Editing 2000 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|2000|science}}
{{Science year nav|2000}}

The year '''2000 in science''' and technology involved some significant events.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
[[File:2000May04-conjunction.png|240px|thumb|Conjunction of planets, Moon, and Sun on May 4, 2000]]
* May 4 – A rare [[astronomical conjunction]] occurs on the [[new moon]] including all seven of the traditional [[celestial bodies]] known from ancient times until the discovery of [[Uranus]] in 1781; this conjunction consists of the Sun and Moon, [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]].
* July 14 – [[Bastille Day solar storm]]: A powerful [[solar flare]] causes a [[geomagnetic storm]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Bastille Day (14 July 2000) event in historical large sun-earth connection events|date=January 2001|doi=10.1023/A:1014273227639|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226083577|access-date=2021-01-02|last1=Watari|first1=Shinichi|last2=Kunitake|first2=Manabu|last3=Watanabe|first3=Takashi|journal=Solar Physics|volume=204|pages=425–438|bibcode=2001SoPh..204..425W|s2cid=117394988}}</ref>
* August 10 – Publication of the [[M–sigma relation]] in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]''.
* November 2 – [[Expedition 1]] to the [[International Space Station]] begins.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-10-31|title=First crew starts living and working on the International Space Station|publisher=European Space Agency|url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/First_crew_starts_living_and_working_on_the_International_Space_Station|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2018-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217064333/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/First_crew_starts_living_and_working_on_the_International_Space_Station|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biology==
* January 6 – The last naturally conceived [[Pyrenean ibex]] is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/01/23/the-species-that-went-extinct-twice|title=The Species That Went Extinct Twice|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=2021-01-23|website=Forbes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073011/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/01/23/the-species-that-went-extinct-twice/|archive-date=2021-01-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
* June 26 – 'Rough draft' of the [[Human Genome Project|human genome]] is announced jointly by President of the United States [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton1.shtml|title=White House Press Release|accessdate=2011-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132412/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton1.shtml|archivedate=2011-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
* December 14 – The full genome sequence of the flowering plant ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' is published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.
* A population of the [[Siamese crocodile]], previously believed [[extinct in the wild]] since 1992, is located in the [[Cardamom Mountains]] of Cambodia.
* 10-year [[Census of Marine Life]] launched.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Marine Life|url=http://www.coml.org/|accessdate=2011-10-10}}</ref>

==Computer science==
*January 1 – [[Year 2000 problem]] proves to be of little global significance.<ref>[http://purl.umn.edu/53939 Center for Y2K and Society Records], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota.</ref>
*March 4 – [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] releases the [[PlayStation 2]] [[History of video game consoles (sixth generation)|sixth generation]] [[home video game console]] in Japan.
*March 14 – [[Stephen King]]'s [[horror story]] ''[[Riding the Bullet]]'' is published in [[e-book]] format only, the world's first mass-market electronic book.
*May 5 – After originating in the [[Philippines]], the [[ILOVEYOU]] computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world.
*September – First system enabling the selection, automatic downloading and storage of serial episodic audio content on PCs and portable devices, origin of the [[podcast]], is launched by early MP3 player manufacturer i2Go.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/2000/ego.html|title=I2Go eGo|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=February 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224095257/http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/2000/ego.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2001/09/10/newscolumn1.html|title=2Go is gone after burning through $7 million|newspaper=Atlanta Business Chronicle|first=Mary Jane|last=Credeur|date=2001-09-10}}</ref>

==Earth sciences==
*March – [[Iceberg B-15]], with a surface area of 11,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,200 sq mi), [[Ice calving|calves]] from the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] of [[Antarctica]].
*April – [[Cave of the Crystals]] discovered at the [[Naica Mine]] in Mexico.

==History of science and technology==
*August 8 – The [[Confederate States of America]] submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|H. L. Hunley]]'' is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.

==Mathematics==
*[[Omer Reingold]], [[Salil Vadhan]] and [[Avi Wigderson]] introduce the [[zig-zag product]].<ref>{{citation|first1=O.|last1=Reingold|first2=S.|last2=Vadhan|first3=A.|last3=Wigderson|contribution=Entropy waves, the zig-zag graph product, and new constant-degree expanders and extractors|title=Proceedings of the 41st IEEE [[Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science]] (FOCS)|year=2000|doi=10.1109/SFCS.2000.892006|pages=3–13|arxiv=math/0406038|isbn=0-7695-0850-2 |s2cid=420651 }}.</ref>

