Editing Abbas II of Egypt

{{short description|Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1874–1944) (r. 1892–1914)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name            =Abbas Hilmi II
|succession      =[[Khedive]] of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]]
|image           = His Highness Abbas Hilmy II.png
|caption         = Abbas Hilmi II in 1909
|reign           = 8 January 1892&nbsp;– 19(20)(21) December 1914
|predecessor     =[[Tewfik Pasha|Tewfik I]]
|successor       =[[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]] (as Sultan of Egypt)
|spouse          ={{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Ikbal Hanim]]|1895|1910|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Javidan Hanim]]|1910|1913|end=divorced}}}}
|issue           =Princess Emine Hilmi<br/>Princess Atiye Hilmi<br/>Princess Fethiye Hilmi<br/>[[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]]<br/>Princess Lutfiya Shavkat<br/>Prince Muhammed Abdel Kader
|house         =[[Muhammad Ali dynasty|Alawiyya]]
|father          =[[Tewfik Pasha|Tewfik I of Egypt]]
|mother          =[[Emina Ilhamy|Emina of Ilhamy]]
|birth_date      ={{birth date text|14 July 1874}}
|birth_place     =[[Alexandria]], [[Khedivate of Egypt]]<ref>{{harvnb|Rockwood|2007|p=2}}</ref>
|death_date      ={{Death date and age|1944|12|19|1874|7|14|df=y}}
|death_place     =[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
|burial_place    =[[Qubbat Afandina]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
|religion        =[[Sunni Islam]]
|}}

'''Abbas Helmy II''' (also known as ''ʿAbbās Ḥilmī [[Pāshā]]'', {{langx|ar|عباس حلمي باشا}}; 14 July 1874&nbsp;– 19 December 1944) was the last [[Khedive]] of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]], ruling from 8{{Spaces}}January 1892 to 19 December 1914.<ref>{{harvnb|Thorne|1984|p=1}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=death|Sources give different dates for the deposition of Abbas. Some state that date as 20 or 21 December 1914.<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|pp=8–9}}</ref>}} In 1914, after the [[Ottoman Empire]] joined the [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]], the nationalist Khedive was removed by the British, then ruling Egypt, in favour of his more pro-British uncle, [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]], marking the ''[[de jure]]'' end of Egypt's [[Ottoman Egypt|four-century era]] as a province of the Ottoman Empire, which [[Ottoman conquest of Egypt|had begun in 1517]].

==Early life==

Abbas II (full name: Abbas Hilmy), the great-great-grandson of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], was born in [[Alexandria]], Egypt on 14 July 1874.<ref name=rulers>{{harvnb|Schemmel|2014}}</ref> In 1887 he was ceremonially [[Khitan (circumcision)|circumcised]] together with his younger brother [[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]]. The festivities lasted for three weeks and were carried out with great pomp. As a boy he visited the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and he had a number of British tutors in Cairo including a governess who taught him English.<ref name=eb1911>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911|p=10}}</ref> In a profile of Abbas II, the boys' annual, ''Chums'', gave a lengthy account of his education.{{sfn|Pemberton|1897|loc=Abbas II}} His father established a small school near the [[Abdin Palace]] in [[Cairo]] where European, Arab and Ottoman masters taught Abbas and his brother Mohammed Ali Tewfik. An American officer in the Egyptian army took charge of his military training. He attended school at [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]];<ref name=Colliers>{{harvnb|Vucinich|1997|p=7}}</ref> then, at the age of twelve, he was sent to the Haxius School in [[Geneva]],{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}<!--Probably in Chums (Pemberton) but needs checking as EB1911 does not mention Abdin Palace and places his Swiss school in Lausanne--> in preparation for his entry into the [[Theresianum]] in [[Vienna]]. In addition to [[Arabic]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]], he had good conversational knowledge of English, French and German.<ref name=eb1911/><ref name=Colliers/>

