Editing 4-4-4

{{Short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[Image:Reading 4-4-4.jpg|thumb|300px|Reading No. 110 in its official portrait]]

Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''4-4-4''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] of four [[leading wheel]]s on two axles, four powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on two axles, and four [[trailing wheel]]s on two axles.  In the United States, this arrangement was named the ''Reading'' type, since the [[Philadelphia and Reading Railroad]] was the first to use it.  In [[Canada]], this type is known as the ''Jubilee''.

Other equivalent classifications are:
*[[UIC classification]]: '''2B2''' (also known as German classification and [[Italian classification]])
*[[French classification]]: '''222'''
*[[Turkish classification]]: '''26'''
*[[Swiss classification]]: '''2/6'''

==Usage==
===Bavarian Railways===
A single, experimental 4-4-4, classified as [[Bavarian S 2/6|S 2/6]], was built for the [[Royal Bavarian State Railways]] in 1906 by [[Maffei (company)|Maffei]]. It was successful in an experimental sense, but was too light to haul passenger trains of useful capacity. It was fast, attaining {{convert|154|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on test, and was semi-streamlined with a pointed nosecone and fairings around the cylinders, stack and dome, and slanted-back cab windows. It inspired the later Bavarian S 3/6 [[4-6-2]] "Pacifics". It passed to the [[Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen]] when the German railways were centralised, and was classified as BR 15, number 15 001. It was taken out of service in 1925, and was restored by Maffei to be exhibited at the Munich Transport Exhibition of that year. After the exhibition ended, it was placed in the Nuremberg Transport Museum, where it remains.<ref name="train">{{Cite web|url=https://train.spottingworld.com/4-4-4|title=4-4-4 - Trains|website=train.spottingworld.com}}</ref>

===Reading Railroad===
The [[Philadelphia and Reading Railway]] built four [[Reading Company C1a Class|C1a Class]] locomotives in 1915, numbered 110 to 113.  They proved to be quite unstable; after that year, they were rebuilt to [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]] "Atlantic" locomotives, classified as P7sa, and renumbered 350 to 353.<ref name ="train" />

===Baltimore & Ohio===
[[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B&O]] created a single 4-4-4 in 1934, rebuilding a [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]] "Atlantic" into a solitary class J-1, named ''Lady Baltimore''.  This and the single class V-2 [[4-6-4]] ''Lord Baltimore'' were built for new lightweight passenger trains. In the ''Lady Baltimore'''s case the [[Abraham Lincoln (train)|Abraham Lincoln]] on the [[Chicago and Alton Railroad]], a wholly owned subsidiary of the B&O. Despite the Alton's flat territory and straight track, the locomotive did not do well.  It was returned to the B&O and was again modified at the railroad's Mount Clare shops, a less streamlined cab and front end being fitted.  Subsequently, it was placed into local service on the railroad's Wheeling Division, mostly operating between [[Holloway, Ohio|Holloway]] and [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. It proved no more successful in that service, and was sent to the B&O's Riverside Shop for storage. It was scrapped in 1949.<ref name ="train" />

===Canadian Pacific===
[[Image:CPR locomotive 2928 type F1a 4-4-4.jpg|thumb|Canadian Pacific Railway class F1a "Jubilee" No. 2928]]
The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] built two classes of 4-4-4 "Jubilee" locomotives.  Both were semi-streamlined, in a similar fashion to the [[4-6-4]] "[[Royal Hudson]]" and [[2-10-4]] "[[Selkirk locomotive|Selkirk]]" locomotives.  The F2a was styled after the Milwaukee Road "Hiawatha" {{Whyte|4-4-2}} "Atlantic", but with a four-wheel trailing truck to support a longer firebox.

Class F2a consisted of five locomotives, Nos. 3000-3004.  They can be most easily distinguished from the other type through the main rods being connected to the leading pair of drivers.  Some trouble was discovered with this arrangement, as they had a tendency to bend the main rods in reverse.  However, they did hold the Canadian record for speed, at 112.5&nbsp;mph, during a braking test.  The [[pilot (locomotive attachment)|pilot]] was smoothly rounded and streamlined, with two stainless-steel bands.  None of this group survive.

