Editing 991

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{{About year|991|the car|Porsche 991|radio stations|99.1 FM|the number|991 (number)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Year nav|991}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
[[File:Brythnoth statue Maldon.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Byrhtnoth]] at [[Maldon, Essex|Maldon]] ([[Essex]])]]
Year '''991''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CMXCI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
* [[March 1]]: In [[Rouen]], [[Pope John XV]] ratifies the first [[Peace and Truce of God|Truce of God]], between [[Æthelred the Unready]] and [[Richard I of Normandy]].
* [[March 29]]: [[Adalberon (bishop of Laon)|Bishop Adalberon]] imprisons the treasonous [[Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine|Duke Charles of Lorraine]] and his nephew [[Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)|Arnulf]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims|Archbishop of Reims]]. Adalberon delivers the two men to King [[Hugh Capet]], who imprisons them and their family in [[Orléans]]. The cities of [[Reims]] and Laon are returned to Capet.
* [[April 5]]: [[991 Damascus earthquake]] in [[Syria]]: According to historian [[George Elmacin]] (13th century), the earthquake caused the fall of 1,000 houses in Damascus itself, and many people were trapped in their [[ruins]] and died. The village of Beglabec was reportedly engulfed, due to the earthquake.<ref name="Antonopoulos">Antonopoulos, 1980</ref>
* Spring: Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] begins a campaign against the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarians]].
* [[June 15]]: [[Theophanu]] dies in [[Nijmegen]], and [[Adelaide of Italy]] assumes full regency over her grandson, [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]].
* [[June 17]] – [[June 18|18]]: The royal council of Saint-Basle de Verzy is marked by opposition between the bishops and the monks. [[Pope Sylvester II|Gerbert d'Aurillac]] is elected as the deposed Arnulf's successor as the Archbishop of Reims, to the anger of Pope John XV, who had no involvement in the decision.
* [[August 11]]: Following a raid by [[Olaf Tryggvason]] at the mouth of the [[River Thames]], [[ealdorman]] [[Byrhtnoth]] is killed in the [[Battle of Maldon]] in [[Essex]], which is commemorated in the [[Old English]] poem ''[[The Battle of Maldon]]''. Æthelred the Unready is forced to pay a [[tribute]] of 22,000 pounds of silver for Tryggvason to withdraw his troops; this is the first in a series of [[Danegeld]]s.<ref>John Haywood (1995). ''The Historical Atlas of the Vikings'': Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, pp. 118–119. {{ISBN|978-0-140-51328-8}}.</ref>
* [[November 22]]: The beginning of the reign of [[al-Qadir]], [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]] of [[Baghdad]], under the tutelage of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] and following the deposition of [[al-Ta'i]].

=== Unknown dates ===
* [[Odo I, Count of Blois|Count Odo I of Blois]], who captured [[Melun]], is driven out of the city by the coalition of King Hugh Capet, [[Fulk III, Count of Anjou|Count Fulk III of Anjou]] and Richard I of Normandy; Odo is defeated in [[Orsay]] by Bouchard I of Vendôme, a faithful vassal of Capet charged with guarding Melun.
* [[Stavoren]] is sacked in Viking raids on the ports of [[Frisia]] and the mouths of the [[Rhine]].
* [[Pietro II Orseolo]] becomes the 26th [[Doge of Venice]]. [[Venice]] establishes a protectorate on the coast of the Dalmatian Islands.
* [[Taranto]] is sieged by [[Sicily|Sicilian]] Arabs.
* The ''[[Dagome iudex]]'', a document which enumerates the possessions of [[Mieszko I]], is written and entrusted to Pope John XV, who places the [[Poland|Polish]] territories under papal protection.
* [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupts.
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Guido of Arezzo|Guido Monaco]], Italian monk and [[Music theory|music theorist]] (or [[992]])
* [[Pons, Count of Toulouse|Pons II]] (or '''Pons William'''), count of [[County of Toulouse|Toulouse]] (d. [[1060]])
* [[Yan Shu]], Chinese statesman and [[Chinese poetry|poet]] (d. [[1055]])

== Deaths ==
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Emperor En'yū|En'yū]], emperor of [[Japan]] (b. [[959]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Bardas Skleros]], Byzantine general
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Reginold of Eichstätt|Reginold]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt|Eichstätt]]
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Heriward]], Frankish [[abbot]]
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Piligrim]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau|Passau]]
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Byrhtnoth]], ealdorman of [[Essex]] 
* [[Aleramo, Marquess of Montferrat|Aleramo]], marquess of [[March of Montferrat|Montferrat]] and [[Liguria]]
* [[Al-Muqaddasi]], Arab Muslim [[geographer]]
* [[Ashot-Sahak of Vaspurakan|Ashot-Sahak]], king of [[Kingdom of Vaspurakan|Vaspurakan]] ([[Armenia]])
* [[Bakjur]], Hamdanid mercenary and governor 
* [[Gausfred I]], count of [[County of Empúries|Empúries]] and [[County of Roussillon|Roussillon]]
* [[Ibn Babawayh]], Persian [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] scholar
* [[Meng Xuanzhe]], prince of [[Later Shu]] (b. [[937]])
* [[Nakatsukasa]], Japanese [[Waka (poetry)|waka]] poet (b. [[912]])
* [[Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu]], Japanese [[Nobility|nobleman]] (b. [[921]])
* [[Pan Mei]], Chinese general and statesman
* [[Qian Weijun]], king of [[Wuyue]] ([[Ten Kingdoms]]) (b. [[955]])
* [[Sa'd al-Dawla]], Hamdanid emir (b. [[952]])
* [[Suero Gundemáriz]], Spanish nobleman 
* [[Taira no Kanemori]], Japanese nobleman
* [[Ya'qub ibn Killis]], Fatimid [[vizier]] (b. [[930]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation | last1=Antonopoulos | first1= J.  | title=''Data from investigation of seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D.'' | year=1980 | publisher=Annals of Geophysics | url =https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/4702/4786}}

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