Editing Aargau

{{short description|Canton of Switzerland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Canton of Aargau
| native_name        = {{native name|de|Kanton Aargau}}
| settlement_type    = [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]]
| image_flag         = Flag of Canton of Aargau.svg
| image_shield       = CHE Aargau COA.svg
| shield_size        = 80x80px
| shield_link        = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=6|type=shape|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=46.7|frame-long=8.25|frame-width=275|frame-height=175}}
| map_alt            = Map of Switzerland, location of Aargau highlighted
| map_caption        = Location in Switzerland
{{hidden |ta1 = left| border = 1px solid grey | header = Map of Aargau | content = <br />[[File:Karte Kanton Aargau 2010.png|250px]] }}
| coordinates        = {{coord|47|5|N|8|0|E|region:CH-AG|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Switzerland]]
| seat_type          = Capital and largest city
| seat               = [[Aarau]]
| parts_type         = Subdivisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = [[Municipalities of the canton of Aargau|198 municipalities]]
| p2                 = [[Districts of Switzerland#Aargau|11 districts]]
| leader_title       = [[President (government title)|President]]
| leader_name        = Dieter Egli
| leader_title2      = [[List of cantonal executives of Switzerland|Executive]]
| leader_name2       = Executive Council (5)
| leader_title3      = [[List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland|Legislative]]
| leader_name3       = [[Grand Council of Aargau|Grand Council]] (140)
| area_footnotes     = {{Swiss area data||QUELLE-KT}}
| area_total_km2     = {{Swiss area|AG|km=yes }}
| population_footnotes = {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AG }}
| population_total   = {{Swiss populations NC|CH-AG|CH-AG}}
| population_as_of   = {{Swiss populations data CH-AG|YM}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistik |first=Bundesamt für |date=2021-01-21 |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 {{!}} Tabelle |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Bundesamt für Statistik |language=de}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 43.590 billion (2020)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = CHF 63,177 (2020)
| iso_code           = CH-AG
| blank_name_sec1    = [[List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation|Highest point]]
| blank_info_sec1    = {{convert|908|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: [[Geissfluegrat]]
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation|Lowest point]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = {{convert|260|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: [[Rhine]] at [[Kaiseraugst]]
| blank_name_sec2    = [[History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons|Joined]]
| blank_info_sec2    = 1803
| blank1_name_sec2   = Languages
| blank1_info_sec2   = German
| website            = {{URL|http://www.AG.ch}}
| image_blank_emblem = Aargau.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Brandmark]]
| blank_emblem_size  = 120px
}}

'''Aargau''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|ɡ|aʊ}} {{respell|AR|gow}}; {{IPA|de|ˈaːrɡaʊ|lang|de-Aargau2.ogg}}), more formally<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ag.ch/en/verwaltung/dvi/wirtschaft_arbeit/aargau_services_neu/der_s|title=The Aargau location - your advantage|work=Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres, ag.ch.|access-date=2021-01-30}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the '''Canton of Aargau''' ({{langx|de|Kanton Aargau}}; {{langx|rm|Chantun Argovia}}; {{langx|fr|Canton d'Argovie}}; {{langx|it|Canton Argovia}}), is one of the [[Canton of Switzerland|26 cantons]] forming the [[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]]. It is composed of eleven districts and its capital is [[Aarau]].

Aargau is one of the most northerly cantons of Switzerland, by the lower course of the [[Aare]] River, which is why it is called ''Aar-[[Gau (country subdivision)|gau]]'' ("Aare province"). It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland.<ref name=Colliers>{{harvnb|Van Valkenburg|1997|p=3}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of the Canton of Aargau}}

===Early history===
{{further|Early history of Switzerland}}
The area of Aargau and the surrounding areas were controlled by the [[Helvetians]], a tribe of [[Celts]], as far back as 200&nbsp;BC.<ref name=oR/> It was eventually occupied by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] and then by the 6th century, the [[Franks]].<ref name=Cohen/> The Romans built a major settlement called [[Vindonissa]], near the present location of [[Brugg]].<ref name=oR>{{harvnb|Ogrizek|Rufenacht|1949|p=4}}</ref>

===Medieval Aargau===
{{See also|List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland#Aargau|Medieval Switzerland}}
[[File:Aarau Altstadt.jpg|thumb|left|Aarau]]
The reconstructed Old High German name of Aargau is ''Argowe'', first unambiguously attested (in the spelling ''Argue'') in 795. The term described a territory only loosely equivalent to that of the modern canton, including the region between Aare and [[Reuss (river)|Reuss]] rivers, including [[Pilatus (mountain)|Pilatus]] and [[Napf]], i.e. including parts of the modern cantons of Bern ([[Bernese Aargau]], [[Emmental]], parts of the [[Bernese Oberland]]), [[canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]], [[Basel-Landschaft]], [[canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Nidwalden]], but not the parts of the modern canton east of the Reuss ([[Baden District, Aargau|Baden District]]), which were part of [[Zürichgau]].

Within the [[Frankish Empire]] (8th to 10th centuries), the area was a disputed border region between the duchies of [[Alamannia]] and [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]].  A line of the von [[Wetterau]] ([[Conradines]]) intermittently held the countship of Aargau from 750 until about 1030, when they lost it (having in the meantime taken the name [[von]] [[Tegerfelden]]). This division became the ill-defined (and sparsely settled) outer border of the early [[Holy Roman Empire]] at its formation in the second half of the 10th century. Most of the region came under the control of the ducal [[house of Zähringen]] and the comital houses of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] and [[House of Kyburg|Kyburg]] by about 1200.

