Editing 4000-series integrated circuits

{{Short description|Series of CMOS logic integrated circuits}}
{{Redirect|4000 series}}
[[File:Cd4007.jpg|thumb|right|CD4007A on a solderless [[breadboard]]]]
The '''4000 series''' is a [[CMOS]] [[logic family]] of [[integrated circuits]] (ICs) first introduced in 1968 by [[RCA]].<ref name="CH_CMOS">{{cite web |title=1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/complementary-mos-circuit-configuration-is-invented/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723142758/https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/complementary-mos-circuit-configuration-is-invented/ |archivedate=July 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was slowly migrated into the 4000B buffered series after about 1975.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marston |first1=Ray |title=Understanding Digital Logic ICs - Part 4 |url=https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/understanding_digital_logic_ics_part_4 |publisher=Nuts and Volts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101080115/https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/understanding_digital_logic_ics_part_4 |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |date=October 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> It had a much wider supply voltage range than any contemporary logic family (3V to 18V recommended range for "B" series). Almost all IC manufacturers active during this initial era fabricated models for this series. Its naming convention is still in use today.

==History==
[[File:4029 CMOS.JPG|thumb|right|A very early CD4029A counter IC, in 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package ([[Dual in-line package|DIP]]-16), manufactured by [[RCA]]]]
[[File:CD4011BE TI détail.jpg|thumb|right|Colorized IC die and schematics of CD4011BE [[NAND gate]]]]
The 4000 series was introduced as the ''CD4000 COS/MOS'' series in 1968 by [[RCA]]<ref name="CH_CMOS"/> as a lower power and more versatile alternative to the [[7400 series]] of [[transistor-transistor logic]] (TTL) chips. The logic functions were implemented with the newly introduced [[CMOS|Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS)]] technology. While initially marketed with "COS/MOS" labeling by RCA (which stood for Complementary Symmetry Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), the shorter ''CMOS'' terminology emerged as the industry preference to refer to the technology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edn.com/article/CA6343247.html |title=Wright, Maury. ''Milestones That Mattered: CMOS pioneer developed a precursor to the processor'' EDN, 6/22/2006 |access-date=2006-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173331/http://www.edn.com/article/CA6343247.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first chips in the series were designed by a group led by [[Albert Medwin]].<ref name="Baker2011">{{cite book|author=R. Jacob Baker|title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-03823-9|page=7|edition=3rd}}</ref>

Wide adoption was initially hindered by the comparatively lower speeds of the designs compared to TTL based designs. Speed limitations were eventually overcome with newer fabrication methods (such as [[Self-aligned_gate|self aligned gates]] of polysilicon instead of metal). These CMOS variants performed on par with contemporary TTL. The series was extended in the late 1970s and 1980s with new models that were given 45xx and 45xxx designations, but are usually still regarded by engineers as part of the 4000 series. In the 1990s, some manufacturers (e.g. [[Texas Instruments]]) ported the 4000 series to newer [[HCMOS]] based designs to provide greater speeds.

==Design considerations==
The 4000 series facilitates simpler [[Electronic circuit|circuit]] design through relatively low [[Electric power|power]] consumption, a wide range of supply [[voltage]]s, and vastly increased [[fanout|load-driving capability (fanout)]] compared to [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]]. This makes the series ideal for use in prototyping [[Large Scale Integration#LSI|LSI]] designs. While [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] ICs are similarly [[Modular design|modular]], these usually lack the symmetrical drive strength of CMOS and may therefore require more consideration of the loads applied on its outputs.
Just like with TTL, [[Buffer amplifier|buffered]] models can drive higher electrical current (mainly available for I/O-devices like octal latches and three-state drivers) but have a slightly higher risk of introducing [[Parasitic oscillation|ringing]] (transient oscillations) unless correctly damped or terminated.<ref>[http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/scha004/scha004.pdf Understanding Buffered and Unbuffered CD4xxxB Series Device Characteristics. Texas Instruments]</ref><ref>Lancaster, Don. ''CMOS Cookbook'', {{ISBN|0-672-21398-2}}</ref> Many models contain a high level of integration, including fully integrated [[Seven-segment display|7-segment display counters]], [[Ring counter|walking ring counters]], and [[Adder (electronics)|full adders]].

==Common chips==
[[File:ANT Nachrichtentechnik DBT-03 - National Semiconductor CD4001BCJ-0020.jpg|thumb|CD4001B in [[Dual in-line package|DIP]]-14 package<br/>(quad 2-input [[NOR gate]])]]
[[File:4001 Pinout.svg|thumb|200px|CD4001B pinout. Red is power, green is inputs, blue is outputs]]
[[File:4001 Functional Diagram.svg|thumb|175px|CD4001B functional diagram (quad 2-in NOR gate)]]
{{see also|List of 4000-series integrated circuits#Parts list}}

;Logic gates
{{main|List of 4000-series integrated circuits#Logic gates}}

;Flip-flops
* 4013 – Dual [[D flip-flop|D-type flip-flop]]. Each flip-flop has independent data, Q, /Q, clock, reset, set.
* 40174 – Hex D-type flip-flop. Each flip-flop has independent data and Q. All share clock and reset.
* 40175 – Quad D-type flip-flop. Each flip-flop has independent data, Q, /Q. All share clock and reset.