==Reign==

Abbas II succeeded his father, [[Tewfik Pasha]], as [[Khedive]] of Egypt and Sudan on 8 January 1892.  He was still in college in [[Vienna]] when he assumed the throne of the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] upon the sudden death of his father. He was barely of age according to Egyptian law; normally eighteen in cases of succession to the throne.<ref name=eb1911/> For some time he did not willingly cooperate with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], whose army had [[Anglo-Egyptian War|occupied Egypt in 1882]].<ref name=EB/> As he was young and eager to exercise his new power, he resented the interference of the British Agent and Consul General in Cairo, [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Sir Evelyn Baring]], later created the [[Earl of Cromer]].<ref name=Colliers/> Lord Cromer initially supported Abbas but the new Khedive's nationalist agenda and association with the [[National Party (Egypt)|anti-colonial nationalist movements in Egypt]] put him in direct conflict with British colonial officers, and Cromer later interceded on behalf of [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] (British commander in the Sudan) in an ongoing dispute with Abbas about Egyptian sovereignty and influence in that territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |page=41}}</ref>

At the outset of his reign, Khedive Abbas II surrounded himself with a coterie of European advisers who opposed the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan and encouraged the young khedive to challenge Cromer by replacing his ailing prime minister with an Egyptian nationalist.<ref name=EB/> At Cromer's behest, [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]], the British [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]], sent Abbas II a letter stating that the Khedive was obliged to consult the British consul on such issues as cabinet appointments. In January 1894 Abbas II made an inspection tour of Sudanese and Egyptian frontier troops stationed near the southern border, the [[Mahdist State|Mahdists]] being at the time still in control of the Sudan. At [[Wadi Halfa]] the Khedive made public remarks disparaging the Egyptian army units commanded by British officers.<ref name=EB/> The British ''[[Sirdar]]'' of the Egyptian Army, the then [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Sir Herbert H. Kitchener]], immediately threatened to resign. Kitchener further insisted on the dismissal of a nationalist under-secretary of war appointed by Abbas II and that an apology be made for the Khedive's criticism of the army and its officers.<ref>{{cite book|first=J.B.|last=Tauris|pages=62–63|title=Kitchener Hero and Anti-Hero|isbn=1-85532-516-0|date=17 July 1995}}</ref>

By 1899 he had come to accept British counsels.<ref name=Col/> Also in 1899, British diplomat [[Alfred Mitchell-Innes]] was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Finance in Egypt, and in 1900 Abbas II paid a second visit to Britain, during which he said he thought the British had done good work in Egypt, and declared himself ready to cooperate with the British officials administering Egypt and Sudan. He gave his formal approval for the establishment of a sound system of justice for Egyptian nationals, a significant reduction in taxation, increased affordable and sound education, the inauguration of the substantial irrigation works such as the [[Aswan Low Dam]] and the [[Assiut Barrage]], and the [[Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896-99|reconquest of Sudan]].<ref name=Colliers/> He displayed more interest in [[agriculture]] than in statecraft. His farm of cattle and horses at [[Qubbah]], near Cairo, was a model for [[agricultural science]] in Egypt, and he created a similar establishment at [[Montaza Palace|Muntazah]], just east of [[Alexandria]]. He married the Princess [[Ikbal Hanem]] and had several children. [[Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim|Muhammad Abdul Moneim]], the heir-apparent, was born on 20 February 1899. {{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}<!--For all the information in the paragraph-->

[[File:Abbas II and George V aboard HMS Medina 1911.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Abbas II with King George V in 1911]]