In the second half of the 13th century, the territory became divided between the territories claimed by the [[reichsfrei|imperial cities]] of [[Bern]], [[Lucerne]] and [[Solothurn]] and the Swiss canton of [[Unterwalden]]. The remaining portion, largely corresponding to the modern canton of Aargau, remained under the control of the Habsburgs until the "conquest of Aargau" by the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] in 1415.<ref>{{harvnb|Farbkarte|2002|p=283}}</ref> [[Habsburg Castle]] itself, the original seat of the House of Habsburg, was taken by Bern in April 1415.<ref>Peter Frey. "Die Habsburg. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen von 1994/95" in: ''Argovia, Jahresschrift der Historischen Gesellschaft des Kantons Aargau''  109 (1997),   p. 167.</ref> The Habsburgs had founded a number of monasteries (with some structures enduring, e.g., in [[Wettingen Abbey|Wettingen]] and [[Muri Abbey|Muri]]), the closing of which by the government in 1841 was a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Swiss civil war – the "[[Sonderbund War]]" – in 1847.

===Under the Swiss Confederation===
[[File:Historische Karte CH 1416.png|thumb|Switzerland in 1416, showing the part of the Aargau under Bernese control, the county of Baden and the Freie Ämter.]]
When [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV of Habsburg]] sided with [[Antipope John XXIII]] at the [[Council of Constance]], [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] placed him under the [[Imperial ban]].{{refn | group = nb | The Imperial Ban outlawed all possessions of that person or family, in this case the Habsburgs. Thereafter, the Habsburg lands were open to the taking.<ref name=Luck>{{harvnb|Luck|1985|p=98}}</ref>}} In July 1414, the Pope visited [[Bern]] and received assurances from them, that they would move against the Habsburgs.<ref name=Luck/> A few months later the [[Swiss Confederation]] denounced the [[Treaty of 1412]]. Shortly thereafter in 1415, [[Bern]] and the rest of the Swiss Confederation used the ban as a pretext to invade the Aargau. The Confederation was able to quickly conquer the towns of Aarau, Lenzburg, Brugg and Zofingen along with most of the Habsburg castles. [[Bern]] kept the southwest portion ([[Zofingen]], [[Aarburg]], [[Aarau]], [[Lenzburg]], and [[Brugg]]), northward to the confluence of the [[Aare (river)|Aare]] and [[Reuss (river)|Reuss]].<ref name=Luck/> The important city of [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]] was taken by a united Swiss army and governed by all 8 members of the Confederation.<ref name=Luck/> Some districts, named the ''[[Freie Ämter]]'' (''free bailiwicks'') – [[Mellingen]], [[Muri District|Muri]], [[Villmergen]], and [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]], with the [[County of Baden|countship of Baden]] – were governed as "subject lands" by all or some of the Confederates. Shortly after the conquest of the Aargau by the Swiss, [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick]] humbled himself to the Pope. The Pope reconciled with him and ordered all of the taken lands to be returned. The Swiss refused and years later after no serious attempts at re-acquisition, the Duke officially relinquished rights to the Swiss.<ref name=Luck1>{{harvnb|Luck|1985|p=88}}</ref>

===Unteraargau or Berner Aargau===
[[File:Berner Aargau.png|thumb|upright|Districts in Bernese controlled Unteraargau]]
Bern's portion of the Aargau came to be known as the [[Unteraargau]], though can also be called the Berner or Bernese Aargau. In 1514 Bern expanded north into the [[Canton of Jura|Jura]] and so came into possession of several strategically important mountain passes into the Austrian [[Fricktal]]. This land was added to the Unteraargau and was directly ruled from Bern. It was divided into seven rural [[bailiwick]]s and four administrative cities, Aarau, Zofingen, Lenzburg and Brugg. While the Habsburgs were driven out, many of their minor nobles were allowed to keep their lands and offices, though over time they lost power to the Bernese government. The bailiwick administration was based on a very small staff of officials, mostly made up of Bernese citizens, but with a few locals.<ref name=HDS_BA>{{harvnb|Sauerlände|2002}}</ref>

When Bern converted during the [[Protestant Reformation]] in 1528, the Unteraargau also converted. At the beginning of the 16th century a number of [[anabaptist]]s migrated into the upper Wynen and Rueder valleys from [[Zürich]]. Despite pressure from the Bernese authorities in the 16th and 17th centuries anabaptism never entirely disappeared from the Unteraargau.<ref name=HDS_BA/>

Bern used the Aargau bailiwicks mostly as a source of grain for the rest of the city-state. The administrative cities remained economically only of regional importance. However, in the 17th and 18th centuries Bern encouraged industrial development in Unteraargau and by the late 18th century it was the most industrialized region in the city-state. The high industrialization led to high population growth in the 18th century, for example between 1764 and 1798, the population grew by 35%, far more than in other parts of the canton. In 1870 the proportion of farmers in Aarau, Lenzburg, Kulm, and Zofingen districts was 34–40%, while in the other districts it was 46–57%.<ref name=HDS_BA/>

===Freie Ämter===
[[File:Landvogtei Freie Aemter.png|thumb|upright|Map of the Freie Ämter, including the 1712 line dividing the Upper and Lower Freie Ämter]]
The rest of the [[Freie Ämter]] were collectively administered as subject territories by the rest of the Confederation. Muri ''Amt'' was assigned to Zürich, Lucerne, [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]], [[Unterwalden]], [[Canton of Zug|Zug]] and [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]], while the ''Ämter'' of Meienberg, Richensee and [[Villmergen]] were first given to Lucerne alone. The final boundary was set in 1425 by an arbitration tribunal and Lucerne had to give the three ''Ämter'' to be collectively ruled.<ref name=HDS_FA>{{harvnb|Wohle|2006}}</ref> The four ''Ämter'' were then consolidated under a single Confederation [[bailiff]] into what was known in the 15th century as the ''Waggental'' Bailiwick ({{langx|de|link=no|[[Vogt]]ei im Waggental}}). In the 16th century, it came to be known as the ''Vogtei der Freien Ämter''. While the ''Freien Ämter'' often had independent lower courts, they were forced to accept the Confederation's sovereignty. Finally, in 1532, the canton of Uri became part of the collective administration of the Freien Ämter.<ref>{{harvnb|Gasser|Keller|1932|p=82}}</ref>

