locomotive, built by [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]] in 1862 for the Portuguese Royal Train. Currently is under major restoration at [[Entroncamento Municipality|Entroncamento]] yard together with the Royal Train wagons.
* [[OKa1]] (Latvian Tk-235) in [[Railway Museum in Warsaw]]<ref name=alt/>

== See also ==
* [[Wheel arrangement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/whatsthatpicture/4728308475/lightbox/ GNR No. 229, photographed around 1900]
* {{ citation |url=http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/singles.html | chapter = Some famous singles| title=Railway Wonders of the World |year=1936| pages = 1091–1099 |editor-first=Clarence |editor-last=Winchester }} illustrated description of some famous singles



{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:2-2-2 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|2,2-2-2]]