Editing 6 Hebe

{{Short description|Large main-belt asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background = #D6D6D6
| name = 6 Hebe
| symbol = [[File:Hebe symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (historical)
| image = 6hebe.png
| image_scale = 
| caption = Hebe imaged by the [[European Southern Observatory]]'s [[Very Large Telescope]]
| discoverer = [[Karl Ludwig Hencke]]
| discovered = 1 July 1847
| discovery_site = [[Drezdenko|Driesen]], [[Prussia]]
| discovery_ref = <ref name=jpldata/>
| mpc_name = (6) Hebe
| alt_names = A847 NA; 1847 JB
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|iː|b|iː}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| adjectives = Hebean {{IPAc-en|h|iː|ˈ|b|iː|@|n}} (trad.)<ref>Gabriel Nisbet (1733) ''Caledon's Tears''</ref>
| named_after = [[Hebe (mythology)|Hēbē]]
| mp_category = [[Main belt]]
| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata/>
| epoch = 13&nbsp;September 2023<br/>([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2453300.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| semimajor = {{Convert|2.43|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| perihelion = {{Convert|1.93|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| time_periastron = 10 March 2022
| aphelion = {{Convert|2.92|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}
| eccentricity = 0.2027
| period = 3.78 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1379.85 d)
| inclination = 14.736°
| asc_node = 138.63°
| arg_peri = 239.59°
| mean_anomaly = 144.0°
| avg_speed = 18.93 km/s
| moid = {{Convert|0.97|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| p_orbit_ref = <ref name=Hebe-POE>{{cite web
  |title=AstDyS-2 Hebe Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements
  |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
  |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=6
  |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref>
| p_semimajor = 2.4252710
| p_eccentricity = 0.1584864
| p_inclination = 14.3511092°
| p_mean_motion = 95.303184
| perihelion_rate = 31.568209
| node_rate = −41.829042
| flattening = 0.25{{efn|1=Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): <math>f=1-\frac{c}{a}</math>, where (c/a) = {{val|0.75|0.04}}.<ref name=VLT/>}}
| dimensions = {{val|205|×|185|×|170|ul=km}}<ref name=IRAS>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20060623213811/http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab |date=23 June 2006 }}</ref><ref name=Torppa2003/>
| mean_diameter = {{val|195|3|u=km}}<ref name=VLT/>
| surface_area = 
| volume = 
| mass = {{val|1.24|0.24|e=19|u=kg}}<ref name=VLT/>{{efn|Composite estimate.}}<br>{{val|1.27|0.13|e=19|u=kg}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|{{val|6.40|0.67|e=−12|u={{Solar mass}}}}}}<ref name="Baer2011"/>
| density = {{val|3.18|0.64|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/>
| surface_grav = ~{{Gr|0.0124|102.5}}–{{Gr|0.0127|92.5}} m/s{{sup|2}}
| escape_velocity = ~{{V2|0.0124|102.5}}–{{V2|0.0127|92.5}} km/s<br>(457–486 km/h)
| rotation = 7.274 h<ref name=Torppa2003 />{{rp|349}}
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]]
| magnitude = 7.5<ref name="Pasachoff1983">{{Cite book | author=Donald H. Menzel | author2=Jay M. Pasachoff | name-list-style=amp | date=1983 | title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets | edition=2nd | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_0/page/391 391] | location=Boston, MA | isbn=0-395-34835-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_0/page/391 }}</ref> to 11.50
| abs_magnitude = 5.61<ref name=jpldata/>
| pole_ecliptic_lat = 45°
| pole_ecliptic_lon = 339°
| albedo = 0.268<ref name=VLT/><ref name=IRAS />
| angular_size = 0.26" <!-- Horizons 2010-Sep-20 --> to 0.065"
| single_temperature = ~170 [[kelvin|K]] <br />''max:'' ~269 K (−4°C)
}}

'''6 Hebe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|iː|b|iː}}) is a large [[asteroid belt|main-belt]] [[asteroid]], containing around 0.5% of the mass of the belt. However, due to its apparently high bulk density (greater than that of the [[Moon]]), Hebe does not rank among the top twenty asteroids by volume. This high bulk density suggests an extremely solid body that has not been impacted by collisions, which is not typical of asteroids of its size – they tend to be loosely-bound [[rubble pile]]s.

In [[apparent magnitude|brightness]], Hebe is the fifth-brightest object in the asteroid belt after [[4 Vesta|Vesta]], [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], [[7 Iris|Iris]], and [[2 Pallas|Pallas]]. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.3, about equal to the mean brightness of Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]],<ref>[http://jas.org.jo/ast.html The Brightest Asteroids] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511115437/http://www.jas.org.jo/ast.html |date=2008-05-11 }}</ref> and can reach +7.5 at an opposition near perihelion.