At the time of the Protestant Reformation, the majority of the Ämter converted to the new faith. In 1529, a wave of [[iconoclasm]] swept through the area and wiped away much of the old religion. After the defeat of Zürich in the second [[Battle of Kappel]] in 1531, the victorious five Catholic cantons marched their troops into the Freie Ämter and reconverted them to Catholicism.<ref name=HDS_FA/>

In the [[First War of Villmergen]], in 1656, and the [[Toggenburg War]] (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712, the Freie Ämter became the staging ground for the warring Reformed and Catholic armies. While the peace after the 1656 war did not change the status quo, the fourth Peace of Aarau in 1712 brought about a reorganization of power relations. The victory gave Zürich the opportunity to force the Catholic cantons out of the government in the [[county of Baden]] and the adjacent area of the Freie Ämter. The Freie Ämter were then divided in two by a line drawn from the gallows in [[Fahrwangen]] to the [[Oberlunkhofen]] church steeple. The northern part, the so-called Unteren Freie Ämter (lower Freie Ämter), which included the districts of Boswil (in part) and Hermetschwil and the Niederamt, were ruled by Zürich, Bern and Glarus. The southern part, the Oberen Freie Ämter (upper Freie Ämter), were ruled by the previous seven cantons but Bern was added to make an eighth.<ref name=HDS_FA/>

During the [[Helvetic Republic]] (1798–1803), the county of Baden, the Freie Ämter and the area known as the [[Kelleramt]] were combined into the [[canton of Baden]].

===County of Baden===
[[File:Grafschaft Baden.png|thumb|upright|County of Baden]]
The [[County of Baden]] was a shared [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] of the entire [[Old Swiss Confederacy]]. After the Confederacy conquest in 1415, they retained much of the Habsburg legal structure, which caused a number of problems. The local nobility had the right to hold the [[High, middle and low justice|low court]] in only about one fifth of the territory. There were over 30 different nobles who had the right to hold courts scattered around the surrounding lands. All these overlapping jurisdictions caused numerous conflicts, but gradually the Confederation was able to acquire these rights in the county. The cities of Baden, [[Bremgarten, Aargau|Bremgarten]] and [[Mellingen]] became the administrative centers and held the high courts. Together with the courts, the three administrative centers had considerable local autonomy, but were ruled by a governor who was appointed by the ''Acht Orte'' every two years. After the [[Swiss Reformed Church|Protestant]] victory at the [[Toggenburg War|Second Battle of Villmergen]], the administration of the County changed slightly. Instead of the ''Acht Orte'' appointing a bailiff together, Zürich and Bern each appointed the governor for 7 out of 16 years while [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]] appointed him for the remaining two years.<ref name=HDS_CB>{{harvnb|Steigmeier|2002}}</ref>

The chaotic legal structure and fragmented land ownership combined with a tradition of dividing the land among all the heirs in an inheritance prevented any large scale reforms. The governor tried in the 18th century to reform and standardize laws and ownership across the county, but with limited success. With an ever-changing administration, the County lacked a coherent long-term economic policy or support for reforms. By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small [[Cottage industry#Cottage industry|cottage industries]] along the border with Zürich. Road construction first became a priority after 1750, when Zürich and Bern began appointing a governor for seven years.<ref name=HDS_CB/>

During the Protestant Reformation, some of the municipalities converted to the new faith. However, starting in 1531, some of the old parishes were [[Counter-Reformation|converted back to the old faith]]. The governors were appointed from both Catholic and Protestant cantons and since they changed every two years, neither faith gained a majority in the county.<ref name=HDS_CB/>

After the French invasion, on 19 March 1798, the governments of Zürich and Bern agreed to the creation of the short lived [[canton of Baden]] in the [[Helvetic Republic]]. With the [[Act of Mediation]] in 1803, the canton of Baden was dissolved. Portions of the lands of the former County of Baden now became the District of Baden in the newly created canton of Aargau. After World War II, this formerly agrarian region saw striking growth and became the district with the largest and densest population in the canton (110,000 in 1990, 715 persons per km<sup>2</sup>).<ref name=HDS_CB/>

===Forming the canton of Aargau===
[[File:Karte Helvetik 3.png|thumb|Helvetic Republic {{Circa|1798}}/99, with the newly created cantons of Aargau and Baden]]
[[File:Karte Mediation.png|thumb|Swiss Confederation following the 1803 Act of Mediation, with the modern canton of Aargau formed]]
The contemporary canton of Aargau was formed in 1803, a canton of the [[Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)|Swiss Confederation]] as a result of the [[Act of Mediation]]. It was a combination of three short-lived cantons of the [[Helvetic Republic]]: Aargau (1798–1803), Baden (1798–1803) and Fricktal (1802–1803). Its creation is therefore rooted in the [[Switzerland in the Napoleonic era|Napoleonic era]]. In the year 2003, the canton of Aargau celebrated its 200th anniversary.

French forces occupied the Aargau from 10 March to 18 April 1798; thereafter the Bernese portion became the canton of Aargau and the remainder formed the [[canton of Baden]]. Aborted plans to merge the two halves came in 1801 and 1802, and they were eventually united under the name Aargau,<ref name=Colliers/><ref>{{harvnb|Bridgwater|Aldrich|1968|p=11}}</ref> which was then admitted as a full member of the reconstituted Confederation following the Act of Mediation. Some parts of the canton of Baden at this point were transferred to other cantons: the ''Amt'' of [[Hitzkirch]] to Lucerne, whilst [[Hüttikon]], [[Oetwil an der Limmat]], [[Dietikon]] and [[Schlieren, Zürich|Schlieren]] went to Zürich. In return, Lucerne's ''Amt'' of [[Merenschwand]] was transferred to Aargau (district of Muri).