Class F1a consisted of twenty locomotives, Nos. 2910-2929.  These had the main rods connected to the trailing set of drivers, and a more regular pilot, with a straight pilot beam, a drop-coupler sheet steel pilot below that, and a more regular front deck.  Two of this class of locomotive, Nos. 2928 and 2929, have survived.  No. 2928 is at the [[Canadian Railway Museum]] in [[Delson, Quebec]], while No. 2929 is at [[Steamtown National Historic Site]] in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]].<ref name ="train" />

===Britain===
In Britain the 4-4-4 arrangement was confined to [[tank locomotive]]s and there to specific applications requiring either high speed stability in both directions (created by a symmetrical arrangement with bogies front and rear) or a powerful locomotive with as short a fixed wheelbase as possible. Eric G. Barker designed three examples for the [[Wirral Railway]] in 1896.<ref>''The ABC of British Railway Locomotives, Summer 1961,'' Ian Allan Ltd.</ref> The [[Midland and South Western Junction Railway]] purchased two 4-4-4 tank engines from [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]] but these were not a success due to their poor traction. The [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] [[NER Class D|Class D]] was designed by [[Vincent Raven]] in 1913.<ref name="Ahrons, S1" >{{Cite book |last=Ahrons  |first=E. L. |author-link=E.L. Ahrons 
  |title=The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825-1925
  |year=1927  |publisher=Locomotive Publishing Co.   |location=Amen Corner, London 
  |ref=Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive 
  |pages=338
}}</ref> Between 1931 and 1936 they were rebuilt with a [[4-6-2T]] wheel layout and re-classified as [[LNER Class A8|A8]].<ref name="Casserley & Asher, Locomotives of British Railways, LNER A8" >{{Cite book
  |title=Locomotives of British Railways
  |first1=H.C.  | last1=Casserley   |author-link=H. C. Casserley
  |first2=L.L.  |last2=Asher  |publisher=Spring Books
  |year=1961  |orig-year=1955
  |ref=Casserley & Asher, Locomotives of British Railways
  |pages=113
}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Railway H Class|H Class]] locomotives built for the [[Metropolitan Railway]] in the 1920s are an example of both these factors leading to a rare use of the 4-4-4 arrangement.

[[File:MÁV 242.jpg|thumb|242.001 at the Hungarian Railway Museum]]

===Australia===
The Western Australia Government Railway [[WAGR N class|N Class]] 4-4-4 tank locomotives were introduced in 1896.

===Hungary===
[[MÁVAG]] introduced some [[MÁV Class 242]] 4-4-4 streamlined tank locomotives between 1936 and 1939.

===India===
[[File:Side Locomotive NBL 22782 Mysore Apr22 A7C 01895.jpg|thumb|No. 22782, Railway Museum, [[Mysore]], [[India]] (ca. Apr 2022)]]
The Vishveshwaraiah Iron and Steel Company, [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravati]] introduced a Class-E 4-4-4 tank engine in March 1921. No. 22782 was built by the North British Locomotive Company at Atlas Works, Glasgow in 1920, the first of 23 examples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Steam locomotive at Mysore info sign |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steam_locomotive_at_Mysore_info_sign.jpg |access-date=29 Jun 2022 |website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref>  It is currently exhibited in the Railway Museum in the [[Mysore Junction railway station]].

===Uruguay===
The "D type" 4-4-4T of the Central Uruguay Railway were eight locomotives (Vulcan Foundry 1913 and 1915) for use in the suburban services around Montevideo Central Station.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===Venezuela===
[[File:'Condor' Ferrocarril de Venezuela.jpg|thumb|4-4-4T ''Cóndor'' of the Gran Ferro&shy;carril de Venezuela in 1901]]
The [[3 ft 6 in gauge railways|3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge]] Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela (''[[Great Venezuela Railway]]'') acquired a class of three 4-4-4T locomotives in 1892, the ''Cóndor'', ''Gavilán'' and ''Halcón''. They were built by Hartmann's [[Sächsische Maschinenfabrik]] in [[Chemnitz]], [[Germany]]. Their maximum speed was {{convert|70|kph|mph|abbr=on|adj=on}}.<ref>"The Great Venezuelan Railway". In: ''Railway Magazine'', July 1901, pp. 38–48.</ref>

''Halcón'' still exists and, after an overhaul in 1975, was in service on a heritage line until 1997. Today it is in a desolate condition.<ref>Jaime Oliva Esteva, Glen Beadon: ''The 1975 restoration of Great Venezuela Railway "HALCON"''. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWpskmMov4s YouTube], 2021.</ref>

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

== See more ==
* Ehrenreich, Thomas. ''[http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/rc110.Html 1915 Reading Company Locomotive 110]''.  Retrieved on May 18, 2005.
* Barris, Wes. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050418232915/http://www.steamlocomotive.com/streamlined/surviving/ SteamLocomotive.com: Surviving Streamlined Steam]''.  Retrieved on May 18, 2005.
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/steamtown/shs3h.htm|title=Canadian Pacific Railway No. 2929|work=Steamtown NHS Special History Study|access-date=2006-01-25|archive-date=May 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519064257/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/steamtown/shs3h.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.dbtrains.com/en/locomotives/epochII/BR15|title=BR 15|work=dbtrains.com|access-date=2006-01-25|author=Wilbrink, Joost}}

{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:4-4-4 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|4,4-4-4]]
[[Category:Canadian Pacific Railway locomotives]]
[[Category:Philadelphia and Reading Railroad locomotives]]
[[Category:Locomotives of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1906]]