Although Abbas II no longer ''publicly'' opposed the British, he secretly created, supported and sustained the Egyptian nationalist movement, which came to be led by [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha]]. He also funded the anti-British newspaper [[Al-Mu'ayyad (newspaper)|Al-Mu'ayyad]].<ref name=EB/> As Kamil's thrust was increasingly aimed at winning popular support for a nationalist political party, Khedive Abbas publicly distanced himself from the Nationalists and was labeled as being against Islam by said nationalists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 1902 |title=The Pan-islamic Movement |work=The Times, London |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Newspapers&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&retrievalId=971a887b-dd87-45ba-b540-2f92c3d2009f&hitCount=2004&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=431&docId=GALE%7CCS85912173&docType=Article&sort=Pub+Date+Forward+Chron&contentSegment=ZTMA-MOD1&prodId=TTDA&pageNum=22&contentSet=GALE%7CCS85912173&searchId=R4&userGroupName=tall85761&inPS=true |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> The western world would characterize him as a revolutionary against peace, although his main goal was to gain independence for Morocco. Their demand for a constitutional government in 1906 was rebuffed by Abbas II, and the following year he formed the [[National Party (Egypt)|National Party]], led by Mustafa Kamil Pasha, to counter the [[Umma Party (Egypt)|Ummah Party]] of the Egyptian moderates.<ref name=EB/><ref name=stear>{{harvnb|Stearns|2001|p=545}}</ref> However, in general, he had no real political power. When the Egyptian Army was sent to fight [[Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi]] in [[Sudan]] in 1896, he only found out about it because the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[Archduke Francis Ferdinand]] was in Egypt and told him after being informed of it by a [[British Army]] officer.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|1968|p=207}}</ref>

His relations with Cromer's successor, Sir [[Eldon Gorst]], however, were excellent, and they co-operated in appointing the cabinets headed by [[Boutros Ghali|Butrus Ghali]] in 1908 and [[Muhammad Said Pasha|Muhammad Sa'id]] in 1910 and in checking the power of the National Party. The appointment of Kitchener to succeed Gorst in 1912 displeased Abbas II, and relations between the Khedive and the British deteriorated. Kitchener, who exiled or imprisoned the leaders of the National Party,<ref name=EB/> often complained about "that wicked little Khedive" and wanted to depose him.

On 25 July 1914, at the onset of [[World War I]], Abbas II was in [[Constantinople]] and was wounded in his hands and cheeks during a failed assassination attempt. On 5 November 1914 when Great Britain declared war on the [[Ottoman Empire]], he was accused of deserting Egypt by not promptly returning home. The British also believed that he was plotting against their rule,<ref name=Colliers/> as he had attempted to appeal to Egyptians and Sudanese to support the [[Central Powers]] against the British. So when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in World War I, the United Kingdom declared Egypt a [[Sultanate of Egypt|Sultanate]] under British [[protectorate|protection]] on 18 December 1914 and deposed Abbas II.<ref name=EB/><ref>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=1}}</ref>
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage mss 1190.jpg|thumb|right|Painting commemorating Abbas II's 1909 [[Hajj]] pilgrimage, including his portrait on the left]]
During the war, Abbas II sought support from the Ottomans, including proposing to lead an attack on the [[Suez Canal]]. He was replaced by the British by his uncle [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]] from 1914 to 1917, with the title of [[Sultan of Egypt]].<ref name="EB" /><ref name="stear" /> Hussein Kamel issued a series of restrictive orders to strip Abbas II of property in Egypt and Sudan and forbade contributions to him. These also barred Abbas from entering Egyptian territory and stripped him of the right to sue in Egyptian courts. This did not prevent his progeny, however, from exercising their rights. Abbas II finally accepted the new order on 12 May 1931 and formally abdicated. He retired to [[Switzerland]], where he wrote ''The Anglo-Egyptian Settlement'' (1930).<ref name="Col">{{harvnb|Lagassé|2000|p=2}}</ref> He died at [[Geneva]] on 19 December 1944, aged 70,<ref name="Colliers" /> 30 years to the day after the end of his reign as Khedive.{{refn|group = nb|name=death}}