Hebe may be the parent body of the [[H chondrite]] meteorites, which account for about 40% of all [[meteorite]]s striking Earth.

== History ==
Hebe was discovered on 1 July 1847 by German astronomer [[Karl Ludwig Hencke]] in the town of Driesen, [[Province of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], [[Prussia]] (now [[Drezdenko]], [[Poland]]).<ref name=jpldata/> It is the sixth [[asteroid]] discovered. It was the second and final asteroid discovery by Hencke, after [[5 Astraea]]. The name ''[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]'', after the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] goddess of youth, was proposed by [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] at Hencke's request.<ref name=wudfagw-1947/> The first asteroids discovered had widely been considered [[planet]]s by astronomers, but the rapid discoveries of several new asteroids in the late 1840s complicated the classification of asteroids.<ref name="minorplanets"/> In the years following its discovery, Hebe was variously labelled as a planet,<ref name=wudfagw-1947/> small planet, or asteroid.<ref name="Gould1848"/> Eventually, throughout the latter half of the 19th century, the terms "asteroid" and "minor planet" became favored,<ref name="minorplanets"/> although some astronomers continued referring to Hebe as a planet in this period.<ref name="Luther1889"/>

Gauss chose a wineglass as Hebe's [[astronomical symbol]].<ref name=wudfagw-1947/><ref name=steger/> It is in the pipeline for [[Unicode]] 17.0 as U+1CEC0 𜻀 ([[File:Hebe symbol (fixed width).svg|12px]]).<ref name=astunicode/><ref name=pipeline/> As asteroids and their symbols grew in number, the practicality of assigning unique astronomical symbols to each asteroid was questioned. In 1851, astronomer [[Johann Franz Encke]] proposed a simpler system of a number{{mdash}}denoting the order of discovery{{mdash}}inscribed in a circle. For Hebe, this would be ⑥.<ref name="minorplanets"/><ref name="Gould1852"/>{{rp|80}} This system was widely adopted by astronomers, though astronomers eventually switched to using parentheses enclosing the number{{mdash}}thus <em>(6) Hebe</em><ref name="MPC-object"/> or <em>6 Hebe</em><ref name=jpldata/> in modern notation.<ref name="minorplanets"/>

On 5 March 1977, Hebe [[occultation|occulted]] the star [[Gamma Ceti|γ Ceti A]] (Kaffaljidhma).<ref name=Dunham1977/>

==Orbit==
[[File:6 Hebe orbit.jpg|left|thumb|270px|The orbit of 6 Hebe compared with the orbits of the [[inner planets]] and Jupiter]]
Hebe orbits the [[Sun]] with an average distance (or [[semi-major axis]]) of 2.426 [[astronomical unit]]s (AU),<ref name=jpldata/> placing it in the [[Kirkwood gap|inner section]] of the [[main asteroid belt]].<ref name="Gaffey1998"/>{{rp|1282}} Its distance to the Sun varies from 1.935 AU at [[perihelion]] to 2.917 AU at [[aphelion]] due to its moderately elliptical orbit, indicated by its [[orbital eccentricity]] of 0.202. It has an orbital period of 3.778 [[Earth year]]s, following an orbit [[orbital inclination|inclined]] by 14.74° with respect to the [[ecliptic plane]].<ref name=jpldata/>

Hebe resides near but does not participate in several [[orbital resonance]]s. It orbits close to the 3:1 [[mean-motion resonance]] (MMR) with [[Jupiter]] at approximately 2.50 AU.<ref name="Gaffey1998"/>{{rp|1282}} Asteroids caught in the 3:1 Jovian MMR have orbital periods one-third that of Jupiter's; their orbits are destabilized and they are eventually removed by encounters with the planets, creating the 3:1 Kirkwood gap.<ref name="Yoshikawa1990"/>{{rp|101}} Hebe is also located near the destabilizing <math>\nu_{\rm 6}</math> (<math>g = g_{\rm 6}</math>) [[secular resonance]] with [[Saturn]], which at Hebe's average distance of 2.426 AU is located at 15–16° inclination.<ref name="Gaffey1998"/>{{rp|1282}} 

