Editing AMD

{{Short description|American multinational technology company}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Advanced Micro Foundry|Applied Materials}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
| logo = [[File:AMD Logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.1|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_alt = Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. logo
| image = 2485 Augustine Drive headquarters in Santa Clara, California.jpg
| image_alt = Image of AMD's headquarters located in Santa Clara, California
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Santa Clara, California]], in 2020
| image_upright = 1.1
| trade_name = AMD
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list
  | {{NASDAQ|AMD}}
  | [[Nasdaq-100]] component
  | [[S&P 100]] component
  | [[S&P 500]] component
}}
| industry = [[Semiconductor industry|Semiconductor]]s
| founded = {{Start date and age|1969|05|01}}
| founder = Team led by [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]]
| hq_location_city = [[Santa Clara, California]]
| hq_location_country = United States<br/>{{Coord|37|22|56|N|121|58|15|W|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=title,inline|name=Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list
  | [[Lisa Su]] ([[Chairperson|chair]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
  | [[Mark Papermaster]] ([[Chief technical officer|CTO]])
}}
| products = {{Flatlist|
* [[List of AMD processors|AMD CPUs]]
* [[List of AMD graphics processing units|AMD GPUs]]
}}
| brands = {{hlist|[[Ryzen]]|[[Radeon]]|[[Athlon]]|[[Epyc]]|[[Threadripper]]|[[Virtex (FPGA)|Virtex]]|[[Vivado]]|[[Sempron]]|[[Duron]]|[[AMD Instinct]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|25.79}}&nbsp;billion (2024)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|1.900}}&nbsp;billion (2024)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|1.641}}&nbsp;billion (2024)
| assets = {{increase}} {{US$|69.23}}&nbsp;billion (2024)
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|57.57}}&nbsp;billion (2024)
| num_employees = {{circa|28,000}} (2024)
| website = {{URL|https://www.amd.com/|amd.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248825000012/amd-20241228.htm|title=AMD 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|date=February 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.''' ('''AMD''') is an American [[multinational corporation]] and [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Santa Clara, California]] and maintains significant operations in [[Austin, Texas]]. AMD is a [[Information technology|hardware]] and [[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]] company that designs and develops [[List of AMD processors|central processing units]] (CPUs), [[List of AMD graphics processing units|graphics processing units]] (GPUs), [[field-programmable gate arrays]] (FPGAs), [[System on a chip|system-on-chip]] (SoC), and [[high-performance computing|high-performance computer]] solutions. AMD serves a wide range of business and consumer markets, including gaming, data centers, artificial intelligence (AI), and embedded systems.

AMD's main products include [[List of AMD microprocessors|microprocessors]], [[motherboard]] [[chipset]]s, [[embedded processor]]s, and [[List of AMD graphics processing units|graphics processors]] for [[Server (computing)|servers]], [[workstation]]s, personal computers, and [[embedded system]] applications. The company has also expanded into new markets, such as the [[data center]], [[Video gaming|gaming]], and [[high-performance computing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Ana |date=2023-11-20 |title=AMD Delivers High Performance, High Efficiency CPUs and GPUs for All HPC Use Cases |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2023/11/20/amd-delivers-high-performance-high-efficiency-cpus-and-gpus-for-all-hpc-use-cases/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=HPCwire |language=en-US}}</ref> markets. AMD's processors are used in a wide range of computing devices, including [[personal computer]]s, servers, [[laptop]]s, and [[Video game console|gaming consoles]]. While it initially manufactured its own processors, the company later [[Fabless manufacturing|outsourced its manufacturing]], after [[GlobalFoundries]] was spun off in 2009. Through its [[Xilinx]] acquisition in 2022, AMD offers [[field-programmable gate array]] (FPGA) products.

AMD was founded in 1969 by [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]] and a group of other technology professionals. The company's early products were primarily memory chips and other components for computers. In 1975, AMD entered the microprocessor market, competing with [[Intel]], its main rival in the industry. In the early 2000s, it experienced significant growth and success, thanks in part to its strong position in the PC market and the success of its [[Athlon]] and [[Opteron]] processors. However, the company faced challenges in the late 2000s and early 2010s, as it struggled to keep up with Intel in the race to produce faster and more powerful processors.

In the late 2010s, AMD regained [[market share]] by pursuing a [[penetration pricing]] strategy<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-22 |title=AMD's Extremely Successful Price Strategy Could Burden AMD And Intel Investors Long Term |url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4297960-amds-extremely-successful-price-strategy-burden-amd-and-intel-investors-long-term |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=seekingalpha.com |language=en}}</ref> and building on the success of its [[Ryzen]] processors, which were considerably more competitive with [[List of Intel processors|Intel microprocessors]] in terms of performance whilst offering attractive pricing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD ascending: How Ryzen CPUs snatched the computing crown from Intel |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/398418/amd-ascending-how-ryzen-laptop-desktop-cpus-snatched-computing-crown-intel.html |date=March 31, 2020 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |website=PCWorld |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, AMD surpassed Intel by market capitalization for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD's Market Cap Surpasses Intel for the First Time in History |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amds-market-cap-surpasses-intel |date=February 16, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2022 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How AMD became a chip giant and leapfrogged Intel after years of playing catch-up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/how-amd-became-a-chip-giant-leapfrogged-intel-after-playing-catch-up.html |date=November 22, 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:1amdplace.jpg|thumb|AMD's former headquarters in [[Sunnyvale, California]] (demolished in 2019)]]
[[File:AMDmarkham4.jpg|thumb|AMD's campus in [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], Ontario, Canada, formerly [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] headquarters]]
[[File:AMD Austin campus.JPG|thumb|right|AMD's [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED-certified]] Lone Star campus in [[Austin, Texas]]<!-- DO NOT LINK SEPARATELY, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->]]

=== Foundational years ===
Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]], along with seven of his colleagues from [[Fairchild Semiconductor]], on May 1, 1969.<ref>The other founding members were [[Edwin Turney|Ed Turney]], John Carey, Sven Simonsen, [[Jack Gifford (businessman)|Jack Gifford]] and three members from Gifford's team: Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger.</ref><ref>Rodengen, p. 30.</ref> Sanders, an [[electrical engineer]] who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had, like many Fairchild executives, grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within the company. He later decided to leave to start his own [[semiconductor]] company,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030501040300/http://www.businessweek.com/pdfs/fairkid.pdf "Fairchild's Offspring"]. ''[[Business Week]]''. August 25, 1997. p. 84.</ref> following the footsteps of [[Robert Noyce]] (developer of the first silicon [[integrated circuit]] at Fairchild in 1959)<ref>Mueller, Scott. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gXaRdKyD4PsC&pg=PA6 ''Upgrading and Repairing PCs'']. Que Publishing, 2013. p. 6.</ref> and [[Gordon Moore]], who together founded the semiconductor company [[Intel]] in July 1968.<ref name="abc">[[Michael S. Malone|Malone, Michael S.]] [https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=86632&page=1&singlePage=true "Silicon Insider: AMD-Intel Feud Continues"]. ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]''. April 24, 2003.</ref>

In September 1969, AMD moved from its temporary location in [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]] to [[Sunnyvale, California]].<ref>Rodengen, p. 36.</ref> To immediately secure a customer base, AMD initially became a [[second source]] supplier of microchips designed by Fairchild and [[National Semiconductor]].<ref name="directory">Pederson, Jay P. [http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/advanced-micro-devices-inc-history/ ''International Directory of Company Histories'', Vol. 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719091859/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/advanced-micro-devices-inc-history/ |date=July 19, 2014 }}. St. James Press, 2000.</ref><ref>Rodengen, p. 35.</ref> AMD first focused on producing logic chips.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 37–38.</ref> The company guaranteed quality control to [[MIL-STD-883|United States Military Standard]], an advantage in the early computer industry since unreliability in microchips was a distinct problem that customers – including [[computer manufacturer]]s, the [[telecommunications industry]], and instrument manufacturers – wanted to avoid.<ref name=directory /><ref name="singer">Singer, Graham. [http://www.techspot.com/article/599-amd-rise-and-fall/ "The Rise and Fall of AMD"]. TechSpot. November 21, 2012.</ref><ref>Rodengen, pp. 35, 38, 41, 42.</ref><ref name="svh">[http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/#!amd-company-history/csut AMD Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025526/https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/#!amd-company-history/csut |date=November 12, 2020 }}. [[Silicon Valley Historical Association]]. 2008.</ref>

In November 1969, the company manufactured its first product: the Am9300, a [[4-bit computing|4-bit]] [[Integrated circuit#SSI, MSI and LSI|MSI]] [[shift register]], which began selling in 1970.<ref name=svh /><ref>Rodengen, pp. 36, 38.</ref> Also in 1970, AMD produced its first proprietary product, the Am2501 logic counter, which was highly successful.<ref name="lojek220">Lojek, Bo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2cu1Oh_COv8C&pg=PA220 ''History of Semiconductor Engineering''].
Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 220.</ref><ref name="history">[https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/history Our History]. ''AMD.com''.</ref> Its bestselling product in 1971 was the Am2505, the fastest [[Binary multiplier|multiplier]] available.<ref name=lojek220 /><ref name="rodengen41">Rodengen, p. 41.</ref>

In 1971, AMD entered the [[Random-access memory|RAM]] chip market, beginning with the Am3101, a [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] bipolar RAM.<ref name=rodengen41 /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UmZJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22am3101%22+%22ram%22 ''Electronic Design'', Volume 19, Part 3]. Hayden Publishing Company, 1971. p. 227.</ref> That year AMD also greatly increased the sales volume of its linear integrated circuits, and by year-end the company's total annual sales reached US$4.6&nbsp;million.<ref name=lojek220 /><ref>Rodengen, pp. 42, 43.</ref>

AMD went public in September 1972.<ref name=directory /><ref>Rodengen, p. 45.</ref><ref>Walker, Rob. [http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/transcripts/sanders.htm "Interview with W. Jerry Sanders"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192309/http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/transcripts/sanders.htm |date=January 2, 2014 }}. ''Silicon Genesis''. [[Stanford University]]. October 18, 2002.</ref> The company was a second source for Intel [[MOSFET|MOS]]/[[Large Scale Integration|LSI]] circuits by 1973, with products such as Am14/1506 and Am14/1507, dual 100-bit dynamic shift registers.<ref>Rodengen, p. 46.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qVRNAAAAYAAJ&q=%22am14/1506%22/1506%22 ''MOS/LSI Data Book'']. Advanced Micro Devices, 1980. pp. 5–1, 5–2, B-8.</ref> By 1975, AMD was producing 212 products – of which 49 were proprietary, including the Am9102 (a [[Static random-access memory|static]] [[N-type semiconductor|N-channel]] 1024-bit RAM)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RHFJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22am9102%22+AMD ''Electrical Design News, Volume 19, Issues 13–24'']. Rogers Publishing Company, 1974. p. 86.</ref> and three low-power [[Schottky barrier|Schottky]] [[Mid-scale integration|MSI]] circuits: Am25LS07, Am25LS08, and Am25LS09.<ref name="rodengen55">Rodengen, p. 55.</ref>

Intel had created the first [[microprocessor]], its 4-bit [[Intel 4004|4004]], in 1971.<ref>Venkata Ram, S.K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUI1ioZrnzcC&pg=PA3 ''Advanced Microprocessor & Microcontrollers'']. Firewall Media, 2004. p. 3.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130207174740/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/silicon-transcript/ Transcript: ''Silicon Valley'' (documentary)]. ''[[American Experience]]''. [[PBS]]. 2013.</ref> By 1975, AMD entered the microprocessor market with the [[AMD Am9080|Am9080]], a [[reverse engineering|reverse-engineered]] clone of the [[Intel 8080]],<ref>{{cite web |date=December 29, 1997 |title=Interview with Shawn and Kim Hailey |url=http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/transcripts/hailey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111155525/http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/transcripts/hailey.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |publisher=Stanford University Libraries}}</ref><ref name="rodengen50">Rodengen, p. 50.</ref><ref>Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxj4qCuHNPQC&pg=PA41 ''Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, Cases, Volume 2'']. Cengage Learning, 2008. p. 41.</ref> and the [[AMD Am2900|Am2900]] [[bit-slice]] microprocessor family.<ref name=rodengen50 /> When Intel began installing [[microcode]] in its microprocessors in 1976, it entered into a [[cross-licensing]] agreement with AMD, which was granted a copyright license to the microcode in its microprocessors and peripherals, effective October 1976.<ref name=rodengen55 /><ref>Lennon, Michael J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i3MLYUjRWisC&pg=SA4-PA36 ''Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements'']. Aspen Publishers Online, 2007. p. 4-36.</ref><ref>Pane, Patricia J. and Barbara Darrow. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6 "AMD Asserts Right to Distribute Intel Code"]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''. October 1, 1990. p. 5.</ref><ref name="justia1994">[http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/4th/9/362.html Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994)]. No. S033874. December 30, 1994. ''Justia.com''. Retrieved October 25, 2014.</ref><ref name="sec1996">[https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/3437730.txt SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934: RELEASE No. 37730]. [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]. ''Sec.gov''. September 26, 1996. (Accessed October 25, 2014.)</ref>

{{anchor|AMC}}In 1977, AMD entered into a joint venture with [[Siemens]], a German engineering conglomerate wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market.<ref name="malerba">Malerba, Franco. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1oHOTnaLAC&pg=PA166 ''The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline'']. University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. p. 166.</ref> Siemens purchased 20% of AMD's stock, giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines.<ref name=malerba /><ref>Rodengen, pp. 59–60.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=liUrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53 ''Reindustrialization Or New Industrialization: Minutes of a Symposium, January 13, 1981, Part 3'']. National Academies, 1981. p. 53.</ref> The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers (AMC), located in Silicon Valley and in Germany, allowing AMD to enter the [[microcomputer]] development and manufacturing field,<ref name=malerba /><ref name="rodengen60">Rodengen, p. 60.</ref><ref>[http://californiafirm.us/advanced-micro-computers-inc.nhd7.california-company-profile.html ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104070612/http://californiafirm.us/advanced-micro-computers-inc.nhd7.california-company-profile.html |date=November 4, 2014 }}. ''CaliforniaFirm.us''.</ref><ref>[http://www.californiacompanieslist.com/advanced-micro-computers-inc-cje0/ ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104095752/http://www.californiacompanieslist.com/advanced-micro-computers-inc-cje0/ |date=November 4, 2014 }}. ''CaliforniaCompaniesList.com''.</ref> in particular based on AMD's second-source [[Zilog]] [[Z8000]] microprocessors.<ref name=freiberger /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4W1VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22advanced+micro+computers%22+z8000+OR+zilog ''Mini-micro Systems'', Volume 15]. Cahners Publishing Company, 1982. p. 286.</ref> When the two companies' vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged, AMD bought out Siemens' stake in the American division in 1979.<ref>Rodengen, p. 62.</ref><ref>"Siemens and Advanced Micro Devices Agree to Split Joint Venture". ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. February 14, 1979. p. 38.</ref> AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors.<ref name="freiberger">Freiberger, Paul. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zC8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 "AMD sued for alleged misuse of subsidiary's secrets"]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''. June 20, 1983. p. 28.</ref><ref name="swaine">Swaine, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78 "Eight Companies to produce the 8086 chip"]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''. November 30, 1981. p. 78.</ref><ref>Rodengen, p. 73.</ref>