The [[Fricktal]], ceded in 1802 by [[Austria]] via Napoleonic France to the Helvetic Republic, was briefly a separate canton of the Helvetic Republic (the [[canton of Fricktal]]) under a ''[[Statthalter]]'' ('Lieutenant'), but on 19 March 1803 (following the Act of Mediation) was incorporated into the canton of Aargau.

The former cantons of Baden and Fricktal can still be identified with the contemporary [[Districts of Switzerland#Aargau|districts]] – the [[canton of Baden]] is covered by the districts of Zurzach, Baden, Bremgarten, and Muri (albeit with the gains and losses of 1803 detailed above); the [[canton of Fricktal]] by the districts of Rheinfelden and Laufenburg (except for [[Hottwil]] which was transferred to that district in 2010).

===Chief magistracy===
The chief magistracy of Aargau changed its style repeatedly:
* first two consecutive ''[[Regierungsstatthalter]]'' :
** April 1798 – November 1801 Jakob Emmanuel Feer (1754–1833)
** 1802–1803 Johann Heinrich Rothpletz (1766–1833)
* Presidents of the Government Commission
** 10 March 1803 – 26 April 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder (1753–1807)
** 26 April 1803 – 1815 a 'Small Council' (president rotating monthly)
* annual ''[[Amtsbürgermeister]]'' 1815–1831
* annual ''[[Landammänner]]'' since 1815

===Jewish history in Aargau===
[[File:Lengau AG 5644.jpg|thumb|upright|Two separate doors (one for Jews and one for Christians) on a house in Lengnau]]
[[File:Synagoge Lengnau.jpg|thumb|18th century etching of the synagogue in Lengnau. In the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]]’s collection. ]]
In the 17th century, Aargau was the only federal condominium where Jews were tolerated. In 1774, they were restricted to just two towns, [[Endingen, Switzerland|Endingen]] and [[Lengnau, Aargau|Lengnau]]. While the rural upper class pressed incessantly for the expulsion the Jews, the financial interests of the authorities prevented it. They imposed special taxes on peddling and cattle trading, the primary Jewish professions. The Protestant occupiers also enjoyed the discomfort of the local Catholics by the presence of the Jewish community.<ref name="E+L">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-oldest-jewish-community-in-switzerland-is-disappearing-but-not-without-a-fight-1.6554118|title=Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight|author=Ariel David|newspaper=Haaretz|date=2018-10-14}}</ref> The Jews were directly subordinate to the governor; from 1696, they were compelled to renew a letter of protection from him every 16 years.<ref name=HDS_CB/>

During this period, Jews and Christians were not allowed to live under the same roof, neither were Jews allowed to own land or houses. They were taxed at a much higher rate than others and, in 1712, the Lengnau community was "pillaged."<ref name=is/> In 1760, they were further restricted regarding marriages and procreation. An exorbitant tax was levied on marriage licenses; oftentimes, they were outright refused.<ref name="E+L"/> This remained the case until the 19th century. In 1799, the [[Helvetic republic]] abolished all special tolls, and, in 1802, removed the poll tax.<ref name=is/>  On 5 May 1809, they were declared citizens and given broad rights regarding trade and farming. They were still restricted to Endingen and Lengnau until 7 May 1846, when their right to move and reside freely within the canton of Aargau was granted. On 24 September 1856, the [[Swiss Federal Council]] granted them full political rights within Aargau, as well as broad business rights; however the majority Christian population did not fully abide by these new liberal laws. The time of 1860 saw the canton government voting to grant suffrage in all local rights and to give their communities autonomy. Before the law was enacted, it was however repealed due to vocal opposition led by the [[Ultramontanism|Ultramonte Party]].<ref name=is/> Finally, the federal authorities in July 1863, granted all Jews full rights of citizens. However, they did not receive all of the rights in Endingen and Lengnau until a resolution of the [[Grand Council of Aargau|Grand Council]], on 15 May 1877, granted citizens' rights to the members of the Jewish communities of those places, giving them charters under the names of New Endingen and New Lengnau.<ref name=is>{{harvnb|Kayserling|1906|pp=1–2}}</ref> The ''Swiss Jewish Kulturverein'' was instrumental in this fight from its founding in 1862 until it was dissolved 20 years later.<ref name=is/> During this period of diminished rights, they were not even allowed to bury their dead in Swiss soil and had to bury their dead on an island called ''[[Judenäule]]'' (Jews' Isle) on the [[Rhine]] near [[Waldshut-Tiengen|Waldshut]].<ref name=is/> Beginning in 1603, the deceased Jews of the [[Surbtal]] communities were buried on the river island which was leased by the Jewish community. As the island was repeatedly flooded and devastated, in 1750 the [[Surbtal Jews]] asked the ''[[Tagsatzung]]'' to establish the [[Jüdischer Friedhof Endingen|Endingen cemetery]] in the vicinity of their communities.<ref name="hds-judenäule">{{cite web |last=Steigmeier |first=Andreas |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D13087.php|title=Judenäule|publisher=HDS|language=de|date=2008-02-04|access-date=2015-12-17}}</ref><ref name="judaica">{{cite web |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/endingen_lengnau_friedhof.htm|title=Jüdischer Friedhof Endingen / Lengau (Kanton Aargau / CH)|publisher=alemannia-judaica.de|language=de|access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Bözberg Lägernblick 8054.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Lägern]] from [[Bözberg]]]]
The capital of the canton is [[Aarau]], which is located on its western border, on the [[Aare (river)|Aare]]. The canton borders [[Germany]] ([[Baden-Württemberg]]) to the north, the Rhine forming the border. To the west lie the Swiss cantons of [[Basel-Landschaft]], [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]] and [[Canton of Bern|Bern]]; the [[canton of Lucerne]] lies south, and [[Canton of Zürich|Zürich]] and [[Canton of Zug|Zug]] to the east. Its total area is {{convert|1404|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}. Besides the Rhine, it contains two large rivers, the [[Aare (river)|Aare]] and the [[Reuss (river)|Reuss]].<ref name=Cohen>{{harvnb|Cohen|1998|p=1}}</ref>