==Medicine==
*January – [[Douglas Hanahan]] and [[Robert Weinberg (biologist)|Robert Weinberg]] publish "[[The Hallmarks of Cancer]]".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hanahan Douglas|author2=Weinberg Robert A.|title=The Hallmarks of Cancer|journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]|volume=100|issue=1|pages=57–70|date=January 2000|pmid=10647931|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*January 31 – [[English people|English]] doctor [[Harold Shipman]] is found guilty of killing fifteen of his elderly patients by lethal injections of [[diamorphine]], the only British [[physician]] ever convicted of murdering his patients; he is actually considered to have killed at least 215.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harold Shipman: Timeline|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2002-07-18|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2136444.stm|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

==Paleontology==
*First fossil of ''[[Orrorin]]'', an early species of [[Homininae]], discovered in the [[Tugen Hills]] of Kenya.

==Philosophy==
{{main|2000 in philosophy}}

==Physics==
*May 1 – A new class of [[Negative index metamaterials#Physical properties never before produced in nature|composite material]] is fabricated, which has a combination of [[physical property|physical properties]] never before seen in a [[natural material|natural]] or human-made material.<ref name=comp>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184 |pmid=10990641 |title=Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity |first5=S |last5=Schultz |first4=SC |last4=Nemat-Nasser |first3=DC |last3=Vier |first2=WJ |year=2000 |last2=Padilla |last1=Smith |first1=D. R. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=84 |issue=18 |pages=4184–7 |bibcode=2000PhRvL..84.4184S |doi-access=free| issn=0031-9007}}</ref><ref name="UCSD-press-release">{{cite web |author=McDonald, Kim |title=UCSD Physicists Develop a New Class of Composite Material with 'Reverse' Physical Properties Never Before Seen |url=http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/mccomposite.htm |publisher=UCSD Science and Engineering |date=March 21, 2000 |access-date=December 17, 2010 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611235821/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/mccomposite.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Institutions==
*November 13 – [[Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe]] in [[Valencia]], Spain, opens to the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/11/13/cvalenciana/974146687_850215.html|title=El mayor museo de las ciencias de España|trans-title=The largest science museum of Spain|date=2000-11-13|language=es|work=[[El País]]|location=Madrid|first=Joaquín|last=Ferrandis|url-access=limited|access-date=2022-03-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331195031/https://elpais.com/diario/2000/11/13/cvalenciana/974146687_850215.html|archive-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Zhores Alferov]], [[Herbert Kroemer]] - [[Jack Kilby]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Alan J Heeger]], [[Alan G MacDiarmid]], [[Hideki Shirakawa]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Arvid Carlsson]], [[Paul Greengard]], [[Eric R. Kandel]]
* [[Turing Award]]: [[Andrew Yao]]
* [[Wollaston Medal|Wollaston Medal for Geology]]: [[William Fyfe (geochemist)|William Sefton Fyfe]]

==Deaths==
* January 12 – [[Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau]] (b. [[1910 in science|1910]]), [[Americans|American]] chemical engineer
* January 19 – [[G. Ledyard Stebbins]] (b. [[1906 in science|1906]]), American [[botanist]] and [[geneticist]]
* March 7 – [[W. D. Hamilton]] (b. [[1936 in science|1936]]), [[English people|English]] [[evolutionary biologist]], widely recognised as one of the greatest [[evolution]]ary theorists of the 20th century
* March 10 – [[Nim Chimpsky]] (b. [[1973 in science|1973]]), [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]
* May 6 – [[John Clive Ward]] (b. [[1924 in science|1924]]), English-born [[physicist]]
* May 19 – [[Yevgeny Khrunov]] (b. [[1933 in science|1933]]), [[astronaut|cosmonaut]]
* June 14 – [[Elsie Widdowson]] (b. [[1908 in science|1908]]), English [[nutritionist]]
* July 8 – [[W. David Kingery]] (b. [[1926 in science|1926]]), American [[materials scientist]] specializing in [[ceramic materials]]
* July 14 – Sir [[Mark Oliphant]] (b. [[1901 in science|1901]]), Australian nuclear physicist
* July 29 – [[René Favaloro]] (b. [[1923 in science|1923]]), Argentine cardiac surgeon
* September 20 – [[Gherman Titov]] (b. [[1935 in science|1935]]), cosmonaut
* October 4 – [[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]] (b. [[1932 in science|1932]]), English-born Canadian chemist, 1993 Nobel Prize winner
* November 20  – [[Nikolay Dollezhal]] (b. [[1899 in science|1899]]), a key figure in Soviet atomic bomb project and chief designer of nuclear reactors

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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