==Possible Hebe family==
In the 1990s, Hebe was identified as a possible source for [[H chondrite]]s and [[IIE iron meteorite]]s.<ref name="Gaffey1998"/>{{rp|1293}}<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2020"/>{{rp|3}} Its location near the 3:1 Jovian MMR and the <math>\nu_{\rm 6}</math> Saturnian secular resonance means that fragments created by [[impact event]]s are easily destabilized into Earth-crossing orbits, where they could eventually impact Earth as meteorites.<ref name="Farinella1993a"/>{{rp|288,300}} Indeed, the H chondritic surface compositions of two [[near-Earth object]]s{{mdash}}[[(4953) 1990 MU]] and 2007 LE{{mdash}}point towards Hebe as their parent body.<ref name="Kelley2014"/>{{rp|65}}<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2015"/>{{rp|436}} [[reflectance spectrum|Spectral observations]] of asteroids near the 3:1 Kirkwood gap in the early 2010s identified [[695 Bella]], [[1166 Sakuntala]], and [[1607 Mavis]] as potential relatives of Hebe.<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2011"/>{{rp|531–532}}<ref name="Gaffey2013"/> However, they are located on the opposite side of the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, indicating that they jumped across the gap.<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2020"/>{{rp|3–4}} In 2020, a study led by Sherry K. Fieber-Beyer identified nine additional candidate members of the tentative Hebe family, with some located on Hebe's side of the 3:1 Kirkwood gap.<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2020"/>{{rp|1}}

==Physical characteristics==
[[File:Not the mother of meteorites.jpg|left|thumb|Simulations (top) and direct images (bottom) of 6 Hebe<ref name=mother/>]]
[[File:Moon and Asteroids 1 to 10.svg|thumb|left|Size comparison: the first 10 asteroids profiled against the [[Moon]]. Hebe is sixth from the left.]]
Hebe is a large asteroid, with a volume-equivalent [[spheroid]]al diameter of {{convert|193|±|6|km|mi}}. Though Hebe's shape approximates an oblate spheroid, it hosts numerous extreme topographical features. Five large depressions have been identified on its surface, possibly representing deep [[impact crater]]s.<ref name="Marsset2017"/>{{rp|4–6}} The depressions range from around {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} to over {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in size, with depths between {{convert|7|and|18|km|mi}}.<ref name="Marsset2017"/>{{rp|6}} Hebe additionally has a large, flattened face, giving it the appearance of a "lopped-off tooth". This large facet may represent a section of the asteroid that was blasted away into space by an ancient [[impact event]].<ref name="Fieber-Beyer2020"/>{{rp|9}}

Based on Hebe's [[lightcurve]], or variations in its observed brightness, it rotates in a [[prograde and retrograde motion|prograde]] (counterclockwise) direction with a rotation period of 7.27 hours. Its north pole pointing towards [[ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (β, λ) = (45°, 339°)  with a 10° uncertainty.<ref name=Torppa2003 />{{rp|349}}

===Spectrum and composition===
Hebe is classified as an [[S-type asteroid]]<ref name="Migliorini1997"/>{{rp|104}} under the [[Tholen classification]] scheme.<ref name="DeMeo2015"/> Planetary scientist [[Michael James Gaffey]] further subdivided S-type asteroids into seven mineralogical subclasses,<ref name="Gaffey1993b"/> categorizing Hebe as an S(IV)-type asteroid. Hebe's S(IV) classification indicates its surface is silicate (or stony) in composition and [[planetary differentiation|undifferentiated]] or partially differentiated.<ref name="Gaffey1998"/>{{rp|1282}}

==See also==
* [[List of former planets]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist
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<ref name="Luther1889">{{cite journal
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<ref name=steger>{{cite book
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| quote = Hofrath Gauß gab auf Hencke's Ansuchen diesem neuen Planetoiden den Namen Hebe mit dem Zeichen (ein Weinglas).
}}</ref>

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|bibcode=1990Icar...87...78Y
}}</ref>

<ref name=astunicode>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf |title=Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=18 September 2023 |website=unicode.org |publisher=Unicode |access-date=26 September 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

<ref name=pipeline>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |author=Unicode |date= |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=6 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

<ref name=mother>{{cite web|title=Not the mother of meteorites|url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1725a/|website=eso.org|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=Dunham1977>{{cite journal |last1=Dunham |first1=David W. |last2=Maley |first2=Paul D. |date=December 1977 |title=Possible Observation of a Satellite of a Minor Planet |journal=[[The Minor Planet Bulletin]] |volume=5 |issue= |pages=16-17 |bibcode=1977MPBu....5...16D}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf shape model deduced from lightcurve]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0007//0000283.000.html MNRAS '''7''' (1847) 283] (discovery announcement)
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0008//0000104.000.html MNRAS '''8''' (1848) 103]
* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=6 JPL Ephemeris]
* {{AstDys|6}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Minor planets navigator|5 Astraea|number=6|7 Iris}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:000006}}
[[Category:Background asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Karl Ludwig Hencke|Hebe]]
[[Category:Named minor planets|Hebe]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1847|18470701]]
[[Category:Objects observed by stellar occultation]]