The canton of Aargau is one of the least mountainous Swiss cantons, forming part of a [[Swiss Plateau|great table-land]], to the north of the [[Swiss Alps|Alps]] and the east of the [[Jura mountains|Jura]], above which rise low hills. The surface of the country is diversified with undulating tracts and well-wooded hills, alternating with fertile valleys watered mainly by the Aare and its tributaries.<ref name="eb"/> The valleys alternate with hills, many of which are wooded. Slightly over one-third of the canton is wooded ({{convert|518|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}), while nearly half is used from farming ({{convert|635.7|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}). {{convert|33.5|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} or about 2.4% of the canton is considered unproductive, mostly lakes (notably [[Lake Hallwil]]) and streams. With a population density of 450/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi), the canton has a relatively high amount of land used for human development, with {{convert|216.7|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} or about 15% of the canton developed for housing or transportation.<ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2006}}</ref>

It contains the hot sulphur springs of [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]] and [[Schinznach-Bad]], while at [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]] there are very extensive saline springs. Just below [[Brugg]] the [[Reuss (river)|Reuss]] and the [[Limmat]] join the Aar, while around Brugg are the ruined castle of [[Habsburg]], the old convent of [[Königsfelden Abbey|Königsfelden]] (with fine painted medieval glass) and the remains of the [[ancient Rome|Roman]] settlement of [[Vindonissa]] ([[Windisch, Switzerland|Windisch]]).

[[Fahr Monastery]] forms a small [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] of the canton, otherwise surrounded by the [[canton of Zürich]], and since 2008 is part of the Aargau municipality of [[Würenlos]].

==Political subdivisions==
===Districts===
{{See also|Districts of Switzerland}}
[[File:Karte Kanton Aargau Bezirke 2010.png|thumb|Districts in Aargau]]
Aargau is divided into 11 districts:
*[[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] with capital [[Aarau]]
*[[Baden (district, Aargau)|Baden]] with capital [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]]
*[[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] with capital [[Bremgarten AG|Bremgarten]]
*[[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] with capital [[Brugg, Switzerland|Brugg]]
*[[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] with capital [[Unterkulm]]
*[[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] with capital [[Laufenburg, Switzerland|Laufenburg]]
*[[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] with capital [[Lenzburg]]
*[[Muri (district)|Muri]] with capital [[Muri, Aargau|Muri]]
*[[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] with capital [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]]
*[[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] with capital [[Zofingen]]
*[[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] with capital [[Zurzach]]

The most recent change in district boundaries occurred in 2010 when [[Hottwil]] transferred from Brugg to Laufenburg, following its merger with other municipalities, all of which were in Laufenburg.

===Municipalities===
{{main|Municipalities of the canton of Aargau|Municipalities of Switzerland}}
There are (as of 2014) 213 municipalities in the canton of Aargau. As with most Swiss cantons there has been a trend since the early 2000s for municipalities to merge, though mergers in Aargau have so far been less radical than in other cantons.

==Coat of arms==
The [[blazon]] of the [[coat of arms]] is ''Per pale, dexter: sable, a fess wavy argent, charged with two cotises wavy azure; sinister: sky blue, three mullets of five argent.''<ref>{{harvnb|Heimer|2000}}</ref>

The flag and arms of the canton of Aargau date to 1803 and are an original design by Samuel Ringier-Seelmatter; the current official design, specifying the stars as five-pointed, dates to 1930.

==Demographics==
Aargau has a population ({{as of|{{Swiss populations YM|CH-AG}}|lc=on}}) of {{Swiss populations|CH-AG|CH-AG}}.{{Swiss populations ref|CH-AG}}  {{as of|2010}}, 21.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 11%. Migration accounted for 8.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.8%.<ref name=SFSO>{{harvnb|Swiss Federal Statistical Office|2013}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2013}}</ref> Most of the population ({{as of|2000|lc=on}}) speaks [[German language|German]] (477,093 or 87.1%) as their first language, [[Italian language|Italian]] is the second most common (17,847 or 3.3%) and [[Serbo-Croatian]] is the third (10,645 or 1.9%). There are 4,151 people who speak French and 618 people who speak [[Romansh language|Romansh]].<ref name=STAT2000/>

Of the population in the canton, 146,421 or about 26.7% were born in Aargau and lived there in 2000. There were 140,768 or 25.7% who were born in the same canton, while 136,865 or 25.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 107,396 or 19.6% were born outside of Switzerland.<ref name=STAT2000/>

{{as of|2000}}, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.4%.<ref name=SFSO/>

{{as of|2000}}, there were 227,656 people who were single and never married in the canton. There were 264,939 married individuals, 27,603 widows or widowers and 27,295 individuals who are divorced.<ref name=STAT2000>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2000}}</ref>

{{as of|2000}}, there were 224,128 private households in the canton, and an average of 2.4 persons per household.<ref name=SFSO/> There were 69,062 households that consist of only one person and 16,254 households with five or more people. {{as of|2009}}, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.5 new units per 1000 residents.<ref name=SFSO/> The vacancy rate for the canton, {{as of|2010|alt=in 2010}}, was 1.54%.<ref name=SFSO/>

The majority of the population is centered on one of three areas: the [[Aare Valley]], the side branches of the Aare Valley, or along the [[Rhine (river)|Rhine]].<ref name=Colliers/>