Total sales in [[fiscal year]] 1978 topped $100&nbsp;million,<ref name=rodengen60 /> and in 1979, AMD debuted on the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref name=history /> In 1979, production also began on AMD's new [[semiconductor fabrication plant]] in [[Austin, Texas]];<ref name=history /> the company already had overseas assembly facilities in [[Penang]] and [[Manila]],<ref>Rodengen, p. 59.</ref> and began construction on a fabrication plant in [[San Antonio]] in 1981.<ref name="HittC26">Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ60WQm54CoC&pg=PT498 ''Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases'']. Cengage Learning, 2006. p. C-26.</ref> In 1980, AMD began supplying semiconductor products for telecommunications, an industry undergoing rapid expansion and innovation.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 65, 71–72, 79–80.</ref>

=== Intel partnership ===
[[Intel]] had introduced the first [[x86]] microprocessors in 1978.<ref>Sanchez, Julio, and Maria P. Canton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jtKc0k5BWA8C&pg=PA95 ''Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists''].
CRC Press, 2007. p. 95.</ref> In 1981, [[IBM]] created its [[IBM Personal Computer|PC]], and wanted Intel's x86 processors, but only under the condition that Intel would also provide a [[second-source]] manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors.<ref name=singer /> Intel and AMD entered into a 10-year technology exchange agreement, first signed in October 1981<ref name=swaine /><ref>[http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8086/MANUF-AMD.html AMD 8086 microprocessor family], ''CPU World''. (Accessed November 3, 2014.)</ref> and formally executed in February 1982.<ref name=sec1996 /> The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to become a second-source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other; that is, each party could "earn" the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other, if agreed to, by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity. The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company.<ref name=justia1994 /> The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD–Intel cross-licensing agreement through 1995.<ref name=justia1994 /><ref name=sec1996 /> The agreement included the right to invoke arbitration of disagreements, and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement with one year's notice.<ref name=justia1994 /> The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second-source manufacturer of Intel's x86 microprocessors and related chips, and Intel provided AMD with database tapes for its [[8086]], [[80186]], and [[80286]] chips.<ref name=sec1996 /> However, in the event of a bankruptcy or takeover of AMD, the cross-licensing agreement would be effectively canceled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent Cross License Agreement|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000119312509236705/dex102.htm|date=November 11, 2009|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>

Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088, 80186, and 80188 processors, and by 1984, its own [[Am286]] clone of Intel's 80286 processor, for the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and [[IBM clone]]s.<ref name=singer /><ref>Ziberg, Christian. [http://www.tgdaily.com/trendwatch-features/39628-timeline-how-amd-changed-over-the-past-39-years "Timeline: How AMD changed over the past 39 years"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113081521/http://www.tgdaily.com/trendwatch-features/39628-timeline-how-amd-changed-over-the-past-39-years |date=November 13, 2014 }}. ''TGDaily''. October 7, 2008.</ref> It also continued its successful concentration on proprietary [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] chips.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Advanced_Micro_Devices_Inc.aspx ''International Directory of Company Histories'']. 1992.</ref>

The company continued to spend greatly on research and development,<ref>Rodengen, pp. 73, 78–80.</ref> and created the world's first 512K [[EPROM]] in 1984.<ref>Rodengen, p. 80.</ref> That year, AMD was listed in the book ''The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America'',<ref name=HittC26 /><ref>Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton; Katz, Michael. ''The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America''. Addison-Wesley, 1984.</ref> and later made the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list for the first time in 1985.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1985/401.html 1985 Full list] . [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]]. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' archive.</ref><ref>Rodengen, p. 85.</ref>

By mid-1985, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term aggressive trade practices ([[dumping (pricing policy)|dumping]]) from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative chip market in the United States.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 85–87.</ref> AMD rode out the mid-1980s crisis by aggressively innovating and modernizing,<ref>Rodengen, pp. 86, 90, 95, 99.</ref> devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in [[fiscal year]] 1986,<ref name=HittC26 /><ref>Rodengen, pp. 90–91.</ref> and by heavily lobbying the U.S. government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent predatory Japanese pricing.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 87–88, 97–99.</ref> During this time, AMD withdrew from the [[DRAM]] market,<ref>Rodengen, p. 97.</ref> and made some headway into the [[CMOS]] market, which it had lagged in entering, having focused instead on bipolar chips.<ref>Rodengen, p. 91.</ref>

AMD had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" [[frequency-shift keying|FSK]] modem, one of the first multi-standard devices that covered both Bell and [[ITU-T|CCITT]] tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yo_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22amd%22+%22world+chip%22 ''Computer Design, Volume 25, Issues 13–22'']. Computer Design Publishing Corporation, 1986. p. 14.</ref> Beginning in 1986, AMD embraced the perceived shift toward [[RISC]] with their own [[AMD Am29000]] (29k) processor;<ref>Rodengen, p. 100.</ref> the 29k survived as an [[embedded processor]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mann |first=Daniel |title=Evaluating and Programming the 29K RISC Family |url=http://datasheets.chipdb.org/AMD/29K/29kprog.pdf |year=1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927060927/http://www.amd.com/epd/29k/29kprog/29kprog.pdf |publisher=Advanced Micro Devices |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>Pflanz, Matthias. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FXWJ61To3iYC&pg=PA23 ''On-line Error Detection and Fast Recover Techniques for Dependable Embedded Processors'']. Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. p. 23.</ref> The company also increased its [[EPROM]] memory market share in the late 1980s.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 121–122.</ref> Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86 processors. In 1991, it introduced its 386-compatible [[Am386]], an AMD-designed chip. Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/37710/amd AMD]. PC Encyclopedia. ''[[PC Magazine]]''.</ref>

AMD had a large, successful [[flash memory]] business, even during the [[dotcom bust]].<ref>Ruiz. p. 20.</ref> In 2003, to divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow, which was under duress from aggressive microprocessor competition from Intel, AMD spun off its flash memory business and manufacturing into [[Spansion]], a joint venture with [[Fujitsu]], which had been co-manufacturing flash memory with AMD since 1993.<ref>Ruiz, pp. 54–55.</ref><ref>Spooner, John G. [http://news.cnet.com/AMD,-Fujitsu-merge-on-flash-memory/2100-1041_3-1025477.html "AMD, Fujitsu merge on flash memory"]. [[CNET]]. July 14, 2003.</ref> In December 2005, AMD divested itself of Spansion to focus on the microprocessor market, and Spansion went public in an IPO.<ref>Yi, Matthew. [http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Spansion-spun-off-by-AMD-Money-losing-flash-2556614.php "Spansion spun off by AMD"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. December 17, 2005.</ref>

=== 2006–present ===
On July 24, 2006, AMD announced its acquisition of the Canadian 3D graphics card company [[ATI Technologies]]. AMD paid $4.3&nbsp;billion and 58&nbsp;million shares of its [[capital stock]], for approximately $5.4&nbsp;billion. The transaction was completed on October 25, 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 25, 2006 |title=AMD Completes ATI Acquisition and Creates Processing Powerhouse |url=http://newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/October2006/25/c4187.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221335/http://newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/October2006/25/c4187.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=NewsWire}}</ref> On August 30, 2010, AMD announced that it would retire the ATI brand name for its graphics chipsets in favor of the AMD brand name.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMD Decides to Drop the ATI Brand – Softpedia |date=August 30, 2010 |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/AMD-Really-Dropping-the-ATI-Brand-154168.shtml |access-date=February 19, 2011 |publisher=News.softpedia.com |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817173249/https://news.softpedia.com/news/AMD-Really-Dropping-the-ATI-Brand-154168.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2010 |title=ATI to be re-branded as AMD – branding, ATI Radeon, ati, amd – ARN |url=http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/358774/ati_re-branded_amd/ |access-date=February 19, 2011 |publisher=Arnnet.com.au}}</ref>

In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of [[GlobalFoundries|GlobalFoundries Inc.]], a multibillion-dollar joint venture with [[Advanced Technology Investment Company|Advanced Technology Investment Co.]], an investment company formed by the government of [[Abu Dhabi]]. The partnership and spin-off gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed it to focus solely on chip design.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=October 7, 2008 |title=A.M.D. to Split Into Two Operations |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/technology/07chip.html |access-date=March 26, 2010}}</ref> To assure the Abu Dhabi investors of the new venture's success, AMD's CEO [[Hector Ruiz]] stepped down in July 2008, while remaining executive chairman, in preparation for becoming chairman of GlobalFoundries in March 2009.<ref>Ruiz, 159–162.</ref><ref>Gruener, Wolfgang. [http://www.tgdaily.com/business-and-law-features/41615-amd%E2%80%99s-fabs-now-on-their-own-globalfoundries "AMD's fabs now on their own: GlobalFoundries"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221020940/http://www.tgdaily.com/business-and-law-features/41615-amd%E2%80%99s-fabs-now-on-their-own-globalfoundries |date=December 21, 2014 }}. ''TG Daily''. March 4, 2009.</ref> President and COO [[Dirk Meyer]] became AMD's CEO.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-07-17-4237049458_x.htm "At a glance: AMD's new CEO Dirk Meyer"]. [[Associated Press]]. July 17, 2008.</ref> Recessionary losses necessitated AMD cutting 1,100 jobs in 2009.<ref>Kawamoto, Dawn. [http://www.cnet.com/news/amd-to-trim-1100-jobs-initiate-temporary-pay-cuts/ "AMD to trim 1,100 jobs, initiate temporary pay cuts"]. [[CNET]]. January 16, 2009.</ref>

In August 2011, AMD announced that former [[Lenovo]] executive [[Rory Read]] would be joining the company as CEO, replacing Meyer.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dylan McGrath|work= EE Times|url=http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4219307/AMD-appoints-former-Lenovo-exec-CEO |title=AMD appoints former Lenovo exec CEO|date= August 25, 2011|accessdate=August 25, 2011}}</ref> In November 2011, AMD announced plans to lay off more than 10% (1,400) of its employees from across all divisions worldwide.<ref>O'Gara. Maureen. [http://virtualization.sys-con.com/node/2050701 "AMD to Fire 1,400"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221021304/http://virtualization.sys-con.com/node/2050701 |date=December 21, 2014 }}. ''Virtualization Journal''. November 7, 2011.</ref> In October 2012, it announced plans to lay off an additional 15% of its workforce to reduce costs in the face of declining sales revenue.<ref name="king2012">{{Citation |last=Ian King |title=AMD Forecast Misses Estimates; to Cut 15 Percent of Staff |date=October 18, 2012 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-18/amd-sales-forecast-misses-estimates-to-cut-15-percent-of-staff.html |editor-last=Tom Giles |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |access-date=October 31, 2012}}</ref> The inclusion of AMD chips into the [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]] were later seen as saving AMD from bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyson |first=Mark |date=2024-07-05 |title=Sony PlayStation 4 chip helped AMD avoid bankruptcy – exec recounts how 'Jaguar' chips fueled company's historic turnaround |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/sony-playstation-4-chip-helped-amd-avoid-bankruptcy-exec-recounts-how-jaguar-chips-fueled-companys-historic-turnaround |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Jacob |date=2024-07-05 |title=Here's your reminder how close AMD came to financial collapse and just how much we owe to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/hardware/processors/heres-your-reminder-how-close-amd-came-to-financial-collapse-and-just-how-much-we-owe-to-the-playstation-4-and-xbox-one/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

AMD acquired the low-power server manufacturer [[SeaMicro]] in early 2012, with an eye to bringing out an [[Arm64]] server chip.<ref name="vance2012">{{cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |date=October 30, 2012 |title=AMD Finds the Courage for Another Server Chip Gambit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/amd-finds-the-courage-for-another-server-chip-gambit |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref>

On October 8, 2014, AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as president and chief executive officer.<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite web |date=October 8, 2014 |title=Advanced Micro Devices CEO Rory Read Steps Down |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/advanced-micro-devices-ceo-rory-read-steps-down-1412800319 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Lisa Su]], a key lieutenant who had been chief operating officer since June.<ref>[http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/a-m-d-names-lisa-su-as-chief-executive/ A.M.D names Lisa Su as chief executive], ''Bits-Blogs, NYTimes'' October 8, 2014.</ref>

On October 16, 2014, AMD announced a new restructuring plan along with its Q3 results. Effective July 1, 2014, AMD reorganized into two business groups: Computing and Graphics, which primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets, discrete GPUs, and professional graphics; and Enterprise, Embedded, and Semi-Custom, which primarily includes server and embedded processors, dense servers, semi-custom SoC products (including [[#Partnerships|solutions for gaming consoles]]), engineering services, and royalties. As part of this restructuring, AMD announced that 7% of its global workforce would be laid off by the end of 2014.<ref>[https://www.amd.com/en-us/press-releases/Pages/press-release-2014oct16.aspx AMD Reports 2014 Third Quarter Results]. AMD. October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref>

After the GlobalFoundries spin-off and subsequent layoffs, AMD was left with significant vacant space at 1 AMD Place, its aging Sunnyvale headquarters office complex. In August 2016, AMD's 47 years in Sunnyvale came to a close when it signed a lease with the [[Irvine Company]] for a new 220,000 sq. ft. headquarters building in Santa Clara.<ref name="DonatoWeinstein">{{Cite news |last=Donato-Weinstein |first=Nathan |date=August 19, 2016 |title=AMD moving headquarters to Santa Clara, ending 47-year history in Sunnyvale |work=Silicon Valley Business Journal |publisher=American City Business Journals |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2016/08/19/amd-moving-headquarters-to-santa-clara-ending-47.html |access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> AMD's new location at Santa Clara Square faces the headquarters of archrival Intel across the [[Bayshore Freeway]] and [[San Tomas Aquino Creek]]. Around the same time, AMD also agreed to sell 1 AMD Place to the Irvine Company.<ref name="SVBJ">{{Cite news |last=SVBJ Staff |date=June 17, 2020 |title=Developer buys townhome portion of under-construction project on former AMD campus in Sunnyvale |work=Silicon Valley Business Journal |publisher=American City Business Journals |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2020/06/17/irvine-co-amd-sunnyvale-homes-taylor-morrison.html |access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> In April 2019, the Irvine Company secured approval from the Sunnyvale City Council of its plans to demolish 1 AMD Place and redevelop the entire 32-acre site into townhomes and apartments.<ref name="SVBJ" />

In October 2020, AMD announced that it was acquiring [[Xilinx]], one of the market leaders in [[field programmable gate array]]s and [[complex programmable logic device]]s (FPGAs and CPLDs) in an all-stock transaction. The acquisition was completed in February 2022, with an estimated acquisition price of $50&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMD to Acquire Xilinx, Creating the Industry's High-Performance Computing Leader|url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/977/amd-to-acquire-xilinx-creating-the-industrys-high?sf239269550=1|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Jane Lanhee|date=February 14, 2022|title=AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amd-closes-biggest-chip-acquisition-with-498-bln-purchase-xilinx-2022-02-14/|access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref>

In October 2023, AMD acquired an open-source AI software provider, Nod.ai, to bolster its AI software ecosystem.<ref name=TechCrunch>{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=2023-10-11 |title=AMD acquires Nod.ai to bolsters its AI software ecosystem |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/11/amd-acquires-nod-ai-to-bolsters-its-ai-software-ecosystem/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=CNBC/>

In January 2024, AMD announced it was discontinuing the production of all [[complex programmable logic device]]s (CPLDs) acquired through Xilinx.<ref name="cpld_eol">{{cite web|title=XCN23009 Product Discontinuation Notice (v1.0)|date=January 1, 2024|url=https://mm.digikey.com/Volume0/opasdata/d220001/medias/docus/5783/XCN23009.pdf|access-date=August 8, 2024}}</ref>