==Marriages and issue==

His first marriage in [[Cairo]] on 19 February 1895 was to [[Ikbal Hanim]] ([[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]], 22 October 1876{{snd}}[[Istanbul]], 10 February 1941). They divorced in 1910 and had six children, two sons and four daughters: 
* Princess Emina ([[Montaza Palace]], [[Alexandria]], 12 February 1895 – 1954),<ref name="henry">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=Ikbal Hanim |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/islamic/i841.html#I841 |publisher=[[Ancestry.com, Inc.]] |access-date=2010-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112001214/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/islamic/i841.html#I841 |archive-date=2012-11-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> unmarried and without issue,<ref name="Tanman 2011">{{cite book | last=Tanman | first=M | title=Nil kıyısından Boğaziçi'ne : Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Hanedanı'nın İstanbul'daki izleri = From the shores of the Nile to the Bosphorus : traces of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha Dynasty in İstanbul | publisher=İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsu | publication-place=İstanbul | year=2011 | isbn=978-975-9123-95-6 | oclc=811064965 | language=tr | pages=375–376}}</ref> received [[Order of Charity|decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class, ''31 May 1895'';<ref name="Öztürk">{{cite book | last=Öztürk | first=D. | title="Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914 | publisher=Ohio State University | year=2020 | page=74}}</ref>
* Princess Atiyatullah ([[Cairo]], 9 June 1896 – 1971),<ref name="henry"/> married twice and had issue, three sons,<ref name="Tanman 2011"/> received [[Order of Charity|decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class, ''1 October 1904'';<ref name="Öztürk"/>
* Princess Fathiya (27 November 1897 – 30 November 1923),<ref name="henry"/> married without issue, received [[Order of Charity|decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class, ''1 October 1904'';<ref name="Öztürk"/>
* Prince [[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]], Heir Apparent and [[Regent]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]], (20 February 1899 – 1 December 1979),<ref name="henry"/> married and had issue, a son and a daughter;<ref name="Tanman 2011"/>
* Princess Lutfiya Shavkat ([[Cairo]], 29 September 1900 – 1975),<ref name="henry"/> married and had issue, two daughters,<ref name="Tanman 2011"/> received [[Order of Charity|decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class, ''20 July 1907'';<ref name="Öztürk"/>
* Prince Muhammad Abdul Kadir (4 February 1902 – [[Montreux]], 21 April 1919);<ref name="henry"/>

His second marriage in Çubuklu, [[Turkey]] on 28 February 1910 was to [[Hungary|Hungarian]] noblewoman [[Javidan Hanim]] (born May Torok de Szendro, [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S., 8 January 1874{{snd}}5 August 1968). They divorced in 1913 without issue.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Lierop|first1=Kathleen|title=History- On this day- Abbas II of Egypt|url=https://allaboutroyalfamilies.blogspot.com/2017/07/history-on-this-day-14-july-1874-abbas.html|website=All About Royal Families|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>