==Historic population==
The historical population is given in the following chart:<ref name=HDS>{{harvnb|Steigmeier|2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2011}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2011a}}</ref>
<timeline>
Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.8)
ImageSize  = width:800 height:500
PlotArea   = top:10 left: 100 bottom:90 right:100
Legend     = columns:3 left:220 top:70 columnwidth:160
AlignBars  = justify
DateFormat = x.y
Period     = from:0 till:550000
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
AlignBars  = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:110000 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:22000 start:0
Colors=
 id:TO     value:yellowgreen      legend:Total
 id:GE     value:teal      legend:German_Speaking
 id:IT     value:green      legend:Italian_Speaking
 id:PR     value:lightpurple      legend:Protestant
 id:CA     value:oceanblue      legend:Catholic
 id:SW     value:red      legend:Swiss
PlotData=
  color:yellowgreen width:60   mark:(line,white) align:center
  bar:1850 from:start till:199852 text:"199,852" color:TO
  bar:1900 from:start till:206498 text:"206,498" color:TO
  bar:1950 from:start till:300782 text:"300,782" color:TO
  bar:1990 from:start till:507508 text:"507,508" color:TO
  bar:2000 from:start till:547493 text:"547,493" color:TO
LineData =
  points:(260,238)(400,302)  color:GE
  points:(400,302)(540,406)  color:GE
  points:(540,406)(680,437)  color:GE
  points:(260,92)(400,94)  color:IT
  points:(400,94)(540,108)  color:IT
  points:(540,108)(680,103)  color:IT
  points:(120,168)(260,173)  color:PR
  points:(260,173)(400,215)  color:PR
  points:(400,215)(540,249)  color:PR
  points:(540,249)(680,238)  color:PR
  points:(120,156)(260,156)  color:CA
  points:(260,156)(400,179)  color:CA
  points:(400,179)(540,254)  color:CA
  points:(540,254)(680,250)  color:CA
  points:(120,233)(260,233)  color:SW
  points:(260,233)(400,301)  color:SW
  points:(400,301)(540,396)  color:SW
</timeline>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="12" | Historic Population Data<ref name=HDS/>
|-
! Year
! Total Population
! German Speaking
! Italian Speaking
! Protestant
! Catholic
! Christian Catholic
! Jewish
! Other
! No religion given
! Swiss
! Non-Swiss
|-
! scope="row" | 1850
| align="center" | 199,852 || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |107,194 || align="center" |91,096 || align="center" | || align="center" |1,562 || align="center" |79 || align="center" | || align="center" |196,890 || align="center" |2,962
|-
! scope="row" | 1900
| align="center" | 206,498 || align="center" |203,071 || align="center" |2,415 || align="center" |114,176 || align="center" |91,039 || align="center" | || align="center" |990 || align="center" |293 || align="center" | || align="center" |196,455 || align="center" |10,043
|-
! scope="row" | 1950
| align="center" | 300,782 || align="center" |291,101 || align="center" |5,335 || align="center" |171,296 || align="center" |122,172 || align="center" |5,096 || align="center" |496 || align="center" |1,722 || align="center" | || align="center" |290,049 || align="center" |10,733
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| align="center" | 507,508 || align="center" |435,103 || align="center" |24,758 || align="center" |218,379 || align="center" |224,836 || align="center" |3,676 || align="center" |405 || align="center" |29,736 || align="center" |30,476 || align="center" |420,616 || align="center" |86,892
|-
! scope = "row" | 1993<ref name=Cohen/>
| align = "center" | 512,000
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
| align="center" | 547,493 || align="center" |477,093 || align="center" |17,847 || align="center" |203,949 || align="center" |219,800 || align="center" |3,418 || align="center" |342 || align="center" |20,816 || align="center" |57,573 || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
|}

==Politics==
In the 2011 [[2011 Swiss federal election|federal election]], the most popular party was the [[Swiss People's Party|SVP]] which received 34.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|SP/PS]] (18.0%), the [[FDP.The Liberals|FDP]] (11.5%) and the [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland|CVP]] (10.6%).<ref>{{harvnb|Heer|2013}}</ref>

The SVP received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the [[2007 Swiss federal election|2007 Federal election]] (36.2% in 2007 vs 34.7% in 2011). The SPS retained about the same popularity (17.9% in 2007), the FDP retained about the same popularity (13.6% in 2007) and the CVP retained about the same popularity (13.5% in 2007).<ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2013}}</ref>