In March 2024, a rally in semiconductor stocks pushed AMD's valuation above $300B for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Charlie |date=1 March 2024 |title=AMD Surpasses $300 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-02-29-2024/card/amd-charges-toward-300-billion-valuation-Swj2Q5u165U2JRDY4sIR?mod |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

In July 2024, AMD announced that it would acquire the Finnish-based [[artificial intelligence]] startup company Silo AI in a $665 million all-cash deal in an attempt to better compete with AI chip market leader [[Nvidia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Financial |date=2024-07-10 |title=In bid to loosen Nvidia's grip on AI, AMD to buy Finnish startup for $665M |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/07/in-bid-to-loosen-nvidias-grip-on-ai-amd-to-buy-finnish-startup-for-665-million/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

In August 2024, AMD sign a deal to acquire ZT Systems for $4.9 Billion. The company creates custom computing infrastructure that is used for AI tasks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acton |first1=Michael |title=AMD signs $4.9 billion deal to challenge Nvidia’s AI infrastructure lead |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/08/amd-signs-4-9-billion-deal-to-challenge-nvidias-ai-infrastructure-lead/ |website=Ars Technica |publisher=Financial Times |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=en |date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

=== List of CEOs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Years !! Position, education
|-
| [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]] || 1969–2002 || Founder, [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]]
|-
| [[Hector Ruiz]] || 2002–2008 || Electrical engineer
|-
| [[Dirk Meyer]] || 2008–2011 || [[Computer engineering|Computer engineer]]
|-
| [[Rory Read]] || 2011–2014 || [[Bachelor of Information Systems|Information Systems]]
|-
| [[Lisa Su]] || 2014–present || Electrical engineer
|}

== Products ==

=== CPUs and APUs ===
{{See also|List of AMD processors}}

{{Gallery
| title = AMD microprocessors
| width = 95
| height = 95
| align = center
| footer =
| File:KL AMD 2901.jpg
| alt1=
| [[Am2900]] series (1975)
| File:AMD Am29000-16GC.jpg
| alt2=
| [[AMD 29000]] series (1987–1995)
| File:Am386DX-40.jpg
| alt3=
| [[Am386]] Amx86 series (1991–1995)
| File:AMD K5 PR166 Front.jpg
| alt4=
| [[AMD K5|K5 architecture]] (1996)
| File:Ic-photo-AMD--AMD-K6-166ALR-(K6-CPU).png
| alt5=
| [[AMD K6|K6 architecture]] (1997–2001)
|
| alt6=
| [[AMD K7|K7 architecture]] [[Athlon]] (1999–2005)
|
| alt7=
| [[AMD K8|K8 series]] K8 core architecture (2003–2014)
|
| alt8=
| [[AMD K10|K10 series CPUs]] (2007–2013)
| File:Bulldozer 640.jpg
| alt9=
| [[Bulldozer (microarchitecture)|Bulldozer Series CPUs]] Bulldozer, Piledriver, Steamroller, Excavator (2011–2017)
| File:AMD CMC60.jpg
| alt10=
| [[Bobcat (microarchitecture)|Bobcat series APUs]] Bobcat, Jaguar, Puma (2011–present)
| File:Ryzen 5 1600 CPU on a motherboard.jpg
| alt11=
| [[Zen (first generation)|Zen]] core architecture (2017)
| File:Amd epyc 7302 top side with carrier IMGP3323 smial wp.jpg
| alt12=
| [[Zen 2]] series (released 2019)
| File:AMD Ryzen 7 5800X 19339.jpg
| alt13=
| [[Zen 3]] series (released 2020)
| File:AMD Ryzen 9 7900X.jpg
| alt14=
| [[Zen 4]] series (released 2022)
| File:AMD@4nmCCD(6nmIOD)@Zen5@Granite Ridge@Ryzen 5 9600X@100-000001405 BY 2429SUY 9AEQ579S40073 DSCx01.jpg
| alt15=
| [[Zen 5]] series (released 2024)
}}

==== IBM PC and the x86 architecture ====
{{Main|Am286|Am386|Am486|Am5x86}}

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with [[Intel]], becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of [[Intel 8086|8086]] and [[Intel 8088|8088]] processors. [[IBM]] wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]], but its policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the [[Am286]] under the same arrangement. In 1984, Intel internally decided to no longer cooperate with AMD in supplying product information to shore up its advantage in the marketplace, and delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the [[Intel 80386]].<ref>Ruiz, p. 86–87.</ref> In 1987, AMD invoked arbitration over the issue, and Intel reacted by canceling the 1982 technological-exchange agreement altogether.<ref>Rodengen, p. 102.</ref><ref>Ruiz, p. 87.</ref> After three years of testimony, AMD eventually won in arbitration in 1992, but Intel disputed this decision. Another long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the [[Supreme Court of California]] sided with the arbitrator and AMD.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greg Tang |date=February 13, 2011 |title=Intel and the x86 Architecture: A Legal Perspective |url=http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/patent/intel-and-the-x86-architecture-a-legal-perspective-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607113904/http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/patent/intel-and-the-x86-architecture-a-legal-perspective-2 |archive-date=June 7, 2011 |publisher=[[JOLT Digest]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994) |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/4th/9/362.html |access-date=August 6, 2015 |website=Justia Law}}</ref>

In 1990, Intel countersued AMD, renegotiating AMD's right to use derivatives of Intel's [[microcode]] for its cloned processors.<ref>Rodengen, p. 116.</ref> In the face of uncertainty during the legal dispute, AMD was forced to develop [[clean room design]]ed versions of Intel code for its x386 and x486 processors, the former long after Intel had released its own x386 in 1985.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 116–199.</ref> In March 1991, AMD released the [[Am386]], its clone of the Intel 386 processor.<ref name=HittC26 /> By October of the same year it had sold one million units.<ref name=HittC26 />

In 1993, AMD introduced the first of the [[Am486]] family of processors,<ref name=history /> which proved popular with a large number of [[original equipment manufacturer]]s, including [[Compaq]], which signed an exclusive agreement using the Am486.<ref name=directory /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hitt |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaQFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT499 |title=Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases |last2=Duane Ireland |first2=R. |last3=Hoskisson |first3=Robert |date=March 2, 2006 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781111796372 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=cpu-collection.de >> AMD >> 486 DX |url=http://www.cpu-collection.de/?l0=co&l1=AMD&l2=486%20DX |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> The [[Am5x86]], another Am486-based processor, was released in November 1995, and continued AMD's success as a fast, cost-effective processor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mueller |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV1_LjW3pTkC&pg=PA132 |title=Upgrading and Repairing PCs |year=2003 |publisher=Que |isbn=9780789727459 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 6, 1995 |title=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44-IA4 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Finally, in an agreement effective 1996, AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel's x386 and x486 processor families, but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of processors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lennon |first=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3MLYUjRWisC&pg=SA4-PA36 |title=Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements |date=January 1, 2007 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |isbn=978-0-7355-6748-1 |pages=4-36–4-38 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 1996 |title=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|K5|K6|Athlon|Duron|Sempron}}K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron ====
{{Main|AMD K5|AMD K6|Athlon|Duron|Sempron}}

AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the [[AMD K5|K5]], launched in 1996.<ref name="CPU-INFO K5">{{cite web |title=AMD K5 |url=http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=html/cpu/amdk5.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818021000/http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=html%2Fcpu%2Famdk5.php |archive-date=August 18, 2007 |access-date=July 11, 2007 |publisher=CPU-INFO.COM}}</ref> The "K" in its name was a reference to [[Kryptonite]], the only substance known to harm comic book character [[Superman]]. This itself was a reference to Intel's hegemony over the market, i.e., an anthropomorphization of them as Superman.<ref name="Forbes-Chip-Names">{{Cite news |last=Hesseldahl |first=Arik |date=July 6, 2000 |title=Why Cool Chip Code Names Die |work=Forbes Inc |url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/07/06/mu2.html |access-date=July 14, 2007}}</ref> The number "5" was a reference to the fifth generation of x86 processors; rival Intel had previously introduced its line of fifth-generation x86 processors as [[Pentium]] because the U.S. Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked.<ref name="newyorker">{{Cite news |last=Colapinto |first=John|author-link=John Colapinto |date=October 3, 2011 |title=Famous names |pages=38–43 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_colapinto |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>

In 1996, AMD purchased [[NexGen]], specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the [[AMD K6|K6]] processor, introduced in 1997. Although it was based on [[Socket 7]], variants such as [[K6-III]]/450 were faster than Intel's [[Pentium II]] (sixth-generation processor).

The K7 was AMD's seventh-generation x86 processor, making its debut under the brand name [[Athlon]] on June 23, 1999. Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the same motherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's [[Slot 1]] connector, and instead used a [[Slot A]] connector, referenced to the [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]] processor bus. The [[Duron]] was a lower-cost and limited version of the Athlon (64&nbsp;KB instead of 256&nbsp;KB L2 cache) in a 462-pin [[CPU socket|socketed]] [[Pin grid array|PGA]] (socket A) or soldered directly onto the motherboard. [[Sempron]] was released as a lower-cost Athlon XP, replacing Duron in the [[socket A]] PGA era. It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets, up to [[AM3]].

On October 9, 2001, the [[Athlon XP]] was released. On February 10, 2003, the Athlon XP with 512&nbsp;KB L2 Cache was released.<ref name="The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512 KB L2 Cache">{{Cite news |last=Huynh |first=Jack |date=February 10, 2003 |title=The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache |work=amd.com |publisher=AMD |url=https://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/26485A_AthlXPwp_2-20.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=October 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026182602/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/26485A_AthlXPwp_2-20.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2007}}</ref>

==== Athlon 64, Opteron, and Phenom ====
{{Main|Athlon 64|Opteron|AMD Phenom|l3=Phenom}}
The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] extension to the x86 instruction set (called [[x86-64]], AMD64, or x64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high-performance point-to-point interconnect called [[HyperTransport]], as part of the [[Direct Connect Architecture]]. The technology was initially launched as the [[Opteron]] server-oriented processor on April 22, 2003.<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/workstation/index.x?pg=1 Workstation platforms compared] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127144618/http://techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/workstation/index.x?pg=1 |date=November 27, 2006 }}", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., September 15, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</ref> Shortly thereafter, it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, branded [[Athlon 64]].<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/athlon64/index.x?pg=1 AMD's Athlon 64 processor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127141205/http://techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/athlon64/index.x?pg=1 |date=November 27, 2006 }}", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., September 23, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</ref>

On April 21, 2005, AMD released the first [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] [[Opteron]], an x86-based server CPU.<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/opteron-x75/index.x?pg=1 AMD's dual-core Opteron processors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702163921/http://techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/opteron-x75/index.x?pg=1 |date=July 2, 2007 }}", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., April 21, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</ref> A month later, it released the [[Athlon 64 X2]], the first desktop-based [[multi-core (computing)|dual-core processor]] family.<ref>Scott Wasson. "[http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/athlon64-x2/index.x?pg=1 AMD's Athlon 64 X2 processors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708074121/http://techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/athlon64-x2/index.x?pg=1 |date=July 8, 2007 }}", ''techreport.com'', The Tech Report, LLC., May 9, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</ref> In May 2007, AMD abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktop product branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of [[x86-64|64-bit computing]] in its processors. Further updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of the target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems. In 2008, AMD started to release dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as the Sempron 2000 series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. AMD completed its dual-core product portfolio for each market segment.

In September 2007, AMD released the first server Opteron [[AMD K10|K10]] processors,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 13, 2007 |title=AMD to launch two Barcelona-based processors in September |publisher=tgdaily.com |url=http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/33338/139/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016184512/http://tgdaily.com/content/view/33338/139/ |archive-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref> followed in November by the [[AMD Phenom|Phenom]] processor for desktop. K10 processors came in dual-core, [[Multi-core|triple-core]],<ref>[https://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~120741,00.html AMD announcement]. Retrieved September 17, 2007.</ref> and [[Multi-core|quad-core]] versions, with all cores on a single die. AMD released a new platform codenamed "[[AMD Spider|Spider]]", which used the new Phenom processor, and an R770 GPU and a 790 GX/FX chipset from the [[AMD 700 chipset series]].<ref name="hothardware">{{cite web |last=Marco Chiappetta |date=November 19, 2007 |title=AMD Spider Platform – Phenom, 790FX, RV670 |url=http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/AMD_Spider_Platform__Phenom_790FX_RV670/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415171225/http://hothardware.com/Articles/AMD%5FSpider%5FPlatform%5F%5FPhenom%5F790FX%5FRV670/ |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |publisher=HotHardware}}</ref> However, AMD built the Spider at [[65nm]], which was uncompetitive with Intel's smaller and more power-efficient [[45nm]].

In January 2009, AMD released a new processor line dubbed [[Phenom II]], a refresh of the original [[AMD Phenom|Phenom]] built using the 45&nbsp;nm process.<ref name="anandtech3512">{{Citation |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |title=The Phenom II X4 810 & X3 720: AMD Gets DDR3 But Doesn't Need It |date=February 9, 2009 |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2721 |publisher=AnandTech |access-date=January 23, 2012}}</ref> AMD's new platform, codenamed "[[AMD Dragon|Dragon]]", used the new Phenom II processor, and an [[ATI (brand)|ATI]] R770 GPU from the [[Radeon R700|R700]] GPU family, and a 790 GX/FX chipset from the [[AMD 700 chipset series]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Parrish |first=Kevin |title=AMD Unleashes the Dragon |date=January 8, 2009 |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/AMD-Dragon-Phenom-II,6781.html |work=[[Tom's Hardware]] |access-date=July 6, 2014}}</ref> The Phenom II came in dual-core, triple-core and quad-core variants, all using the same die, with cores disabled for the triple-core and dual-core versions. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including a low clock speed, a small L3 cache, and a [[Cool'n'Quiet]] bug that decreased performance. The Phenom II cost less but was not performance-competitive with Intel's mid-to-high-range [[Core 2]] Quads. The Phenom II also enhanced its predecessor's memory controller, allowing it to use [[DDR3]] in a new native socket [[AM3]], while maintaining backward compatibility with [[AM2+]], the socket used for the Phenom, and allowing the use of the [[DDR2 SDRAM|DDR2]] memory that was used with the platform.

In April 2010, AMD released a new Phenom II Hexa-core (6-core) processor codenamed "[[Phenom X6|Thuban]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walrath |first=Josh |date=April 27, 2010 |title=AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 6-core Thuban Processor Review |publisher=PC Perspective |url=https://www.pcper.com/reviews/Processors/AMD-Phenom-II-X6-1090T-6-core-Thuban-Processor-Review |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> This was a totally new die based on the hexa-core "Istanbul" [[Opteron]] processor. It included AMD's "turbo core" technology, which allows the processor to automatically switch from 6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed.

The [[List of AMD Opteron microprocessors#Opteron 6100-series "Magny-Cours" (45 nm)|Magny Cours]] and [[List of AMD Opteron microprocessors#Opteron 4100-series "Lisbon" (45 nm)|Lisbon]] server parts were released in 2010.<ref name="Opteron6100Series">{{cite web |date=April 22, 2009 |title=AMD announces 16-core chips |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1051877/amd-announces-core-chips |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506110053/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1051877/amd-announces-core-chips |url-status=unfit |archive-date=May 6, 2009 |access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> The Magny Cours part came in 8 to 12&nbsp;cores and the Lisbon part in 4 and 6&nbsp;core parts. Magny Cours is focused on performance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt. Magny Cours is an MCM ([[multi-chip module]]) with two hexa-core "Istanbul" [[Opteron]] parts. This will use a new [[socket G34]] for dual and quad-socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors. Lisbon uses [[socket C32]] certified for dual-socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors. Both will be built on a [[45 nm]] [[Silicon on insulator|SOI]] process.

