Editing Abessive case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
In [[linguistics]], '''abessive''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''abe'''}} or {{sc|'''abess'''}}), '''caritive''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''car'''}})<ref>{{Citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |title=8 The Yeniseian language family |date=2024-02-19 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia |pages=365–480 |editor-last=Vajda |editor-first=Edward |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110556216-008/html |access-date=2024-07-02 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110556216-008 |isbn=978-3-11-055621-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and '''privative''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''priv'''}}) is the [[grammatical case]] expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In [[English language|English]], the corresponding function is expressed by the [[preposition]] ''[[wikt:without|without]]'' or by the [[Affix|suffix]] ''[[wikt:-less|-less]].''

The name ''abessive'' is derived from {{lang|la|abesse}} "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to [[Uralic languages]]. The name ''caritive'' is derived from {{langx|la|carere|link=no}} "to lack", and is especially used in reference to [[Caucasian languages]]. The name ''[[privative]]'' is derived from {{langx|la|privare|link=no}} "to deprive".

==In Afro-Asiatic languages==

===Somali===
In the [[Somali language]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|so|-la'}}. For example:
:{{lang|so|magac}} "name"
:{{lang|so|magacla'}} "nameless"
:{{lang|so|dhar}} "clothes"
:{{lang|so|dharla'}} "clothesless," i.e., [[naked]]

==In Australian languages==

===Martuthunira===
In [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], the privative case is formed with either {{lang|vma|-wirriwa}} or {{lang|vma|-wirraa}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan Charles |last=Dench |year=1995 |title=Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125 |isbn=0-85883-422-7 |url=http://www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |author-link=Alan Dench |access-date=2006-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615024601/http://linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |archive-date=2005-06-15 |url-status=dead }}

</ref>

{{interlinear|lang=vma|indent=3|glossing=link
|Parla-wirraa nganarna.
|money-PRIV 1PL.EX
|We've got no money.}}

==In Uralic languages==

===Finnish===
In the [[Finnish language]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|fi|-tta}} for back vowels and {{lang|fi|-ttä}} for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. For example:
:{{lang|fi|raha}} "money"
:{{lang|fi|rahatta}} "without money"
An equivalent construction exists using the word {{lang|fi|ilman}} and the [[partitive]]:
:{{lang|fi|ilman rahaa}} "without money"
or, less commonly:
:{{lang|fi|rahaa ilman}} "without money"
The abessive case of [[nouns]] is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms:
:{{lang|fi|tuloksetta}} "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
:{{lang|fi|Itkin syyttä.}} "I cried for no reason."
The abessive is, however, commonly used in [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] (formed with the affix {{lang|fi|-ma-}} / {{lang|fi|-mä-}}):
:{{lang|fi|puhu-ma-tta}} "without speaking"
:{{lang|fi|osta-ma-tta}} "without buying"
:{{lang|fi|välittä-mä-ttä}} "without caring"
:{{lang|fi|Juna jäi tulematta.}} "The train didn't show up."
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
:{{lang|fi|Juna ei tullut.}} "The train didn't show up."

It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms are combined:
:{{lang|fi|ilman rahatta}}
There is debate as to whether this is interference from [[Estonian language|Estonian]].

===Estonian===

[[Estonian language|Estonian]] also uses the abessive, which is marked by {{lang|et|-ta}} in both the singular and the plural:
:{{lang|et|(ilma) autota}} "without a car" (the preposition {{lang|et|ilma}} "without" is optional)
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.

The [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] are marked with the affix {{lang|et|-ma-}} and the abessive marker {{lang|et|-ta}}:
:{{lang|et|Rong jäi tulemata.}} "The train didn't show up."

[[Tallinn]] has a pair of [[bar (establishment)|bars]] that play on the use of the [[comitative]] and [[abessive]], the {{lang|et|Nimeta baar}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |title=Nimeta Bar News |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707113952/http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 }} Nimeta baar, English page</ref> (the nameless bar) and the {{lang|et|Nimega baar}}<ref>http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313133736/http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php |date=March 13, 2012 }}</ref> (the bar with a name).

===Skolt Sami===

The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Skolt Sámi]] is {{lang|sms|-tää}} or {{lang|sms|-taa}} in both the singular and the plural:
:{{lang|sms|Riâkkum veäʹrtää.}} "I cried for no reason."
The [[abessive]]-like non-finite verb form ([[converb]]) is {{lang|sms|-ǩâni}} or {{lang|sms|-kani}}:
:{{lang|sms|Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam.}} "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."
Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.

===Inari Sami===

The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] is {{lang|smn|-táá}}. The corresponding non-finite verb form is {{lang|smn|-hánnáá}}, {{lang|smn|-hinnáá}} or {{lang|smn|-hennáá}}.

===Other Sami languages===
The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a [[cranberry morpheme]].

===Hungarian===
In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|hu|-talan}} for back vowels and {{lang|hu|-telen}} for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes {{lang|hu|-tlan}} or {{lang|hu|-tlen}}. For example:
:{{lang|hu|pénz}} "money"
:{{lang|hu|pénztelen}} "without money"
:{{lang|hu|haza}} "home(land)"
:{{lang|hu|hazátlan}} "(one) without a homeland"
There is also the postposition {{lang|hu|nélkül}}, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianreference.com/postpositions-prepositions-personal-pronomial-before-after-between-instead-without.aspx|title=Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]|website=www.hungarianreference.com}}</ref>
:{{lang|hu|Cukor nélkül iszom a teát.}} "I drink tea without sugar."
:{{lang|hu|Testvér nélkül éltem.}} "I lived without siblings."
:{{lang|hu|Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül?}} "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"

==In Mongolic languages==

===Mongolian===

In [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], the privative suffix is {{lang|mn|-гүй}} ({{transliteration|mn|-güy}}). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to [[vowel harmony]] or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the [[comitative case]], and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|authorlink=Juha Janhunen|title=Mongolian|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=105 & 109|series=London Oriental and African Language Library}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Essive case]]
*[[Inessive case]] 

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}

==External links==
*[https://www.caritive.org/about-caritive Comparative concept caritive, as defined by the St.Petersburg project "Typology of caritive"]
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044710/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm |date=2008-06-21 }}

{{Grammatical cases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abessive Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]