===Federal election results===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style ="text-align: center"
|-
! colspan="17"| Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] Elections 1971-2023<ref>{{cite report |title=Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) |publisher=Swiss Federal Statistical Office |date=2015 |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |access-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |archive-date=2 August 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party !! class="unsortable" | Ideology !! 1971 !! 1975 !! 1979 !! 1983 !! 1987 !! 1991 !! 1995 !! 1999 !! 2003 !! 2007 !! 2011 !! 2015 !! 2019 !! 2023
|-
! [[Swiss People's Party|SVP/UDC]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Swiss People's Party}}"| || [[Swiss nationalism]] || 12.5 || 12.8 || 13.9 || 14.1 || 15.7 || 17.9 || 19.8 || 31.8 || 34.6 || 36.2 || 34.7 || 38.0 || 31.5 || 35.5 
|-
! [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|SP/PS]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Social democracy]] || 23.9 || 24.2 || 27.6 || 27.5 || 18.5 || 17.4 || 19.4 || 18.7 || 21.2 || 17.9 || 18.0 || 16.1 || 16.5 || 16.4 
|-
! [[FDP.The Liberals]]{{ref|a|a}}
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|FDP.The Liberals}}"| || [[Classical liberalism]] || 15.9 || 17.7 || 20.5 || 20.2 || 20.3 || 16.4 || 15.8 || 17.2 || 15.3 || 13.6 || 11.5 || 15.1 || 13.6 || 13.1 
|-
! [[The Centre (political party)|The Centre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian democracy]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 12.0 
|-
! [[Green Liberal Party of Switzerland|GLP/PVL]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Liberal Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Green liberalism]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 5.7 || 5.2 || 8.5 || 8.5 
|-
! [[Green Party of Switzerland|GPS/PES]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Green politics]] || * || * || * || * || * || 6.8 || 5.3 || 4.4 || 5.1 || 8.1 || 7.3 || 5.5 || 9.8 || 7.1  
|-
! [[Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland|EVP/PEV]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian democracy]] || 3.8 || 4.6 || 5.0 || 5.0 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 3.0 || 3.8 || 5.2 || 4.2 || 3.2 || 3.3 || 3.6 || 4.5 
|-
! [[Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland|EDU/UDF]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian right]] || * || * || * || * || 1.0 || 1.4 || 1.3 || 1.4 || * || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 1.0 || 1.0 
|-
! [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland|CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|The Centre (political party)}}"| || [[Christian democracy]] || 20.0 || 20.6 || 22.5 || 21.5 || 18.9 || 14.5 || 14.2 || 16.3 || 15.6 || 13.5 || 10.6 || 8.6 || 9.9 || * {{ref|d|d}}
|-
! [[Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland|BDP/PBD]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Conservatism]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 6.1 || 5.1 || 3.1 || * {{ref|d|d}}
|-
! [[Swiss Democrats|SD/DS]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Swiss Democrats}}"| || [[National conservatism]] || 3.4 || 3.5 || 1.6 || 4.0 || 4.5 || 4.5 || 4.5 || 2.7 || 1.4 || 0.7 || 0.4 || * || * || * 
|-
! [[Freedom Party of Switzerland|FPS/PSL]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Freedom Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Right-wing populism]] || * || * || * || * || 5.3 || 13.2 || 11.3 || 1.4 || 0.2 || * || * || * || * || *
|-
! FGA
| || [[Feminist political theory|Feminist]] || * || * || * || * || 6.9 || * {{ref|c|c}} || 0.1 || * || 0.8 || * || * || * || * || * 
|-
! [[Alliance of Independents|Ring of Independents]]
| || [[Social liberalism]] || 9.4 || 6.6 || 5.5 || 5.9 || 4.7 || 4.3 || 3.3 || 2.0 || * {{ref|b|b}} || * || * || * || * || * 
|-
! [[Republican Movement (Switzerland)|Rep.]]
| || [[Right-wing populism]] || 5.8 || 6.5 || 2.1 || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * 
|-
! [[Progressive Organizations of Switzerland|POCH]]
| || [[Progressivism]] || * || 0.6 || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * 
|-
! Other
| || || 5.2 || 2.9 || 1.1 || 1.8 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 1.1 || 0.1 || 0.4 || 4.7 || 1.3 || 2.0 || 2.5 || 1.9 
|-
! Voter participation % || || || 62.5 || 50.7 || 45.6 || 44.9 || 43.1 || 42.3 || 42.1 || 42.0 || 42.3 || 47.9 || 48.5 || 48.3 || ||  
|-
|}
:{{note|a|a}} FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009
:{{note|b|b}} "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
:{{note|c|c}} Part of the GPS
:{{note|d|d}} CVP and BDP merged to form The Centre party.

== Cantonal politics ==
The Grand Council of the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of Aargau is called [[Grand Council of Aargau|Grosser Rat]]. It is the [[legislature]] of the canton, has 140 seats, with members elected every four years.

==Religion==
[[File:Katholische Stadtkirche mit Sebastianskapelle und Stadtturm II.JPG|thumb|Catholic City Church in Baden, Aargau]]
From the {{as of|2000|alt=2000 census}}, 219,800 or 40.1% were [[Roman Catholic]], while 189,606 or 34.6% belonged to the [[Swiss Reformed Church]]. Of the rest of the population, there were 11,523 members of an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] church (or about 2.10% of the population), there were 3,418 individuals (or about 0.62% of the population) who belonged to the [[Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland|Christian Catholic Church]], and there were 29,580 individuals (or about 5.40% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 342 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who were [[Jewish]], and 30,072 (or about 5.49% of the population) who were [[Islam|Muslim]]. There were 1,463 individuals who were [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], 2,089 individuals who were [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and 495 individuals who belonged to another church. 57,573 (or about 10.52% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or [[Atheism|atheist]], and 15,875 individuals (or about 2.90% of the population) did not answer the question.<ref name=STAT2000/>

==Education==
In Aargau about 212,069 or (38.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory [[Education in Switzerland#Secondary|upper secondary education]], and 70,896 or (12.9%) have completed additional higher education (either [[List of universities in Switzerland|university]] or a ''[[Fachhochschule]]''). Of the 70,896 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.6% were Swiss men, 20.9% were Swiss women, 10.4% were non-Swiss men and 5.2% were non-Swiss women.<ref name=STAT2000/>

==Economy==
[[File:Leibstadt und AKW Leibstadt.jpg|thumb|[[Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant]]]]

{{as of|2010|In 2010}}, Aargau had an unemployment rate of 3.6%. {{as of|2008}}, there were 11,436 people employed in the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary economic sector]] and about 3,927 businesses involved in this sector. 95,844 people were employed in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] and there were 6,055 businesses in this sector. 177,782 people were employed in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]], with 21,530 businesses in this sector.<ref name=SFSO/>

{{as of|2008|alt=In 2008}} the total number of [[full-time equivalent]] jobs was 238,225. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 7,167, of which 6,731 were in agriculture, 418 were in forestry or lumber production and 18 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 90,274 of which 64,089 or (71.0%) were in manufacturing, 366 or (0.4%) were in mining and 21,705 (24.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 140,784. In the tertiary sector; 38,793 or 27.6% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 13,624 or 9.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 8,150 or 5.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5,164 or 3.7% were in the information industry, 5,946 or 4.2% were the insurance or financial industry, 14,831 or 10.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 10,951 or 7.8% were in education and 21,952 or 15.6% were in health care.<ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2013a}}</ref>

Of the working population, 19.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.3% used a private car.<ref name=SFSO/> Public transportation – bus and train – is provided by [[Busbetrieb Aarau AG]].