==== Fusion becomes the AMD APU ====
{{Main|AMD APU|AMD mobile platform}}
Following AMD's 2006 acquisition of Canadian graphics company [[ATI Technologies]], an initiative codenamed ''Fusion'' was announced to integrate a [[CPU]] and [[GPU]] together on some of AMD's microprocessors, including a built in [[PCI Express]] link to accommodate separate PCI Express peripherals, eliminating the [[Northbridge (computing)|northbridge]] chip from the motherboard. The initiative intended to move some of the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. [[floating-point unit]] operations) to the GPU, which is better optimized for some calculations. The Fusion was later renamed the [[AMD APU]] (Accelerated Processing Unit).<ref name="APU">{{cite web |last=Stokes |first=Jon |date=February 8, 2010 |title=AMD reveals Fusion CPU+GPU, to challenge Intel in laptops |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/news/2010/02/amd-reveals-fusion-cpugpu-to-challege-intel-in-laptops.ars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210011231/http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2010/02/amd-reveals-fusion-cpugpu-to-challege-intel-in-laptops.ars |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |access-date=February 9, 2010 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref>

Llano was AMD's first APU built for laptops. Llano was the second APU released,<ref name="Hruska">{{cite web |last=Hruska |first=Joel |date=July 16, 2010 |title=AMD Flip-Flops: Llano Later, Bobcat Bounding Forward |url=http://hothardware.com/News/AMD-FlipFlops-Llano-Later-Bobcat-Bounding-Forward/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721024445/http://hothardware.com/News/AMD%2DFlipFlops%2DLlano%2DLater%2DBobcat%2DBounding%2DForward/ |archive-date=July 21, 2010 |access-date=July 17, 2010 |publisher=[[HotHardware]]}}</ref> targeted at the mainstream market.<ref name="APU" /> It incorporated a CPU and GPU on the same die, and northbridge functions, and used "[[Socket FM1]]" with [[DDR3]] memory. The CPU part of the processor was based on the [[Phenom II]] "Deneb" processor. AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue based on production problems for the Llano.<ref>[http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Desktops-and-Notebooks/AMD-Cuts-Q3-Forecast-Due-to-Chip-Manufacturing-Problems-581901/] {{Dead link|date=December 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> More AMD APUs for laptops running Windows 7 and Windows 8 OS are being used commonly. These include AMD's price-point APUs, the E1 and E2, and their mainstream competitors with Intel's [[Core i]]-series: The Vision A- series, the A standing for accelerated. These range from the lower-performance A4 chipset to the A6, A8, and A10. These all incorporate next-generation Radeon graphics cards, with the A4 utilizing the base Radeon HD chip and the rest using a Radeon R4 graphics card, with the exception of the highest-model A10 (A10-7300) which uses an R6 graphics card.

==== New microarchitectures ====
===== High-power, high-performance Bulldozer cores =====
{{Main|Bulldozer (microarchitecture)|l1=Bulldozer microarchitecture|Piledriver (microarchitecture)|l2=Piledriver microarchitecture|Steamroller (microarchitecture)|l3=Steamroller microarchitecture|Excavator (microarchitecture)|l4=Excavator microarchitecture}}
Bulldozer was AMD's microarchitecture codename for server and desktop [[AMD FX]] processors, first released on October 12, 2011. This [[Zen 4|family 15h microarchitecture]] is the successor to the [[AMD 10h|family 10h (K10)]] microarchitecture design. Bulldozer was a clean-sheet design, not a development of earlier processors.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bulldozer 50% Faster than Core i7 and Phenom II |date=January 13, 2011 |url=http://www.techpowerup.com/138328/Bulldozer-50-Faster-than-Core-i7-and-Phenom-II.html |publisher=techPowerUp |access-date=January 23, 2012}}</ref> The core was specifically aimed at 10–125&nbsp;W [[Thermal Design Power|TDP]] computing products. AMD claimed dramatic performance-per-watt efficiency improvements in [[high-performance computing]] (HPC) applications with Bulldozer cores. While hopes were high that Bulldozer would bring AMD to be performance-competitive with Intel once more, most benchmarks were disappointing. In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 models they were built to replace.<ref>{{Citation |title=Analyzing Bulldozer: Why AMD's chip is so disappointing |newspaper=Extremetech |date=October 24, 2011 |url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/100583-analyzing-bulldozers-scaling-single-thread-performance |publisher=extremetech.com |access-date=November 30, 2013|last1=Hruska |first1=Joel }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lab Tested: AMD's Bulldozer Packs Plenty Of Cores, But Not Enough Power |date=October 12, 2011 |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/241812/lab_tested_amds_bulldozer_packs_plenty_of_cores_but_not_enough_power.html |work=PC World |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 20, 2011 |title=Can AMD survive Bulldozer's disappointing debut? |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/10/can-amd-survive-bulldozers-disappointing-debut/ |access-date=November 30, 2013 |publisher=ars technica}}</ref>

The [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver microarchitecture]] was the 2012 successor to Bulldozer, increasing clock speeds and performance relative to its predecessor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hruska |first=Joel |title=AMD's FX-8350 analyzed: Does Piledriver deliver where Bulldozer fell short? |url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/138394-amds-fx-8350-analyzed-does-piledriver-deliver-where-bulldozer-fell-short |access-date=March 23, 2013 |newspaper=ExtremeTech|date=October 23, 2012 }}</ref> Piledriver would be released in AMD FX, APU, and Opteron product lines.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 15, 2012 |title=AMD launches widely anticipated "Trinity" APU |url=https://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/second-generation-amd-a-series-2012may15.aspx |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Press release |publisher=AMD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New AMD A-Series Processors Bring Faster Speeds, High Core Count and AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series Graphics to Do-It-Yourself PC Enthusiasts and Gamers |url=https://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/press-release-2012oct2.aspx |access-date=March 22, 2013 |publisher=AMD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New AMD FX Line-Up Brings Faster Speeds and Higher Performance Core over Previous Generation to PC Enthusiasts and Gamers |url=https://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/new-amd-fx-line-2012oct23.aspx |access-date=March 22, 2013 |publisher=AMD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 4, 2012 |title=New AMD Opteron 4300 and 3300 Series Processors Deliver Ideal Performance, Power and Price for Cloud Applications |url=https://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/new-amd-opteron-2012dec04.aspx |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Press release |publisher=AMD}}</ref> Piledriver was subsequently followed by the [[Steamroller (microarchitecture)|Steamroller microarchitecture]] in 2013. Used exclusively in AMD's APUs, Steamroller focused on greater parallelism.<ref name="anandtech-kaveri-review">{{cite web |date=January 14, 2014 |title=AMD Kaveri Review: A8-7600 and A10-7850K Tested |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7677/amd-kaveri-review-a8-7600-a10-7850k |access-date=February 8, 2014 |publisher=Anandtech.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Su |first=Lisa |date=February 2, 2012 |title=Consumerization, Cloud, Convergence. |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MTI1MTM5fENoaWxkSUQ9LTF8VHlwZT0z&t=1 |access-date=February 4, 2012 |website=AMD 2012 Financial Analyst Day |publisher=Advanced Micro Devices |location=Sunnyvale, California |page=26 |format=PDF}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Excavator (microarchitecture)|Excavator microarchitecture]] replaced Piledriver.<ref name="PCWorld">{{Cite magazine |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2014 |title=AMD reveals high-end 'Carrizo' APU, the first chip to fully embrace audacious HSA tech |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2850853/amd-reveals-high-end-carrizo-apu-its-first-fully-hsa-compliant-chip.html |magazine=PC World |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Expected to be the last microarchitecture of the Bulldozer series,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bit-tech.net/news/tech/cpus/amd-zen/1/|title=AMD hints at high-performance Zen x86 architecture &#124; bit-tech.net|website=bit-tech.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shilov |first=Anton |date=May 10, 2014 |title=AMD to Introduce New High-Performance Micro-Architecture in 2015 – Report. |url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20140510165441_AMD_to_Introduce_New_High_Performance_Micro_Architecture_in_2015_Report.html |url-status=dead |access-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513224717/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20140510165441_AMD_to_Introduce_New_High_Performance_Micro_Architecture_in_2015_Report.html |archive-date=May 13, 2014}}</ref> Excavator focused on improved power efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 28, 2012 |title=AMD Explains Advantages of High Density (Thin) Libraries |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Steamroller-High_Density_Libraries-hot-chips-cpu-gpu,17218.html}}</ref>

===== Low-power Cat cores =====
{{Main|Bobcat (microarchitecture)|l1=Bobcat microarchitecture|Jaguar (microarchitecture)|l2=Jaguar microarchitecture|Puma (microarchitecture)|l3=Puma microarchitecture}}
The [[Bobcat (microarchitecture)|Bobcat microarchitecture]] was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in [[Computex]] 2007 and was put into production during the first quarter of 2011.<ref name="Hruska" /> Based on the difficulty competing in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100&nbsp;W range, AMD had developed a simpler core with a target range of 1–10&nbsp;watts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stokes |first=Jon |date=August 26, 2010 |title=AMD's Bobcat mobile architecture will play it straight |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2010/08/amds-bobcat-plays-it-straight/ |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> In addition, it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1&nbsp;W.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirsch |first=Nathan |date=August 6, 2007 |title=AMD and Intel Rivalry Moves to Hand-Held Market |publisher=Legit Reviews |url=https://www.legitreviews.com/amd-and-intel-rivalry-moves-to-hand-held-market_3781 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

[[Jaguar (microarchitecture)|Jaguar]] is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat's successor, released in 2013, that is used in various APUs from AMD aimed at the low-power/low-cost market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woligroski |first=Don |date=May 23, 2013 |title=AMD's Kabini: Jaguar And GCN Come Together In A 15 W APU |publisher=Tom's Hardware |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/kabini-a4-5000-review,3518.html |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Jaguar and its derivates would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the [[PlayStation 4]],<ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2013 |title=A Look at Sony's Playstation 4 Core Processor |url=http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/a-look-at-sonys-playstation-4-core-processor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116053120/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/a-look-at-sonys-playstation-4-core-processor/ |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |access-date=November 16, 2013 |website=ChipWorks}}</ref><ref name="AMD elaborate">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=John |date=February 21, 2013 |title=AMD and The Sony PS4. Allow Me To Elaborate. |url=http://community.amd.com/community/amd-blogs/amd-unprocessed/blog/2013/02/21/amd-and-the-sony-ps4-allow-me-to-elaborate |url-status=dead |access-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526191443/http://community.amd.com/community/amd-blogs/amd-unprocessed/blog/2013/02/21/amd-and-the-sony-ps4-allow-me-to-elaborate |archive-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> [[Xbox One]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |date=September 3, 2013 |title=Xbox One gets a CPU speed boost to go with its faster GPU |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2013/09/xbox-one-gets-a-cpu-speed-boost-to-go-with-its-faster-gpu/ |access-date=September 4, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] }}</ref><ref name="JaguarAnandtech">{{cite web |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |author-link=Anand Lal Shimpi |date=May 23, 2013 |title=AMD's Jaguar Architecture: The CPU Powering Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Kabini & Temash |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6976/amds-jaguar-architecture-the-cpu-powering-xbox-one-playstation-4-kabini-temash/4 |access-date=June 24, 2013 |website=[[AnandTech]] |publisher=[[Purch Group]]}}</ref> [[PlayStation 4 Pro]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Walton |first=Mark |date=August 10, 2016 |title=PS4 Neo: Sony confirms PlayStation event for September 7 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/08/sony-ps4-neo-event-details/ |access-date=August 10, 2016 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Walton |first=Mark |date=April 19, 2016 |title=Sony PS4K is codenamed NEO, features upgraded CPU, GPU, RAM—report |url=http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2016/04/ps4k-neo-details-specs-revealed-rumours/ |access-date=August 10, 2016 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref name="Anandtech">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=September 8, 2016 |title=Analyzing Sony's Playstation 4 Pro Hardware Reveal: What Lies Beneath |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10663/analyzing-sonys-playstation-4-pro-announcement |access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref> [[Xbox One S]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Machkovech|first=Sam|date=August 2, 2016 |title=Microsoft hid performance boosts for old games in Xbox One S, told no one |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/08/surprise-new-xbox-one-s-gpu-smooths-out-some-older-games/ |access-date=August 2, 2016 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> and [[Xbox One X]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |title=Microsoft's Project Scorpio Gets a Launch Date: Xbox One X, $499, November 7th |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11536/microsofts-project-scorpio-get-a-launch-date-xbox-one-x-499-november-7th|work=Anandtech|date=June 11, 2017|access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cite web |title=Xbox One Project Scorpio specs: 12GB GDDR5, 6 teraflops, native 4K at 60FPS |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/04/xbox-scorpio-hardware-specs/|work=Ars Technica|last=Walton|first=Mark|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref> Jaguar would be later followed by the [[Puma (microarchitecture)|Puma microarchitecture]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lal Shimpi |first=Anand |date=April 29, 2014 |title=AMD Beema/Mullins Architecture & Performance Preveiw |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7974/amd-beema-mullins-architecture-a10-micro-6700t-performance-preview |access-date=April 17, 2017}}</ref>

===== ARM architecture-based designs =====
In 2012, AMD announced it was working on [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] products, both as a semi-custom product and server product.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=February 2, 2012 |title=AMD is Ambidextrous, Not Married to Any One Architecture, ARM in the Datacenter |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5501/amd-is-ambidextrous-not-married-to-any-one-architecture-arm-in-the-datacenter |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=February 2, 2012 |title=AMD: Flexible Around ISA |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5495/amd-flexible-around-isa |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=October 29, 2012 |title=AMD will build 64-bit ARM based Opteron CPUs for Servers, Production in 2014 |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6418/amd-will-build-64bit-arm-based-opteron-cpus-for-servers-production-in-2014 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> The initial server product was announced as the [[Opteron A1100]] in 2014, an 8-core [[Cortex-A57]]-based [[ARMv8-A]] [[System on a Chip|SoC]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=January 28, 2014 |title=It Begins: AMD Announces Its First ARM Based Server SoC, 64-bit/8-core Opteron A1100 |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7724/it-begins-amd-announces-its-first-arm-based-server-soc-64bit8core-opteron-a1100 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=Stephen |date=August 11, 2014 |title=AMD's Big Bet on ARM Powered Servers: Opteron A1100 Revealed |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8362/amds-big-bet-on-arm-powered-servers-a1100-revealed |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> and was expected to be followed by an APU incorporating a [[Graphics Core Next]] GPU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=May 5, 2014 |title=AMD Announces Project Skybridge |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7989/amd-announces-project-skybridge-pincompatible-arm-and-x86-socs-in-2015 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> However, the Opteron A1100 was not released until 2016, with the delay attributed to adding software support.<ref name="a1100_release">{{Cite news |last=De Gelas |first=Johan |date=January 14, 2016 |title=The Silver Lining of the Late AMD Opteron A1100 Arrival |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9956/the-silver-lining-of-the-late-amd-opteron-a1100-arrival |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> The A1100 was also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release.<ref name="a1100_release" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |date=July 5, 2017 |title=Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem |publisher=Serve The Home |url=https://www.servethehome.com/impressive-part-amd-epyc-launch-ecosystem/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |date=January 14, 2016 |title=The AMD Opteron A1100 – An Editorial |publisher=Serve the Home |url=https://www.servethehome.com/the-amd-opteron-a1100-an-editorial/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

In 2014, AMD also announced the [[AMD K12|K12]] custom core for release in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=May 5, 2014 |title=AMD Announces K12 Core |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7990/amd-announces-k12-core-custom-64bit-arm-design-in-2016 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> While being [[ARMv8-A]] [[instruction set architecture]] compliant, the K12 was expected to be entirely custom-designed, targeting the server, embedded, and semi-custom markets. While ARM architecture development continued, products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned. Development of AMD's x86-based Zen microarchitecture was preferred.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=May 5, 2015 |title=AMD's K12 ARM CPU Now In 2017 |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9232/amds-k12-arm-cpu-now-in-2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=January 24, 2018 |title=Getting Radeon Vega Everywhere |publisher=Anandtech |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/12312/getting-radeon-vega-everywhere-an-exclusive-interview-with-dr-lisa-su-amd-ceo |access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref>

==== Zen-based CPUs and APUs ====
{{Main|Zen (microarchitecture)|l1=Zen microarchitecture}}

[[Zen (microarchitecture)|Zen]] is an architecture for x86-64 based [[Ryzen]] series of CPUs and APUs, introduced in 2017 by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by [[Jim Keller (engineer)|Jim Keller]], beginning with his arrival in 2012, and [[Tape-out|taping out]] before his departure in September 2015.