;Counters
* 4017 – Decade [[Counter (digital)|counter]] with 10-output decoder.
* 4026 – Decade counter with [[Seven-segment display|7-segment]] digit decoded output.
* 40110 – Up/down decade counter with [[Seven-segment display|7-segment]] display decoder with 25&nbsp;mA output drivers.
* 40192 – Up/down decade counter with 4-bit BCD preset.
* 40193 – Up/down binary counter with 4-bit binary preset.

;Decoders
* 4028 – 4-bit [[Binary-coded decimal|BCD]] to 10-output decoder (can be used as 3-bit binary to 8-output [[Binary decoder|decoder]])
* 4511 – 4-bit BCD to [[Seven-segment display|7-segment]] display decoder with 25&nbsp;mA output drivers.

;Timers
* 4047 – Monostable/astable [[multivibrator]] with external [[RC time constant|RC]] oscillator.
* 4060 – 14-bit ripple counter with external RC or [[crystal oscillator]] (long duration) (schmitt-trigger inputs) (can be used with 32.768&nbsp;kHz crystal)
* 4541 – 16-bit ripple counter with external RC oscillator (long duration).

;Analog
* 4051 – Single 8-channel analog mux.
* 4066 – Quad SPST [[analog switch]].

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[LVCMOS]]
* [[Logic gate]], [[Logic family]]
* [[Electronic component]]
* [[List of 4000-series integrated circuits]]
* [[7400-series integrated circuits]]
* [[List of 7400-series integrated circuits]]
* [[Linear integrated circuit]]
* [[List of linear integrated circuits]]
* [[List of LM-series integrated circuits]]
* [[Programmable logic device]]
* [[Pin compatibility]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikibooks
|Practical Electronics
|IC/4000 Series
|4000-series integrated circuits
}}

;Periodicals
* [https://www.americanradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Engineer/1971-06-07.pdf New low-voltage COS/MOS IC's (CD4000A)]; ''RCA Engineer''; Vol 17 No 1; June 1971 to July 1971; Pages 40–45.
* [https://www.americanradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Engineer/1972-12-01.pdf 15 articles about COS/MOS IC's]; ''RCA Engineer''; Vol 18 No 4; December 1972 to January 1973.

;Books
* ''CMOS Cookbook''; 4th Ed; [[Don Lancaster]], Howard Berlin; Elsevier; 512 pages; 2019; {{ISBN|978-0672213984}}. <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513112340/https://www.tinaja.com/ebooks/cmoscb.pdf ''(archive)'']</small>
* ''CMOS Sourcebook''; 1st Ed; Newton Braga; Prompt Press; 390 pages; 2001; {{ISBN|978-0790612348}}.
* ''Understanding CMOS Integrated Circuits''; 2nd Ed; [[Roger Melen]] and [[Harry Garland]]; Sams Publishing; 144 pages; 1979; {{ISBN|978-0672215988}}. <small>[https://archive.org/details/understandingcmo0000mele/ ''(archive)'']</small>
* ''Second Book of CMOS IC Projects''; 1st Ed; R.A. Penfold; Bernard Babani Publishing; 127 pages; 1979; {{ISBN|978-0900162787}}. <small>[https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Babani/Babani%20BP59%20Second%20Book%20of%20CMOS%20IC%20Projects.pdf ''(archive)'']</small>
* ''50 CMOS IC Projects''; 1st Ed; R.A. Penfold; Bernards Publishing; 112 pages; 1977; {{ISBN|978-0900162640}}. <small>[https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/224-50-CMOS-IC-Projects.pdf ''(archive)'']</small>

;Historical Documents
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052639/http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet_addendum/familyhef4000specification.pdf ''Signetics HE4000B Family Specifications'']; IC04; 13 pages; 1995.
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_rcaCMS272RircuitsManual1979_12775821 ''RCA COS/MOS IC Manual'']; CMS-272; 170 pages; 1979.
* ''RCA COS/MOS IC Manual''; CMS-270; TBD pages; 1971.

;Historical Databooks
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_rcadataBoook_74957274 ''RCA CMOS Databook'']; SSD-250C; 798 pages; 1983.
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_rcadataBoogratedCircuits_40490935 ''RCA COS/MOS Databook'']; SSD-203C; 649 pages; 1975.
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_motoroladaCMOSLogicData_31567161 ''Motorola CMOS Databook'']; DL131; 560 pages; 1988.
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationaldaMOSDatabook_53862962 ''National CMOS Databook'']; 930 pages; 1981.
* [https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/hcc4001b.pdf ''ST HCC40xxx Rad-Hard Logic Family'']; 16 pages; 2020. (for high-reliability and space applications)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/understanding_digital_logic_ics_part_4 Understanding 4000-series digital logic ICs] – Nuts and Volts magazine
* [https://electronicsclub.info/cmos.htm Thorough list of 4000-series ICs] – Electronics Club
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034512/http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/4000_Series_Article.pdf 4000-series logic and analog circuitry] – Analog Devices

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{{DEFAULTSORT:4000 Series}}
[[Category:Digital electronics]]
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]