The farmland of the canton of Aargau is some of the most fertile in Switzerland. [[Dairy farming]], cereal and fruit farming are among the canton's main economic activities.<ref name=Cohen/> The canton is also industrially developed, particularly in the fields of [[electrical engineering]], precision instruments, iron, steel, cement and [[textiles]].<ref name=Cohen/>

Three of Switzerland's five nuclear power plants are in the canton of Aargau (Beznau I + II and Leibstadt). Additionally, the many rivers supply enough water for numerous hydroelectric power plants throughout the canton. The canton of Aargau is often called "the energy canton".

A significant number of people commute into the financial center of the city of [[Zürich]], which is just across the cantonal border. As such the per capita cantonal income (in 2005) is 49,209 [[Swiss Franc|CHF]].<ref>{{harvnb|Federal Department of Statistics|2013b}} {{full citation needed|date=November 2013}}</ref>

Tourism is significant, particularly for the hot springs at [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]] and [[Schinznach-Bad]], the ancient castles, the landscape, and the many old museums in the canton.<ref name="eb">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=4}}</ref> Hillwalking is another tourist attraction but is of only limited significance.

==See also==
* [[Aargauer Zeitung]]
* [[FC Aarau]]
* [[Grand Prix of Aargau Canton]], bicycle race

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | year = 1998 | title = Aargau | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-231-11040-5 }}
* {{cite book| last = Farbkarte | first = S. | editor1-last = Neuenschwander | editor1-first = Eva Meret | editor2-last = Schneider | editor2-first = Jürg | title = Schweiz mit Liechtenstein | trans-title = Switzerland with Liechtenstein | language = de | publisher = Reise Know-how Verlag | location = Bielefeld, Germany | isbn = 3-8317-1064-3 | year = 2002 }}
* {{cite web | author = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien nach Kanton | trans-title = Election 2007: strength of the parties to Canton | year = 2013 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.Document.110671.xls | access-date = 19 November 2013 | format = Excel | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130929170659/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.Document.110671.xls | archive-date = 29 September 2013 | url-status = dead }}
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* {{cite web | author = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren Religionen | trans-title = Languages, religions – Data, indicators religions | year = 2011 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | access-date = 19 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229131401/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | archive-date = 29 December 2008 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}
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* {{cite web|author=Federal Department of Statistics |title=Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten |trans-title=Land Use Statistics – Canton data after 15 uses |year=2006 |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html |format=Excel |access-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725063713/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html |archive-date=25 July 2009 }}
* {{cite web|author=Federal Department of Statistics |title=STAT-TAB: Die interaktive Statistikdatenbank |trans-title=STAT-TAB: The interactive statistical database |year=2000 |url=http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Gasser | first1 = Adolf | last2 = Keller | first2 = Ernst | title = Die territoriale Entwicklung der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft 1291–1797 | trans-title = The territorial development of the Swiss Confederation, 1291–1797 | publisher = Sauerländer | year = 1932 | location = Aarau | language = de }}
* {{cite web | last = Heer | first = Oliver | year = 2013 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/news/01.Document.137072.xls | title = Eingereichte Listen bei den Nationalratswahlen 1971 – 2011, nach Parteien | trans-title = Submitted lists for the National Council elections 1971 – 2011, after parties | access-date = 19 November 2013 | format = Excel | publisher = Federal Office of Statistics | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220055311/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/news/01.Document.137072.xls | archive-date = 20 December 2013 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | last = Heimer | first = Željko | url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ch-ag.html | website = Flags of the World.com | access-date = 19 November 2013 | year = 2000 | title = Aargau canton (Switzerland) }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Aargau | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. | volume = I: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kayserling | first = Moritz | editor-last = Singer | editor-first = Isidore | url = http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=3&letter=A | title = Aargau | year = 1906 | encyclopedia = The Jewish Encyclopedia | publisher = KTAV Publishing House Inc. | location = New York, NY }}
* {{cite book | last = Luck | first = James Murray | title = A History of Switzerland: The First 100,000 years: Before the Beginnings to the days of the Present | year = 1985 | publisher = Sposs Inc. | location = Palo Alto, CA | isbn = 0-930664-06-X | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofswitzer00luck }}
* {{cite book | editor1-last = Ogrizek | editor1-first = Doré | editor2-last = Rufenacht | editor2-first = J. G. | title = Switzerland | year = 1949 | publisher = Whittlesey House | location = New York, NY | series = World in Color Series | asin = B0027ESLB2 }}
* {{wikicite | reference = {{HDS|29288|Berner Aargau|author=Sauerlände, Dominik (2002)}} | ref = {{harvid|Sauerlände|2002}} }}
* {{wikicite | reference = {{HDS|7392| Aargau|author=Steigmeier, Andreas (2010)}} | ref = {{harvid | Steigmeier | 2010 }} }}
* {{wikicite | reference = {{HDS|8296|Baden (AG), County|author=Steigmeier, Andreas (2002)}} | ref = {{harvid | Steigmeier | 2002 }} }}
* {{cite web | author = Swiss Federal Statistical Office | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html | title = Swiss Statistics Web site | year = 2013 | access-date = 26 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120115203755/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html | archive-date = 15 January 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Van Valkenburg | first1 = Samuel | editor-last = Johnston | editor-first = Bernard | encyclopedia = Collier's Encyclopedia | title = Aargau | edition = 1st | year = 1997 | publisher = P.F. Collier | volume = I: A to Ameland | location = New York, NY }}
* {{wikicite | reference = {{HDS|8298|Freie Ämter|author=Wohle, Anton (2006)}} | ref = {{harvid | Wohle | 2006}} }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{HDS|7392}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131115014012/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/ag/key.html Official statistics] (archived 15 November 2013)
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Aargau |volume= I | page=3 |short=1}}
**{{Cite Nuttall|title=Aargau |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Aargau |volume= I | page=3|short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Aargau |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Cantons of Switzerland}}
{{Switzerland topics}}
{{Portal bar|Switzerland}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aargau| ]]
[[Category:Cantons of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Cantons of the Helvetic Republic]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in Switzerland]]