One of AMD's primary goals with Zen was an [[Instructions per cycle|IPC]] increase of at least 40%, however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually achieved a 52% increase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |title=AMD Launches Ryzen: 52% More IPC, Eight Cores for Under $330, Pre-order Today, On Sale March 2nd |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11143/amd-launch-ryzen-52-more-ipc-eight-cores-for-under-330-preorder-today-on-sale-march-2nd |url-status=dead |access-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227094912/http://www.anandtech.com/show/11143/amd-launch-ryzen-52-more-ipc-eight-cores-for-under-330-preorder-today-on-sale-march-2nd |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14&nbsp;nm FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single-core performance and [[Heterogeneous System Architecture|HSA]] compatibility.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMD's Next Gen x86 High Performance Core is Ryzen – Will Debut Alongside K12 in 2016 |url=http://wccftech.com/breaking-amds-gen-x86-high-performance-core-code-named-zen-debut-k12/ |access-date=August 6, 2015 |website=WCCFtech|date=September 9, 2014 }}</ref> Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32&nbsp;nm process ("Bulldozer" and "Piledriver" CPUs) or the 28&nbsp;nm process ("Steamroller" and "Excavator" APUs). Because of this, Zen is much more energy efficient.

The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs from AMD built for a single socket (Socket AM4). Also new for this architecture is the implementation of [[simultaneous multithreading]] (SMT) technology, something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary [[hyper-threading]] implementation of SMT. This is a departure from the "[[Clustered multi-thread|Clustered MultiThreading]]" design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture. Zen also has support for [[DDR4 SDRAM|DDR4]] memory.

AMD released the Zen-based high-end Ryzen 7 "Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryzen |url=https://www.amd.com/en/ryzen |access-date=March 3, 2017 |website=AMD |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123117/https://www.amd.com/en/ryzen|archive-date= Mar 3, 2017 }}</ref> mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017.<ref name="zen_ars">{{Cite magazine |date=February 1, 2017 |title=AMD confirms Ryzen and Vega launch windows |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/amd-confirms-ryzen-and-vega-launch-windows/ |magazine=PC Gamer |access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> AMD later released the [[Epyc]] line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kampman |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |title=AMD's Naples datacenter CPUs will make an Epyc splash |publisher=Tech Report |url=https://techreport.com/news/31916/amd-naples-datacenter-cpus-will-make-an-epyc-splash |access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> In October 2017, AMD released Zen-based APUs as Ryzen Mobile, incorporating [[Graphics Core Next#GCN 5th Generation (Vega)|Vega]] graphics cores.<ref name="RM_AT">{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Ryzen Mobile is Launched |publisher=Anandtech |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/11964/ryzen-mobile-is-launched-amd-apus-for-laptops-with-vega-and-updated-zen |access-date=October 26, 2017}}</ref> In January 2018 AMD has announced their new lineup plans, with Ryzen 2.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moammer |first=Khalid |date=December 9, 2017 |title=AMD Ryzen 2 Set For March 2018 Launch On 12nm – To Support Higher Core & Memory Clock Speeds |url=https://wccftech.com/amd-ryzen-2-set-march-2018-launch-12nm-support-higher-core-memory-clock-speeds/}}</ref> AMD launched CPUs with the [[Zen+|12nm Zen+]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Generation AMD Ryzen Desktop Processors Deliver Best-in-Class Compute Performance and Even Faster Gaming Framerates than Previous Generation |url=http://ir.amd.com/news-releases/news-release-details/2nd-generation-amd-ryzentm-desktop-processors-deliver-best-class |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=Advanced Micro Devices |language=en}}</ref> microarchitecture in April 2018, following up with the [[Zen 2|7nm Zen 2]] microarchitecture in June 2019, including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using the Zen&nbsp;2 microarchitecture in August 2019, and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020.

As of 2019, AMD's Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel's consumer desktop processors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allan |first=Darren |title=AMD Ryzen CPUs are crushing Intel's processors going by Amazon sales |url=https://www.techradar.com/uk/news/amd-ryzen-cpus-are-crushing-intels-processors-going-by-amazon-sales |website=TechRadar|date=November 28, 2019 }}</ref> At CES 2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000, as the first 7&nbsp;nm x86 mobile processor,{{Vague|date=October 2020|reason=Ice Lake's 10nm density could be comparable}} the first 7&nbsp;nm 8-core (also 16-thread) high-performance mobile processor, and the first 8-core (also 16-thread) processor for ultrathin laptops.<ref>{{cite web |last=Salter |date=March 3, 2020 |title=AMD's 7nm Ryzen 4000 laptop processors are finally here |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/03/amds-7nm-ryzen-4000-laptop-processors-are-finally-here |website=ArsTechnica}}</ref> This generation is still based on the Zen&nbsp;2 architecture. In October 2020, AMD announced new processors based on the Zen 3 architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Gaming Begins {{!}} AMD Ryzen Desktop Processors – YouTube | date=October 8, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuiO6rqYV4o |access-date=November 1, 2020 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On PassMark's Single thread performance test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X.<ref>{{cite web |title=PassMark CPU Benchmarks – Single Thread Performance |url=https://www.cpubenchmark.net/singleThread.html |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=cpubenchmark.net |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, AMD launched three new SKUs which target commercial HPC workloads & hyperconverged infrastructure applications. The launch was based on [[Epyc]]’s 7&nbsp;nm second-generation Rome platform and supported by [[Dell EMC]], [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Lenovo]], [[Supermicro]], and [[Nutanix]]. [[IBM Cloud]] was its first public cloud partner.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trader |first1=Tiffany |title=AMD Launches Three New High-Frequency Epyc SKUs Aimed at Commercial HPC |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/04/14/amd-targets-commercial-hpc-with-high-frequency-epyc-7f-series-skus/ |website=www.hpcwire.com |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> In August 2022, AMD announced their initial lineup of CPUs based on the new [[Zen 4]] architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Announces Ryzen 7000 Series "Zen 4" Desktop Processors |url=https://www.techpowerup.com/298318/amd-announces-ryzen-7000-series-zen-4-desktop-processors |date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=TechPowerUp |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Steam Deck]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/22779252/steam-deck-things-we-learned-from-valve-developer-summit|title=Steam Deck: Five big things we learned from Valve's developer summit|first=Sean|last=Hollister|date=November 13, 2021|website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.steamdeck.com/en/tech|title=Steam Deck :: Tech Specs|website=Steam Deck}}</ref> [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox Series X and Series S]] all use chips based on the Zen&nbsp;2 microarchitecture, with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system's implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/24/21150578/microsoft-xbox-series-x-specs-performance-12-teraflops-gpu-details-features|title=Microsoft reveals more Xbox Series X specs, confirms 12 teraflops GPU|last=Warren|first=Tom|work=[[The Verge]]|date=February 24, 2020|access-date=February 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2020-playstation-5-specs-and-tech-that-deliver-sonys-next-gen-vision|title=Inside PlayStation 5: the specs and the tech that deliver Sony's next-gen vision|last=Leadbetter|first=Richard|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=March 18, 2020|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>

In March 2025 AMD announced Instella an open source large language model.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/news/AMD-Intella-Open-Source-LM |title=AMD Announces "Instella" Fully Open-Source 3B Language Models |website=Phoronix |last=Larabel |first=Michael |date=March 5, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>

=== Graphics products and GPUs ===
{{Main|Radeon|Radeon Pro|Radeon Instinct|list of AMD graphics processing units}}
{{Gallery
| title    = AMD graphics processing units
| width    = 95
| height   = 95
| align    = center
| footer   =
|
| alt1=
| [[Radeon R100]] series (2000)
| File:ATI Radeon 8500 logo.png
| alt2=
| [[Radeon R200]] series (2001)
|
| alt3=
| [[Radeon R300]] series (2002)
|
| alt4=
| [[Radeon R400]] (2004)
| File:ATI Radeon X1300 256MB-5388.jpg
| alt5=
| [[Radeon X1000 series|Radeon R500]] (2005)
| File:Sapphire ATI Radeon HD 2400 XT.jpg
| alt6=
| [[Radeon HD 2000 series]] (2007a)
| File:Ati 3870 X2.jpg
| alt7=
| [[Radeon HD 3000 series]] (2007b)
| File:ATI Radeon HD 4770 Graphics Card-oblique view.jpg
| alt8=
| [[Radeon HD 4000 series]] (2008)
| File:ATI Radeon HD 5970 Graphics Card-oblique view.jpg
| alt9=
| [[Radeon HD 5000 series]] (2009)
| File:AMD Radeon logo.svg
| alt10=
| [[Radeon HD 6000 series]] (2010)
| File:Sapphire-Radeon-HD-7750.jpg
| alt11=
| [[Radeon HD 7000 series]] (2012)
| File:Sapphire Radeon R9 290X-front oblique PNr°0437.jpg
| alt12=
| [[Radeon Rx 200 series]] (2013)
|
| alt13=
| [[Radeon Rx 300 series]] (2015)
| File:AMD Radeon logo 2019.png
| alt14=
| [[Radeon RX 400 series]] (2016)
| File:AMD Radeon logo 2019.png
| alt15=
| [[Radeon RX 500 series]] (2016)
| File:AMD Radeon RX Vega Series logo.png
| alt16=
| [[Radeon RX Vega series]] (2017)
| File:Radeon RX 5000 logo, infobox edit.png
| alt17=
| [[Radeon RX 5000 series]] (2019)
| File:AMD Radeon RX 6000 series wordmark.png
| alt18=
| [[Radeon RX 6000 series]] (2020)
| File:Sapphire AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX.jpg
| alt19=
| [[Radeon RX 7000 series]] (2022)
}}

==== ATI prior to AMD acquisition ====
{{Main|ATI Technologies}}
{{#section-h::ATI Technologies|History}}

==== Radeon within AMD ====
{{Main|Radeon}}
In 2007, the ATI division of AMD released the [[TeraScale (microarchitecture)|TeraScale microarchitecture]] implementing a [[unified shader model]]. This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Initially released as part of the GPU for the [[Xbox 360]], this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts. Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2007 to 2015.

==== Combined GPU and CPU divisions ====
In a 2009 restructuring, AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company's APUs, which fused both graphics and general purpose processing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duncan |first=Geoff |date=May 7, 2009 |title=AMD RESTRUCTURES TO COMBINE GRAPHICS AND CHIP UNITS |publisher=Digital Trends |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/amd-restructures-to-combine-graphics-and-chip-units/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Musil |first=Steven |date=May 7, 2009 |title=AMD reorg merges microprocessor, graphics units |publisher=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/au/news/amd-reorg-merges-microprocessor-graphics-units/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> In 2011, AMD released the successor to TeraScale, [[Graphics Core Next]] (GCN).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=December 21, 2011 |title=AMD's Graphics Core Next Preview |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4455/amds-graphics-core-next-preview-amd-architects-for-compute |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> This new microarchitecture emphasized [[GPGPU]] compute capability in addition to graphics processing, with a particular aim of supporting heterogeneous computing on AMD's APUs. GCN's [[reduced instruction set computer|reduced instruction set]] [[Instruction set architecture|ISA]] allowed for significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale's [[very long instruction word]] ISA. Since GCN's introduction with the [[Radeon HD 7000 series|HD 7970]], five generations of the GCN architecture have been produced from 2011 through at least 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=December 22, 2011 |title=AMD Radeon HD 7970 Review |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5261/amd-radeon-hd-7970-review |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>


==== Radeon Technologies Group ====
In September 2015, AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an independent internal unit called the '''Radeon Technologies Group''' (RTG) headed by [[Raja Koduri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higginbotham |first=Stacey |date=September 9, 2015 |title=AMD splits out its graphics chips into the Radeon Technology Group |work=Fortune |url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/09/amd-graphics-chip-split/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and marketing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=September 14, 2016 |title=AMD celebrates a year of its revamped Radeon Technologies Group |work=VentureBeat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/14/amd-celebrates-a-year-of-its-revamped-radeon-technologies-group/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Moorehead |first=Patrich |date=November 12, 2015 |title=Advanced Micro Devices's Head Of Radeon Technologies Group, Raja Koduri, Talks About Their Future |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2015/11/12/advanced-micro-devicess-head-of-radeon-technologies-group-raja-koduri-talks-about-the-future/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> The RTG then went on to create and release the [[AMD Polaris|Polaris]] and [[Graphics Core Next#Vega|Vega]] microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=June 29, 2016 |title=The AMD Radeon RX 480 Preview |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10446/the-amd-radeon-rx-480-preview |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=January 5, 2017 |title=The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11002/the-amd-vega-gpu-architecture-teaser |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> In particular the Vega, or fifth-generation [[Graphics Core Next|GCN]], microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance and compute capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=January 5, 2017 |title=The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11002/the-amd-vega-gpu-architecture-teaser |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Ryan |last2=Oh |first2=Nate |date=August 14, 2017 |title=The AMD RX Vega 64 & RX Vega 56 Review: Vega Burning Bright |publisher=Anandtech.com |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11717/the-amd-radeon-rx-vega-64-and-56-review |access-date=August 16, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, Raja Koduri left RTG<ref name="Hexus Net">{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Raja Koduri, Radeon Technologies Boss, leaves AMD |url=https://hexus.net/tech/news/graphics/111926-exclusive-raja-koduri-radeon-technologies-boss-leaves-amd/ |access-date=January 6, 2020 |website=hexus.net |date=November 7, 2017 |publisher=[[Hexus]]}}</ref> and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position. In January 2018, it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG, namely [[Mike Rayfield]] as senior vice president and general manager of RTG, and [[David Wang (executive)|David Wang]] as senior vice president of engineering for RTG.<ref name="hexus.net">{{cite web |title=Two industry veterans join AMD Radeon Technologies Group  |url=https://hexus.net/tech/news/graphics/114608-two-industry-veterans-join-amd-radeon-technologies-group/ |access-date=January 6, 2020 |website=hexus.net |date=January 24, 2018 |publisher=[[Hexus Net]]}}</ref> In January 2020, AMD announced that its second-generation [[RDNA (microarchitecture)|RDNA]] graphics architecture was in development, with the aim of competing with the [[Nvidia]] [[Nvidia RTX|RTX]] graphics products for performance leadership. In October 2020, AMD announced their new [[Radeon RX 6000 series|RX 6000]] series<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |title=AMD Reveals The Radeon RX 6000 Series: RDNA2 Starts At The High-End, Coming November 18th |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16202/amd-reveals-the-radeon-rx-6000-series-rdna2-starts-at-the-highend-coming-november-18th |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=anandtech.com}}</ref> series GPUs, their first high-end product based on RDNA2 and capable of handling ray-tracing natively, aiming to challenge Nvidia's RTX 3000 GPUs.