==Honours==
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
!Ribbon bar 
!style="width:10em"| Country 
!Honour 
! Date 
! Notes
|-
|[[File:Royal Order of the Polar Star (1748-1975) - Commander Grand Cross.svg|80px]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Order of the Polar Star|Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]
|1890
|<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|chapter=Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna|chapter-url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0668.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=10 February 2021|page=[https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0725.html 725]|language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ord.Franz.Joseph-GC.png|80px]]
|[[Austria-Hungary]]
|[[Order of Franz Joseph|Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
|1891
|<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=517&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=175}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|80px]]
|[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
|[[Order of St Michael and St George|Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]]
|23 July 1891
|<ref>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n433/mode/2up p. 342]</ref>
|-
|[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|80px]]
|[[French Third Republic|France]]
|[[Légion d'honneur|Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur]]
|1892
|
|-
|[[File:Order of the Dannebrog S.K.svg|80px]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
|6 April 1892
|<ref>{{cite book |year=1895 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1895 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1895 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/908073.pdf#page=40 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/908073.pdf#page=40 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |pages=15–16 |access-date=10 February 2021 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]]
|United Kingdom
|[[Order of the Bath|Honorary Knight Grand Cross (Civil) of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath]]
|10 June 1892
|<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n303/mode/2up p. 213]</ref>
|-
|[[File:ESP Charles III Order GC.svg|80px]]
|[[Spain]]
|[[Order of Charles III|Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III]]
|4 August 1892
|<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1930|access-date=10 February 2021|page=225|language=es}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|80px]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
|1892
|
|-
|[[File:Order of the Medjidie - Ribbon bar.svg|80px]] 
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|[[Order of the Medjidie|1st Class of the Order of the Medjidie]]
|1895
|
|-
|[[File:Order of the Osmanie lenta.png|80px]]
|Ottoman Empire
|[[Order of Osmanieh|1st Class of the Order of Osmanieh]]
|1895 
|
|-
|[[File:Ord Leopold-GC.png|80px]]
|Austria-Hungary
|[[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold]]
|1897
|<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=404&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=62}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
|[[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]]
|[[Order of Chula Chom Klao|Knight Grand Cross (Special Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao]]
|1897
|
|-
|[[File:UK Royal Victorian Order honorary member ribbon.svg|80px]]
|United Kingdom
|[[Royal Victorian Order|Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
|28 June 1900
|<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n515/mode/2up p. 424]</ref>
|-
|[[File:Russian Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky ribbon bar.svg|80px]]
|[[Russian Empire|Russia]]
|[[Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky|Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky]]
|1902
|<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=20 June 1902 |page=9 |issue=36799}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ludwig Order (Hesse) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]
|[[Ludwigsorden|Grand Cross of the Order of Ludwig]]
|26 March 1903
|<ref>{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludeswig-orden|page=14|language=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref> 
|-
|[[File:Royal Victorian Chain Ribbon.gif|80px]]
|United Kingdom
|[[Royal Victorian Chain|Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain]]
|15 June 1905
|<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27807|date=16 June 1905|page=4251}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ord.Pietr.Fed.Luigi.PNG|80px]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
|[[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:D-SAX Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden BAR.svg|80px]]
|[[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|[[Saxe-Ernestine House Order|Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]
|1905
|<ref group=nb>These three duchies were small independent free states that became part of the [[German Empire]] before [[World War I]].</ref>
|-
|[[File:Royal.Albert.Order.Saxe.PNG|80px]]
|[[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]
|[[Order of Albert|Grand Cross of the Order of Albert]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|80px]]
|[[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
|[[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:ME Order of Danilo I Knight Grand Cross BAR.svg|80px]]
|[[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|[[Order of Prince Danilo I|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif|80px]]
|[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
|[[Order of Carol I|Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:Order Pius Ribbon 1kl.png|80px]]
|[[Vatican City|Vatican]]
|[[Order of Pius IX|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX]]
|1905
|
|-
|[[File:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - Ribbon bar Grand-Cross.svg|80px]]
|Austria-Hungary
|[[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen]]
|1905
|<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=392&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=50}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:RUS Order św. Stanisława (baretka).svg|80px]]
|Russia
|[[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Knight 1st Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus]]
|1908
|
|-
|[[File:Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]]
|Siam
|[[Order of the Royal House of Chakri|Knight of the Most Auspicious Order of the Royal House of Chakri]]
|1908
|
|-
|[[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|80px]]
|[[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
|[[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
|1911
|
|-