=== Semi-custom and game console products ===
In 2012, AMD's then CEO [[Rory Read]] began a program to offer semi-custom designs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=February 2, 2012 |title=Understand AMD's Roadmap & New Direction |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5503/understanding-amds-roadmap-new-direction |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=September 5, 2013 |title=Understanding AMD's Semi-Custom Strategy |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7281/understanding-amd-semi-custom-strategy |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product, potential customers could work with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD's intellectual property. Customers pay a non-recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property. These semi-custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]] and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One S, Xbox One X, [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]], and [[PlayStation 5]].<ref name="XboxSeriesS">{{cite web|url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2020/09/09/introducing-xbox-series-s/|title=Introducing Xbox Series S, Delivering Next-Gen Performance in Our Smallest Xbox Ever, Available November 10 at $299|work=Xbox News|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="XboxSeriesX">{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15546/microsoft-drops-more-xbox-series-x-tech-specs-zen-2-rdna-2-12-tflops-gpu-hdmi-21-a-custom-ssd|title=Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD|last=Smith|first=Ryan|work=AnandTech|access-date=March 19, 2020|date=February 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name="PS5Specs">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21183181/sony-ps5-playstation-5-specs-details-hardware-processor-8k-ray-tracing|title=Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|work=[[The Verge]]|date=March 18, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Anandtech" /><ref name="arstechnica.com" /><ref name="XboxOneMay2013Anandtechcomparison">{{Cite news |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |date=May 21, 2013 |title=The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4 |publisher=[[AnandTech]] |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6972/xbox-one-hardware-compared-to-playstation-4/2 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Financially, these semi-custom products would represent a majority of the company's revenue in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howse |first=Brett |date=October 20, 2016 |title=AMD Announces Q3 2016 Financial Results |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10780/amd-announces-q3-2016-results |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Team |first=Trefis |date=September 14, 2016 |title=AMD's Embedded and Semi-Custom Revenues To Generate High Growth In The Next 5 Years? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/09/14/amds-embedded-and-semi-custom-revenues-to-generate-high-growth-in-the-next-5-years |magazine=Forbes |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> In November 2017, AMD and Intel announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an [[Intel Core]] CPU, a semi-custom AMD Radeon GPU, and [[HBM2]] memory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kampman |first=Jeff |date=November 6, 2017 |title=Intel brings a Core CPU and Radeon GPU together on one package |publisher=Tech Report |url=https://techreport.com/news/32792/intel-brings-a-core-cpu-and-radeon-gpu-together-on-one-package |access-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref>

=== Other hardware ===
==== AMD motherboard chipsets ====
{{See also|Comparison of AMD chipsets}}
Before the launch of [[Athlon 64]] processors in 2003, AMD designed [[chipset]]s for their processors spanning the [[AMD K6|K6]] and [[AMD K7|K7]] processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751, and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the "[[Open Platform Management Architecture]]" with [[ATI Technologies|ATI]], [[VIA Technologies|VIA]] and [[Silicon Integrated Systems|SiS]] developing their own chipset for [[Athlon 64]] processors and later [[Athlon 64 X2]] and [[Athlon 64 FX]] processors, including the [[AMD Quad FX platform|Quad FX platform]] chipset from Nvidia.

The initiative went further with the release of [[Opteron]] server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today,{{When|date=March 2021}} Nvidia and [[Broadcom]] are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the [[Xpress 200|Radeon Xpress 200]] and the [[Xpress 3200|Radeon Xpress 3200]] chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as [[AMD 580 chipset series|AMD 580X CrossFire chipset]]). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD [[AMD 690 chipset series|690G]] chipset (previously under the development codename ''RS690''), targeted at mainstream [[Integrated Graphics Processor|IGP]] computing. It was the industry's first to implement a [[HDMI]] 1.2 port on motherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of [[AMD 690 chipset series#Radeon Xpress 1250|Radeon Xpress 1250]] (codenamed ''RS600'', sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD stated the firm would still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of {{nowrap|1333 MHz}} FSB to ATI.

On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the [[AMD 700 chipset series|AMD 7-Series chipsets]], covering from the enthusiast multi-graphics segment to the value IGP segment, to replace the [[AMD 580 chipset series|AMD 480/570/580 chipsets]] and [[AMD 690 chipset series|AMD 690 series chipsets]], marking AMD's first enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, 2007, as part of the codenamed ''Spider'' desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed ''Cartwheel'' platform.

AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the [[AMD 800 chipset series|AMD 800S series server chipsets]]. It includes support for up to six [[Serial ATA#SATA Revision 3.0 (SATA 6Gb/s)|SATA 6.0 Gbit/s]] ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in [[AMD Fusion|Fusion]] processors and [[Advanced Host Controller Interface|AHCI]] 1.2 with SATA [[port multiplier#FIS(Frame Information Structure)–based switching|FIS-based switching]] support. This is a chipset family supporting [[AMD Phenom|Phenom]] processors and [[AMD Quad FX platform|Quad FX enthusiast platform]] (890FX), [[Integrated Graphics Processor|IGP]] (890GX).

With the advent of AMD's APUs in 2011, traditional northbridge features such as the connection to graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die. Accordingly, APUs were connected to a single chip chipset, renamed the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which primarily provided southbridge functionality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wasson |first=Scott |date=June 22, 2011 |title=AMD's A8-3500M Fusion APU |publisher=Tech Report |url=https://techreport.com/review/21099/amd-a8-3500m-fusion-apu |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>

AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new [[Ryzen]] products. As the [[Zen (microarchitecture)|Zen microarchitecture]] already includes much of the northbridge connectivity, the AM4-based chipsets primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes, USB connections, and SATA connections available.<ref name="chipset_toms">{{Cite news |last1=Justin |first1=Michael |last2=Sexton |first2=Allen |date=March 3, 2017 |title=AMD's AM4 Ryzen Chipsets |publisher=Tom's Hardware |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-am4-ryzen-chipsets,33806.html |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with [[ASMedia]].<ref name="su_interview">{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Making AMD Tick: A Very Zen Interview it Dr. Lisa Su, CEO |publisher=Anandtech.com |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/11177/making-amd-tick-a-very-zen-interview-with-dr-lisa-su-ceo |access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref>

==== Embedded products ====
===== Embedded CPUs =====
{{Main|AMD Élan|Alchemy (microarchitecture)|l2=Alchemy|Geode (processor)|l3=Geode}}
[[File:Nokia-9110-4.jpg|thumb|An AMD Élan SC450 in [[Nokia 9000 Communicator]]]]

In the early 1990s, AMD began marketing a series of [[Embedded system|embedded]] [[system-on-a-chip]]s (SoCs) called [[AMD Élan]], starting with the SC300 and SC310. Both combines a 32-Bit, [[Am386]]SX, low-voltage 25&nbsp;MHz or 33&nbsp;MHz CPU with [[memory controller]], [[PC/AT]] peripheral controllers, [[real-time clock]], [[Phase-locked loop#Clock generation|PLL clock generators]] and [[ISA bus]] interface. The SC300 integrates in addition two [[PC card]] slots and a [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]]-compatible [[LCD]] controller. They were followed in 1996 by the SC4xx types. Now supporting [[VESA Local Bus]] and using the [[Am486]] with up to 100&nbsp;MHz [[clock speed]]. A SC450 with 33&nbsp;MHz, for example, was used in the [[Nokia 9000 Communicator]]. In 1999 the SC520 was announced. Using an [[Am586]] with 100&nbsp;MHz or 133&nbsp;MHz and supporting [[SDRAM]] and [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] it was the latest member of the series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/648/648702/ |author=文● 大原雄介 |title=CPU黒歴史 組み込みへの無理解に翻弄されたElan＆Geode |publisher=ascii.jp |date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2022-11-15 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jhalfmoon.com/dbc/2019/03/14/%E9%BB%84%E6%98%8F%E3%81%AEsoc4-amd%E3%80%81elan-sc300-400-single-chip-pc-at/ |title=冥界のLSI(4) AMD、Elan SC300/400 Single Chip PC/AT |publisher=AMD |access-date=2022-11-15 |language=ja}}</ref>

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its [[Alchemy (processor)|Alchemy]] line of [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] processors for the hand-held and [[portable media player]] markets.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lammers |first=David |date=January 29, 2002 |title=AMD to buy MIPS processor startup Alchemy |url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1134862 |magazine=EE Times |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> On June 13, 2006, AMD officially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer of MIPS processors for embedded applications.<ref name="Alchemy">{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2006 |title=AMD Alchemy processor product line acquired by Raza Microelectronics |work=TechNews |publisher=technologynewsdaily.com |url=http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3336 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102020841/http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3336 |archive-date=January 2, 2007}}</ref>

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the [[Geode (processor)|Geode]] business which was originally the [[Cyrix]] [[MediaGX]] from [[National Semiconductor]] to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Agam |date=January 26, 2009 |title=AMD Sees No Geode Chip Replacement in Sight |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/158363/article.html |magazine=PC World |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors {{nowrap|667 MHz}} and {{nowrap|1 GHz}}, and {{nowrap|1.4&nbsp;GHz}} processor with fan, of [[Thermal Design Power|TDP]] 25&nbsp;W. This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several [[Ultra Mobile PC|UMPC]] designs in Asia markets, and the [[One Laptop per Child|OLPC]] [[OLPC XO-1|XO-1 computer]], an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=March 5, 2007 |title=A comparison of OLPC's XO laptop and Intel's Classmate PC |url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2007/03/acomparison-of-olpcs-xo-laptop-and-intels-classmate-pc/ |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> The Geode LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.{{Update inline|date=March 2021}}

AMD has also introduced [[x86-64|64-bit]] processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD [[Opteron]] processor. Leveraging the high throughput enabled through [[HyperTransport]] and the [[Direct Connect Architecture]] these server-class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom and storage applications. In 2007, AMD added the AMD Athlon, [[AMD Turion]], and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line. Leveraging the same [[x86-64|64-bit]] instruction set and [[Direct Connect Architecture]] as the AMD [[Opteron]] but at lower power levels, these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008, AMD has continued to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and [[Multi-core (computing)|dual-core]] AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded [[x86-64|64-bit]] solutions starting with 8&nbsp;W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer than standard availability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2010 |work=Amd.com |title=AMD Embedded Solutions that are scalable, x86- based, low-power and feature-rich products |url=https://www.amd.com/us/products/embedded/Pages/embedded.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126232903/https://www.amd.com/us/products/embedded/Pages/embedded.aspx |archive-date=November 26, 2010}}</ref>

The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the [[Imageon]] and [[Xilleon]] product lines. In late 2008, the entire handheld division was sold off to [[Qualcomm]], who have since produced the [[Adreno]] series.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Scott |date=January 20, 2009 |title=AMD Sells Handset Division to Qualcomm for $65 million |work=eWeek |url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/AMD-Sells-Handset-Division-to-Qualcomm-for-65-Million/ |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2008, the Xilleon division was sold to [[Broadcom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10024509-92.html?hhTest=1&tag=xlr8yourmac | title=Broadcom to buy AMD's digital TV business &#124; Business Tech - CNET News | access-date=July 11, 2017 | archive-date=July 16, 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716025226/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10024509-92.html?hhTest=1&tag=xlr8yourmac | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News Room |url=http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=1190026 |website=Broadcom.com}}</ref>

In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the [[AMD 690 chipset series#M690T|M690T]] integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring high-performance 3D and video such as emerging digital signage, kiosk, and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the [[AMD 690 chipset series#M690E|M690E]] specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required [[Macrovision]] licensing for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual [[Transition Minimized Differential Signaling|TMDS]] outputs, enabling dual independent [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]] interfaces.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|title=AMD M690T/E Databook|url=https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/42437.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/42437.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=Amd.com}}</ref>

In January 2011, AMD announced the AMD Embedded G-Series [[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|Accelerated Processing Unit]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=TS |date=January 19, 2011 |title=AMD G-Series Brings x86 to the Embedded Market |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4133/amd-gseries-brings-apus-to-the-x86-embedded-market |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Melanson |first=Donald |date=January 19, 2011 |title=AMD announces Fusion-based Embedded G-Series platform |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/01/19/amd-announces-fusion-based-embedded-g-series-platform/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> This was the first APU for embedded applications. These were followed by updates in 2013 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sakr |first=Sarif |date=April 23, 2013 |title=AMD reveals G-Series X embedded chips, drops a little ARM-powered bombshell |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/04/23/amd-reveals-g-series-x-embedded-chips/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryan |first=Thomas |date=February 23, 2016 |title=AMD Launches Three New Embedded G-Series SoC Families |publisher=SemiAccurate |url=https://www.semiaccurate.com/2016/02/23/amd-launches-three-new-embedded-g-series-soc-families/ |access-date=September 6, 2024}}</ref>

In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series [[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|Accelerated Processing Unit]].<ref name="R-Series">{{Cite news |date=July 10, 2012 |title=AMD Embedded R-Series Platform |work=AMD |publisher=amd.com |url=https://www.amd.com/us/products/embedded/processors/Pages/r-series.aspx |access-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics. This was followed by a system-on-a-chip (SoC) version in 2015 which offered a faster CPU and faster graphics, with support for [[DDR4 SDRAM]] memory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=October 21, 2015 |title=AMD Launches Excavator Based R-Series APUs for Embedded with DDR4 |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9726/amd-launches-excavator-based-rseries-apus-for-embedded-with-ddr4-support |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eric |date=October 21, 2015 |title=AMD R-Series system-on-chips dip to 12 Watts, support DDR4 |publisher=Linux Gizmos |url=http://linuxgizmos.com/amd-r-series-system-on-chips-dip-to-12-watts-support-ddr4/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

===== Embedded graphics =====
AMD builds graphic processors for use in [[Embedded System|embedded]] systems. They can be found in anything from casinos to healthcare, with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines.<ref>[https://www.amd.com/de/products/embedded/graphics-processors/Pages/embedded-display-graphics.asp] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact [[multi-chip module]] including RAM and the GPU.<ref name="AMD_embedded">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=May 2, 2011 |title=AMD Launches E6760: The Next Embedded Radeon |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4307/amd-launches-radeon-e6760 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008. Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2016; reflecting improvements in their GPU technology.<ref name="AMD_embedded" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodgin |first=Rick |date=July 1, 2009 |title=AMD releases ATI Radeon E4690 embedded GPU with 3x better performance |publisher=Geek.com |url=https://www.geek.com/games/amd-releases-ati-radeon-e4690-embedded-gpu-with-3x-better-performance-792271/ |access-date=July 11, 2017 |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023065003/https://www.geek.com/games/amd-releases-ati-radeon-e4690-embedded-gpu-with-3x-better-performance-792271/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=October 1, 2015 |title=AMD Updates Embedded Radeon GPU Line |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9682/amd-updates-embedded-radeon-gpu-line-releases-radeon-e8950-e8870-e6465 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=September 27, 2016 |title=AMD Announces Embedded Radeon EE9260 & E9550 – Polaris for Embedded Markets |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10710/amd-announces-embedded-radeon-e9260-e9550 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

=== Current product lines ===
==== CPU and APU products ====
AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs {{as of | 2020 | lc = on}}
* '''[[Athlon]]''' – brand of entry level CPUs (Excavator) and APUs (Ryzen)
* '''[[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|A-series]]''' – ''Excavator''-class consumer desktop and laptop APUs
* '''[[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|G-series]]''' – ''Excavator''- and ''Jaguar''-class low-power embedded APUs 
* '''[[Ryzen]]''' – brand of consumer CPUs and APUs
* '''[[Threadripper|Ryzen Threadripper]]''' – brand of prosumer/professional CPUs
* '''[[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|R-series]]''' – ''Excavator'' class high-performance embedded APUs
* '''[[Epyc]]''' – brand of server CPUs
* '''[[Opteron]]''' – brand of microserver APUs<ref>{{cite web |title=Opteron X and A-Series Processors |url=https://www.amd.com/en/opteron |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=amd.com}}</ref>

==== Graphics products ====
AMD's portfolio of dedicated [[graphics processor]]s {{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}
*'''[[Radeon]]''' – brand for consumer line of graphics cards; the brand name originated with ATI.
** '''[[Radeon|Mobility Radeon]]''' offers power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops.
*'''[[Radeon Pro]]''' – [[Workstation]] graphics card brand. Successor to the [[AMD FirePro|FirePro]] brand.
* '''[[Radeon Instinct]]''' – brand of server and workstation targeted machine learning and [[GPGPU]] products

=== Radeon-branded products ===
==== RAM ====
[[File:AMDRadeonMemory.JPG|thumb|AMD Radeon memory]]
In 2011, AMD began selling Radeon branded [[DDR3 SDRAM]] to support the higher bandwidth needs of AMD's APUs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=Jarred |date=November 28, 2011 |title=Introducing AMD's Brand Memory |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5156/introducing-amds-memory-brand |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> While the RAM is sold by AMD, it was manufactured by [[Patriot Memory]] and VisionTek. This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3 memory in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=May 8, 2013 |title=AMD Releases New Radeon Memory SKU |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6940/amd-releases-new-radeon-memory-sku-rg2133-gamer-series |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Radeon branded [[DDR4 SDRAM]] memory was released in 2015, despite no AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shilov |first=Anton |date=October 5, 2015 |title=AMD begins to sell DDR4 memory modules for Intel and next-gen platforms |publisher=KitGuru |url=https://www.kitguru.net/components/memory/anton-shilov/amd-quietly-begins-to-sell-ddr4-memory-modules-for-intel-and-next-gen-platforms/ |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> AMD noted in 2017 that these products are "mostly distributed in Eastern Europe" and that it continues to be active in the business.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Agam |date=March 16, 2017 |title=AMD's Radeon memory business is slowing down |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3181787/components/amds-radeon-memory-business-is-slowing-down.html |magazine=PC World |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

==== Solid-state drives ====
AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded [[solid-state drive]]s manufactured by [[OCZ]] with capacities up to 480&nbsp;GB and using the [[SATA]] interface.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=August 28, 2014 |title=AMD announces Radeon R7 SSD product line, made by enthusiast manufacturer OCZ |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2465944/amd-announces-radeon-r7-ssd-product-line-made-by-enthusiast-manufacturer-ocz.html |magazine=PC World |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Technologies ==
=== CPU hardware ===
{{As of | 2017}} technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include:
* '''[[HyperTransport]]''' – a high-bandwidth, low-latency system bus used in AMD's CPU and APU products
* '''[[Infinity Fabric]]''' – a derivative of HyperTransport used as the communication bus in AMD's [[Zen (microarchitecture)|Zen microarchitecture]]

=== Graphics hardware ===
{{As of | 2017}} technologies found in AMD GPU products include:
* '''[[AMD Eyefinity]]''' – facilitates [[multi-monitor]] setup of up to 6 monitors per graphics card
* '''[[FreeSync|AMD FreeSync]]''' – display synchronization based on the [[VESA]] Adaptive Sync standard
* '''[[AMD TrueAudio]]''' – acceleration of audio calculations
* '''AMD XConnect''' – allows the use of [[External GPU]] enclosures through [[Thunderbolt 3]]
* '''[[AMD CrossFire]]''' – multi-GPU technology allowing the simultaneous use of multiple GPUs
* '''[[Unified Video Decoder]]''' ('''UVD''') – acceleration of video decompression (decoding)
* '''[[Video Coding Engine]]''' ('''VCE''') – acceleration of video compression (encoding)

=== Software ===
AMD has made considerable efforts towards opening its software tools above the [[firmware]] level in the past decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2015-April/081501.html |title=Initial amdgpu driver release |publisher=Lists.freedesktop.org |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Radeon-Rays-4.0-Going-Open|title=AMD Rethinks Decision And Will Open-Source Most Of Radeon Rays 4.0|website=phoronix.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/heterogeneous-system-architecture/everything-you-need-to-know-about-why-amd-open-sourced-the-opencl-driver-stack-for-rocm |title=Everything You Need to Know About Why AMD Open Sourced the OpenCL Driver Stack for ROCm &#124; IEEE Computer Society |publisher=Computer.org |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123163432/https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/heterogeneous-system-architecture/everything-you-need-to-know-about-why-amd-open-sourced-the-opencl-driver-stack-for-rocm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For the following mentions, software not expressely stated as being [[free software|free]] can be assumed to be [[proprietary software|proprietary]].

==== Distribution ====
[[AMD Radeon Software]] is the default channel for official software distribution from AMD. It includes both free and proprietary software components, and supports both [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Linux]].

==== Software by type ====
==== CPU ====
* [[AMD Optimizing C/C++ Compiler|AOCC]] is AMD's optimizing proprietary C/C++ compiler based on LLVM and available for Linux.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.amd.com/amd-aocc/ |title=AMD Optimizing C/C++ and Fortran Compilers (AOCC) – AMD |publisher=Developer.amd.com |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>
* AMDuProf is AMD's CPU performance and Power profiling tool suite, available for Linux and Windows.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW, AMD uProf 4.2 is now available|url=https://www.amd.com/en/developer/uprof.html|publisher=amd.com |access-date=June 19, 2024 |date=January 31, 2024}}</ref>
* AMD has also taken an active part in developing [[coreboot]], an open-source project aimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware. This cooperation ceased in 2013, but AMD has indicated recently{{When|date=March 2021}} that it is considering releasing source code so that Ryzen can be compatible with coreboot in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.golem.de/news/freie-firmware-amd-prueft-coreboot-support-fuer-ryzen-1703-126524.html|title=AMD prüft Coreboot-Support für Ryzen|website=golem.de}}</ref>

==== GPU ====
{{See also|AMD Radeon Software}}
Most notable public AMD software is on the GPU side.

AMD has opened both its [[computer graphics|graphic]] and [[General-purpose computing on graphics processing units|compute]] stacks:
* [[GPUOpen]] is AMD's graphics stack, which includes for example FidelityFX Super Resolution.
* [[ROCm]] (Radeon Open Compute platform) is AMD's compute stack for [[machine learning]] and [[Supercomputer|high-performance computing]], based on the [[LLVM|LLVM compiler]] technologies. Under the ROCm project, [[AMDgpu (Linux kernel module)|AMDgpu]] is AMD's [[free and open-source graphics device driver|open-source]] [[device driver]] supporting the [[Graphics Core Next|GCN]] and following architectures, available for Linux. This latter driver component is used both by the graphics and compute stacks.

==== Other ====
* AMD conducts open research on [[heterogeneous computing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/research-opensource|title=AMD research Open-Source Projects|website=Amd.com|access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref>
* Other AMD software includes the [[AMD Core Math Library]], and open-source software including the [[AMD Performance Library]].
* AMD contributes to [[Open-source software|open-source]] projects, including working with [[Sun Microsystems]] to enhance [[OpenSolaris]] and [[Sun xVM]] on the AMD platform.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=AMD Expands Charter for the OpenSolaris OS and Sun xVM at the AMD Operating System Research Center |date=May 5, 2008 |publisher=AMD |url=https://www.amd.com/gb-uk/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~125446,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116054951/http://www.amd.com/gb-uk/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0%2C%2C51_104_543~125446%2C00.html |archive-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> AMD also maintains its own [[Open64]] compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 28, 2015 |title=x86 Open64 Compiler Suite |url=http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/cpu-development/x86-open64-compiler-suite/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113100944/http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/cpu-development/x86-open64-compiler-suite/ |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |publisher=AMD }}</ref>
* In 2008, AMD released the low-level programming specifications for its [[GPU]]s, and works with the [[X.Org Foundation]] to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=AMD Details Strategic Open Source Graphics Driver Development Initiative |date=September 7, 2007 |publisher=AMD |url=https://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~119372,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Index of /docs/AMD |url=http://www.x.org/docs/AMD/ |publisher=[[X.Org Foundation|x.org]]}}</ref>
* Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi-threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007. One of the initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight [[Profiling (computer programming)|Profiling]] (LWP), providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information about executing process and help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core and even multi-threaded programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instruction set, the [[SSE5]].
* Codenamed ''SIMFIRE'' – interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH) [[open architecture]].

== Production and fabrication ==
{{Main|GlobalFoundries}}
Previously, AMD produced its chips at company-owned [[Foundry (electronics)|semiconductor foundries]]. AMD pursued a strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]] to co-develop production technologies.<ref name="vr1">{{Cite news |last=Kanellos |first=Michael |date=July 30, 1998 |title=Motorola Ready to Make AMD Chips |publisher=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/motorola-ready-to-make-amd-chips/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="vr2">{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=September 9, 2003 |title=IBM, AMD team up in microprocessor market |publisher=IT Web |url=http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83077 |access-date=July 10, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> AMD's founder Jerry Sanders termed this the "Virtual Gorilla" strategy to compete with Intel's significantly greater investments in fabrication.<ref name="vr3">{{cite web |last=Magee |first=Mike |date=May 4, 2000 |title=AMD now a virtual gorilla – Sanders |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/05/04/amd_now_a_virtual_gorilla/ |access-date=July 10, 2017 |website=The Register}}</ref>

In 2008, AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named [[GlobalFoundries]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=October 7, 2008 |title=The Business of Tech: Breaking Up is Hard to do- AMD goes Fabless |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2635 |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> This breakup of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each process node. The [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] purchased the newly created company through its subsidiary [[Advanced Technology Investment Company]] (ATIC), purchasing the final stake from AMD in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shimpi |first=Anand Lal |title=GlobalFoundries Granted Independence, Acquires Remaining Stake from AMD |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5627/globalfoundries-granted-independence-acquires-remaining-stake-from-amd |access-date=December 8, 2012 |website=AnandTech}}</ref>

With the spin-off of its foundries, AMD became a [[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]] semiconductor manufacturer, designing products to be produced at for-hire foundries. Part of the GlobalFoundries spin-off included an agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=September 1, 2016 |title=AMD Amends GlobalFoundries Wafter Supply Agreement Through 2020, Gaining New Flexibility and New Costs |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10631/amd-amends-globalfoundries-wafer-supply-agreement-through-2020 |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> Both prior to the spin-off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including [[TSMC]] and [[Samsung Foundry|Samsung]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nystedt |first=Dan |date=May 22, 2007 |title=AMD Cozies up to Contract Chip Maker TSMC |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3200207 |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="samsung">{{Cite magazine |last=Moorhead |first=Patrick |date=July 25, 2016 |title=AMD Officially Diversifies 14nm Manufacturing With Samsung |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2016/07/25/amd-diversifies-14nm-manufacturing-with-samsung/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past.<ref name="samsung" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Agam |date=October 28, 2011 |title=AMD records profit in Q3 despite manufacturing issues |publisher=ARN |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/405600/amd_records_profit_q3_despite_manufacturing_issues/ |access-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730201537/https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/405600/amd_records_profit_q3_despite_manufacturing_issues/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018, AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC, following GlobalFoundries' announcement that they were halting development of their [[7 nm process]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shilov |first1=Anton |last2=Smith |first2=Ryan |date=August 27, 2018 |title=AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021 |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13915/amd-amends-agreement-with-globalfoudries-set-to-buy-wafers-till-2021 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=AnandTech}}</ref> AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019, allowing AMD to freely choose foundries for 7&nbsp;nm nodes and below, while maintaining purchase agreements for 12&nbsp;nm and above through 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shilov |first=Anton |date=January 29, 2019 |title=AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021 |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13915/amd-amends-agreement-with-globalfoudries-set-to-buy-wafers-till-2021 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=AnandTech}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Business trends ===
The key trends for AMD are (as of the financial year ending in late December):<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/AMD-Aktie/US0079031078 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Revenue (US$ bn)
!Net profit (US$ m)
!Total assets (US$ bn)
!Employees
|-
|2017
|5.3
|43
|3.5
|8,900
|-
|2018
|6.4
|337
|4.5
|10,100
|-
|2019
|6.7
|341
|6.0
|11,400
|-
|2020
|9.7
|2,490
|8.9
|12,600
|-
|2021
|16.4
|3,162
|12.4
|15,500
|-
|2022
|23.6
|1,320
|67.5
|25,000
|-
|2023
|22.6
|854
|67.8
|26,000
|}

=== Partnerships ===
AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests and to rival Intel's dominance and resources:<ref name="vr1" /><ref name="vr2" /><ref name="vr3" />