|[[File:BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Cordon bar.svg|80px]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[List of Grand Cordons of the Order of Leopold|Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold]]
|1911
|
|-
|[[File:ETH Order of the Star of Ethiopia - Grand Cross BAR.png|80px]]
|[[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]
|[[Order of the Star of Ethiopia|Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia]]
|1911
|
|-
|[[File:MAR Order of the Ouissam Alaouite - Grand Cross (1913-1956) BAR.png|80px]]
|[[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]]
|[[Order of Ouissam Alaouite|Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]
|1913
|
|-
|[[File:ALB Order of the Black Eagle BAR.png|80px]]
|[[Principality of Albania|Albania]]
|[[Order of the Black Eagle, Albania|Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle]]
|1914
|
|-
|[[File:PRU Roter Adlerorden BAR.svg|80px]]
|[[Prussia]]
|[[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Red Eagle]]
|1914
|
|-
|[[File:Bavaria012.png|80px]]
|[[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]
|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Exalted
|1914
|
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Abbas II |volume=1|pages=9–10}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbas II (Egypt) | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = I: A-Ak - Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Lagassé | editor-first = Paul | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | edition = 6th | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-7876-5015-3 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | lccn = 00-027927 | title = Abbas II | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last = Magnusson | editor1-first = Magnus | editor2-last = Goring | editor2-first = Rosemary | encyclopedia = Cambridge Biographical Dictionary | title = Abbas Hilmi | isbn = 0-521-39518-6 | year = 1990 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK }}
* {{cite book | last = Morris | first = James | year = 1968 | title = Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire | url = https://archive.org/details/paxbritannicacli0000morr_g9y5 | url-access = registration | publisher = Harcourt Inc. | page=[https://archive.org/details/paxbritannicacli0000morr_g9y5/page/207 207] | isbn = 9780156714662 | lccn = 68024395 }}
* {{cite news |title=none| editor-last = Pemberton | editor-first = Max | date = February 1897 | journal = [[Chums (paper)|Chums]] | issue = 232 | volume = 17 | publisher = Cassell and Company }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Rockwood | editor-first = Camilla | year = 2007 | edition = 8th | isbn = 978-0550-10200-3 | publisher = Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. | location = Edinburgh, UK | encyclopedia = Chambers Biographical Dictionary | title = Abbas Hilmi Pasha }}
* {{cite web|editor-last=Schemmel |editor-first=B. |title=Index Aa–Ag |url=http://rulers.org/indexa1.html |website=Rulers |year=2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926205535/http://www.rulers.org/indexa1.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Stearns | editor-first = Peter N. | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Chronologically Arranged | year = 2001 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | location = Boston, MA | isbn = 0-395-65237-5 | edition = 6th | lccn = 2001024479 | title = The Middle East and North Africa, 1792–1914: e. Egypt }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Thorne | editor-first = John | encyclopedia = [[Chambers Biographical Dictionary]] | isbn = 0-550-18022-2 | year = 1984 | publisher = Chambers, Inc. | title = Abbas II }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Vucinich | first = Wayne S. | editor-last = Johnston | editor-first = Bernard | encyclopedia = Collier's Encyclopedia | title = Abbas II | edition = 1st | year = 1997 | publisher = P. F. Collier | volume = I: A to Ameland | location = New York, NY | lccn = 96084127 }}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book | last = Cromer | first =Evelyn Baring | author-link = Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer  | year = 1915 | title = Abbas II | location = London| publisher = Macmillan and Co. | oclc = 
413286}}
* {{cite book | last = Goldschmidt | first = Arthur | year = 2000 | title = Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt | location = Boulder, CO | publisher = Lynne Rienner | pages = [https://archive.org/details/00jrgo/page/2 2–3] | isbn = 1-5558-7229-8 | lccn = 99033550 | url = https://archive.org/details/00jrgo/page/2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Pollock | first = John Charles | year = 2001 | title = Kitchener: Architect of Victory, Artisan of Peace | location = New York, NY | publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers | isbn = 0-7867-0829-8 | lccn = 2001035119 | url = https://archive.org/details/kitchenerarchite00poll }}
* {{cite book | last = Sayyid-Marsot | first = Afaf Lutfi | year = 1968 | title = Egypt and Cromer: A Study in Anglo-Egyptian Relations | location = London | publisher = John Murray | lccn = 75382933 | isbn = 0-7195-1810-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/egyptcromerstudy0000sayy }}
* {{cite book | author = Abbas II, Khedive of Egypt | editor-last = Sonbol | editor-first = Amira | year = 1998 | title = The Last Khedive of Egypt: Memoirs of Abbas Halmi II | location = Reading, UK | publisher = Ithaca Press | isbn = 0-8637-2208-3 }}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
{{Nuttall poster|Abbas Pasha}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060416181042/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/480/chrncls.htm Al-Ahram on Abbas in exile]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Abbas Pasha Hilmi |short=x}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/000010}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]|14 July|1874|19 December|1944}}
|-
{{s-reg|}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Tewfik Pasha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]
|years=7 January 1892{{snd}}19 December 1914}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[World War I]]|next=[[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]]|as=[[Sultan of Egypt and Sudan]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Muhammad Ali Dynasty}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Thai sort key not needed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas II Of Egypt}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:19th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
[[Category:Khedives of Egypt]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Austria]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Albanian descent]]
[[Category:Ottoman governors of Egypt]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX]]
[[Category:Egyptian slave owners]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Sons of monarchs]]