* A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed [[HyperTransport]], a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spooner |first=John G |date=March 2, 2002 |title=Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors |publisher=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/promoter-of-storied-alpha-to-shut-doors/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors.
* AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained [[silicon on insulator]] (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on [[90 nm]] implementation. AMD announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for [[32 nm]] and [[22 nm]] fabrication-related technologies.<ref>[https://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation], slide 10. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033318/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf|archive-date=October 9, 2022|url-status=live|date=March 26, 2009}}.</ref>
* To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies, such as [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Dell]], [[Asus]], [[Acer (company)|Acer]], and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |date=July 5, 2017 |title=Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem |publisher=Serve the Home |url=https://www.servethehome.com/impressive-part-amd-epyc-launch-ecosystem |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
* In 1993, AMD established a 50–50 partnership with [[Fujitsu]] called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name [[Spansion]] and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares dropping 37%. AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competition agreement on December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single-chip, multiple-chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory.<ref>[http://apps.shareholder.com/s/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=SPSN&docid=4095716] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |date=May 18, 2006 |title=Dell hooks up with AMD |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/18/dell_picks_amd/ |access-date=July 10, 2017 |website=The Register}}</ref> In September 2006, Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup.
* In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest versions of AMD APUs{{spaced ndash}}accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based business notebooks as well.<ref>Rik Myslewski, ChannelRegister. "[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2011/06/14/amd_hp_notebooks/ Intel, AMD in HP notebook smackdown Which is faster? 'You tell me' says AMD]". June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.</ref>
* In the spring of 2013, AMD announced that it would be powering [[Eighth generation of video game consoles|all three major next-generation consoles]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Poeter |first=Damon |date=May 21, 2013 |title=AMD Hits Game Console Trifecta With Xbox One & Opinion |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2419289,00.asp |access-date=June 14, 2013 |work=PC Magazine}}</ref> The [[Xbox One]] and [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 4]] are both powered by a custom-built AMD APU, and the [[Nintendo]] [[Wii U]] is powered by an AMD GPU.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMD Game Console Triple Crown: Will There Be Profits? |url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/1446501-amd-game-console-triple-crown-will-there-be-profits |access-date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=Seeking Alpha}}</ref> According to AMD, having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with cross-platform development to competing consoles and PCs and increased support for their products across the board.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 7, 2013 |title=AMD say "PC ports of next-generation console titles are likely to struggle" on Intel tech &#124; News, Tech, Tech News |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/2013/06/07/amd-say-pc-ports-of-next-generation-console-titles-are-likely-to-struggle-on-intel-tech/ |magazine=PC Gamer |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref>
* AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) for the production of AMD products in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=April 13, 2016 |title=AMD plans to enter India in a big way, ties up with HSMC for chip manufacturing: Ravi Shankar Prasad |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/amd-plans-to-enter-india-in-a-big-way-ties-up-with-hsmc-for-chip-manufacturing-ravi-shankar-prasad/articleshow/51795523.cms |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
* AMD is a founding member of the [[HSA Foundation]] which aims to ease the use of a [[Heterogeneous System Architecture]]. A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use both [[central processing unit]]s and [[GPU|graphics processors]] to complete computational tasks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=March 16, 2015 |title=HSA Foundation Launches 'HSA 1.0 Final' |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9066/hsa-foundation-launches-hsa-10-final-architecture-programmers-reference-and-runtime-specifications |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>
* AMD announced in 2016 that [[AMD-Chinese joint venture|it was creating a joint venture]] to produce x86 server chips for the Chinese market.<ref name="2018-toms-hardware">{{Cite news |last=Alcorn |first=Paul |date=July 6, 2018 |title=China Finds Zen: Begins Production Of x86 Processors Based On AMD's IP |publisher=Tom's Hardware |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/china-zen-x86-processor-dryhana,37417.html |access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>
*On May 7, 2019, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Energy, [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], and [[Cray|Cray Inc.]], are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD [[Epyc]] CPUs and [[Radeon Instinct|Radeon]] GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 1.5 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut sometime in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Department of Energy and Cray to Deliver Record-Setting Frontier Supercomputer at ORNL |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-and-cray-deliver-record-setting-frontier-supercomputer-ornl |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>
*On March 5, 2020, it was announced that the U.S. Department of Energy, [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], and [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]] are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD [[Epyc]] CPUs and [[Radeon Instinct|Radeon]] GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=LLNL and HPE to partner with AMD on El Capitan, projected as world's fastest supercomputer {{!}} Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/llnl-and-hpe-partner-amd-el-capitan-projected-worlds-fastest-supercomputer |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=www.llnl.gov}}</ref>
* In the summer of 2020, it was reported that AMD would be powering [[Ninth generation of video game consoles|the next-generation console offerings]] from Microsoft and Sony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21344881/amd-ps5-xbox-series-x-zen-3-cpu-rdna-2-gpu-2020-release-q2-earnings|title=AMD says its PS5 and Xbox Series X chips, Zen 3 CPUs, and RDNA 2 GPUs will ship on time|last=Faulkner|first=Cameron|work=The Verge|date=July 28, 2020|access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>
* On November 8, 2021, AMD announced a partnership with [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] to make the chips used in the [[Metaverse]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2022 |title=AMD Partnership With Facebook (Meta) Company - Totoseek |url=https://totoseek.com/amd-partnership-with-facebook-meta-company/ |access-date=November 29, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129205746/https://totoseek.com/amd-partnership-with-facebook-meta-company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In January 2022, AMD partnered with Samsung to develop a mobile processor to be used in future products. The processor was named Exynos 2022 and works with the AMD RDNA 2 architecture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2022 |title=Samsung Partners With AMD to Power Up Mobile Chips |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/samsung-partners-with-amd-to-power-up-mobile-chips |access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref>

=== Litigation with Intel ===
{{See also|Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.}}
[[File:Amd 386 processor.jpg|thumb|AMD processor with Intel copyright]]

AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current) partner and x86 creator [[Intel Corporation|Intel]].<ref name="litigation">{{cite web |title=Ryzen 7 2700X vs i7 8700K |url=https://thesoftbest.com/ryzen-7-2700x-vs-i7-8700k/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108093846/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD_-_Intel_Litigation_History.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2007 |access-date=January 12, 2007 |publisher=AMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/us/Documents/Complaint_summary.pdf |title=Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) vs. Intel Corporation Executive Summary of AMD Complaint |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213450/http://www.amd.com/us/Documents/Complaint_summary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/us/Documents/AMD-Intel_Full_Complaint.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213342/http://www.amd.com/us/Documents/AMD-Intel_Full_Complaint.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 1986, Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's microchips for [[IBM]]; AMD filed for [[arbitration]] in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the [[Supreme Court of California]]. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.
* In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
* In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and [[Cyrix]] Corp. for misuse of the term [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]]. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
* In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] suit against Intel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in [[Delaware]]. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, the court has issued [[subpoena]]s to major computer manufacturers including [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Dell]], [[Lenovo]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] and [[Toshiba]].
* In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25 billion and renew a five-year patent cross-licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them.<ref name="amd suit">[http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/technology/amd-intel-settle-legal-disputes/] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Guinness World Record achievement ===
* On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a [[Guinness World Record]] for the "Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429&nbsp;GHz.<ref name="Record">Peter Clarke, EE Times. "[http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4226949/AMD-clocks-FX-processor AMD 'clocks' FX processor at 8.429-GHz]". September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</ref> The company ran an 8-core FX-8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.<ref name=youtube>{{Citation |title=Maximum Speed AMD FX Processor Takes Guinness World Record |date=September 12, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKN4VMOenNM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/UKN4VMOenNM| archive-date=November 22, 2021 | url-status=live|via=YouTube |format=video |access-date=November 7, 2012}}{{cbignore}}<br />During the video, cooling transitions from air to water to liquid nitrogen and finally to liquid helium.</ref> The previous record was 8.308&nbsp;GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).
* On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an [[overclocking|overclocker]] from Taiwan, used an FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461&nbsp;GHz.<ref name="record2">Matthew Humprhires, Geek.com. "[http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/amd-bulldozer-cpu-beats-world-record-again-achieving-8-461ghz-2011111/ AMD clocks FX-8150 at 8.461-GHz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428193028/http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/amd-bulldozer-cpu-beats-world-record-again-achieving-8-461ghz-2011111 |date=April 28, 2012 }}". November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</ref>
* On November 19, 2012, Andre Yang used an FX-8350 to set another record: 8.794&nbsp;GHz.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPU-Z Validator |url=http://valid.canardpc.com/lpza4n |publisher=CPU-Z}}</ref>

=== Acquisitions, mergers, and investments ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Company
!Integration or division
!Price
|-
|January 16, 1996
|[[NexGen]]
|[[AMD K6]]
|$857 million in AMD shares<ref>{{cite web |date=1995-10-21 |title=Chip Maker AMD to Buy Nexgen for $857 Million |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-21-fi-59417-story.html |agency=[[Bloomberg Business News]]}}</ref>
|-
|February 6, 2002
|Alchemy Semiconductor<ref>{{Cite web |last=EETimes |date=February 6, 2002 |title=EETimes - AMD acquires Alchemy Semi to enter embedded RISC processor market |url=https://www.eetimes.com/amd-acquires-alchemy-semi-to-enter-embedded-risc-processor-market/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=EETimes}}</ref>
|Processors (embedded CPUs)
|Undisclosed
|-
|August 6, 2003
|Coatue<ref>{{Cite web |last=EETimes |date=August 6, 2003 |title=EETimes - Coatue secretly sold to AMD, folded into FASL |url=https://www.eetimes.com/coatue-secretly-sold-to-amd-folded-into-fasl/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=EETimes}}</ref>
|Memory (non-volatile polymer-based memory)
|Undisclosed
|-
|July 24, 2006
|[[ATI Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sorkin |first=Andrew Ross |date=July 24, 2006 |title=A.M.D. to Acquire ATI Technologies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/technology/24cnd-semi.html |access-date=April 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|Graphics and 3D software (Radeon GPUs)
|$5,400 million
|-
|February 29, 2012
|[[SeaMicro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Completes Acquisition of SeaMicro |url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/404/amd-completes-acquisition-of-seamicro |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405210516/https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/404/amd-completes-acquisition-of-seamicro |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Data center platform
|$334 million
|-
|June 29, 2016
|HiAlgo<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Acquires Software Company HiAlgo, Laying Groundwork for Future Gaming Innovation in Radeon Software |url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/696/amd-acquires-software-company-hialgo-laying-groundwork-for |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2016 |title=AMD's HiAlgo acquisition brings gamer-friendly tools to Radeon Software experience |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/29/amds-hialgo-acquisition-brings-gamer-friendly-tools-to-radeon-software-experience/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Gaming experience (Radeon Chill, Radeon Boost and Radeon Swift)
|Undisclosed
|-
|April 10, 2017
|Nitero<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moorhead |first=Patrick |title=AMD Acquires IP And Acquihires Nitero Team, Maker Of 60 Ghz Wireless Chips For VR/AR |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2017/04/10/amd-acquires-ip-and-engineering-team-from-nitero-maker-of-60-ghz-wireless-chips-for-vrar/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shilov |first=Anton |title=AMD Acquires 60 GHz Wireless IP and Staff from Nitero |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/11268/amd-acquires-60ghz-ip-and-staff-from-nitero |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=anandtech.com}}</ref>
|[[WiGig|60&nbsp;GHz wireless]] IP (headset [[Augmented reality|AR]] and [[Virtual reality|VR]])
|Undisclosed
|-
|October 27, 2020
|[[Xilinx]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Jane Lanhee |date=February 14, 2022 |title=AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amd-closes-biggest-chip-acquisition-with-498-bln-purchase-xilinx-2022-02-14/ |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
|Custom chips (FPGA, adaptive SoCs, [[system on module]]s, IA accelerator)
|$49,000 million
|-
|April 4, 2022
|Pensando<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/04/amd-to-acquire-data-center-optimization-startup-pensando-for-2b/|title=AMD to acquire data center optimization startup Pensando for $2B|website=TechCrunch|date=April 4, 2022|author=Ron Miller|access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|Data center, cloud solutions and [[Data processing unit|DPUs]]
|$1,900 million
|-
|August 29, 2023
|Mipsology<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=AMD acquires Mipsology to ramp up AI inference rivalry with Nvidia |url=https://www.channelweb.co.uk/news/4123572/amd-acquires-mipsology-ramp-ai-inference-rivalry-nvidia |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.channelweb.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
|AI inference software
|Undisclosed
|-
|October 10, 2023
|Nod.ai<ref name=TechCrunch/><ref name=CNBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/10/amd-acquires-nodai-ai-startup-as-it-seeks-to-catch-up-with-nvidia.html|title=AMD to acquire AI software startup as it seeks to catch up with Nvidia|website=CNBC|date=October 10, 2023|author=Hayden Field|access-date=November 19, 2023}}</ref> 
|Open-source AI software
|Undisclosed
|-
|July 10, 2024
|Silo AI<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |date=July 10, 2024 |title=AMD to acquire Finnish startup Silo AI for $665 mln to step up in AI race |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/amd-acquire-finnish-startup-silo-ai-665-mln-step-up-ai-race-2024-07-10/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|AI software
|$665 million
|-
|August 19, 2024
|ZT Systems<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |date=August 19, 2024 |title=AMD to acquire server builder ZT Systems for $4.9 billion in cash and stock |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amd-acquire-server-builder-zt-systems-49-billion-cash-stock-2024-08-19/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|Data center hardware
|$4,900 million
|}

=== Corporate responsibility ===
* In its 2022 report, AMD stated that it aimed to embed environmental sustainability across its business, promote safe and responsible workplaces in its global supply chain and advance stronger communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/corporate/cr/2022-23-amd-cr-report.pdf |title=2022–23 Corporate Responsibility Report |publisher=AMD |access-date=January 14, 2025}}</ref>
* In 2022, AMD achieved a 19 percent reduction in its Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions compared to 2020. Based on AMD calculations that are third-party verified (limited level assurance).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=AMD Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability.html#goals |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=AMD Environmental Sustainability}}</ref>

=== Other initiatives ===
* [[The Green Grid]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Green Grid |url=https://www.thegreengrid.org/ |website=Thegreengrid.org}}</ref> founded by AMD together with other founders, such as [[IBM]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Microsoft]], to seek lower power consumption for grids.

== Sponsorships ==
[[Image:MichaelSchumacherHO2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The AMD-logo on the rear spoiler of [[Michael Schumacher]]'s ''F2005'' from Ferrari, showing AMD's sponsorship at the [[2005 German Grand Prix]].]]
AMD's sponsorship of Formula 1 racing began in 2002 and since 2020 has sponsored the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes-AMG Petronas]] team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellett |first=John |title=Why Tech Marketing Leaders Are Racing To Sponsor Formula 1 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnellett/2022/03/01/why-tech-marketing-leaders-are-racing-to-sponsor-formula-1/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> AMD was also a sponsor of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] and [[Scuderia Ferrari]] Formula 1 teams together with [[Intel]], [[Vodafone]], [[AT&T]], [[Pernod Ricard]] and [[Diageo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sponsorship, the big business behind F1 - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/09/18/behind.sponsorship/index.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=CNN |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828100530/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/09/18/behind.sponsorship/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 18 April 2018, AMD began a multi-year sponsorship with Scuderia Ferrari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-14 |title=AMD is Proud to Present a Multi-Year Partnership with Scuderia Ferrari |url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/824/amd-is-proud-to-present-a-multi-year-partnership-with |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, just prior to the start of the 2020 race season, the Mercedes Formula 1 team announced it was adding AMD to its sponsorship portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Mercedes signs innovation-focused deal with AMD, McLaren signs with AI brand Darktrace |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/mercedes-f1-team-signs-innovation-focused-deal-with-amd/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=SportBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref>
AMD began a sponsorship deal with [[Victory Five]] (V5) for the [[League of Legends Pro League]] (LPL) in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=AMD Ryzen sponsors Victory Five League of Legends team in China |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Esports/Sections/Franchises/2022/09/AMD-Ryzen-Victory-Five-sponsorship-China.aspx |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.sportsbusinessjournal.com |language=en}}</ref> AMD was a sponsor of the Chinese [[Dota Pro Circuit]] together with [[Perfect World (company)|Perfect World]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Becomes a Sponsor of the Victory Five League of Legends Roster |url=https://egw.news/esports/news/19123/amd-becomes-a-sponsor-of-the-victory-five-league-o-GT3fVrKOk |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=egw.news}}</ref>

In February 2024, AMD was a Diamond sponsor for the World Artificial Intelligence Cannes Festival (WAICF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sponsors {{!}} World AI Cannes Festival 2024 |url=https://www.worldaicannes.com/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.worldaicannes.com |language=en}}</ref>

AMD was a Platinum sponsor for the HPE Discover 2024, an event hosted by [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] to showcase technology for government and business customers. The event was held from 17 to 20 June 2024 in Las Vegas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HPE Discover 2024 Sponsors |url=https://www.hpe.com/us/en/discover/sponsors/event-2024.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=hpe.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Kelly |title=HPE Discover 2024 news and conference guide {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/conference/HPE-Discover-news-and-conference-guide |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Storage |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|San Francisco Bay Area|United States}}
* [[3DNow!]]
* [[Cool'n'Quiet]]
* [[Bill Gaede]]
* [[List of AMD accelerated processing units]]
* [[List of AMD chipsets]]
* [[List of AMD graphics processing units]]
* [[List of AMD processors]]
* [[List of ATI chipsets]]
* [[PowerNow!]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Rodengen, Jeffrey L. (1998). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0945903219 ''The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices'']. Write Stuff.
* Ruiz, Hector (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=x01Ho5Y_dnoC ''Slingshot: AMD's Fight to Free an Industry from the Ruthless Grip of Intel'']. Greenleaf Book Group.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
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