Editing Abner Doubleday

{{short description|Union Army general (1819–1893)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox military person
 | name                 = Abner Doubleday
 | birth_date           = {{Birth date|1819|06|26}}
 | death_date           = {{Death date and age|1893|01|26|1819|06|26}}
 | image                = Doubledayo.jpg
 | caption              = Doubleday, c. 1855-65
 | birth_place          = [[Ballston Spa, New York]], US
 | death_place          = [[Mendham Township, New Jersey|Mendham, New Jersey]], US
 | placeofburial        = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
 | placeofburial_label  = Place of burial
 | allegiance           = United States<br />[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
 | branch               = [[United States Army]]<br />[[Union Army]]
 | serviceyears         = 1842–1873
 | rank                 = [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
 | commands             = [[I Corps (Union Army)|I Corps]]<br />35th U.S. Infantry<br />[[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)|24th U.S. Infantry]]
 | battles              = [[Mexican–American War]]<br />[[Third Seminole War]]<br />[[American Civil War]]<br />[[American Indian Wars]]
}}

{{Theosophy}}

'''Abner Doubleday''' (June 26, 1819&nbsp;– January 26, 1893)<ref>{{Britannica|170070}}</ref> was a career [[United States Army]] officer and [[Union Army|Union]] [[major general]] in the [[American Civil War]]. He fired the first shot in defense of [[Battle of Fort Sumter|Fort Sumter]], the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gen.]] [[George G. Meade]] caused lasting enmity between the two men. In San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the [[cable car (railway)|cable car]] railway that still runs there. In his final years in [[New Jersey]], he was a prominent member and later president of the [[Theosophical Society]].

In 1908, 15 years after his death, the [[Mills Commission]] declared that [[Doubleday myth|Doubleday had invented the game of baseball]], although Doubleday never made such a claim. This claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians.<ref name="Kirschxiiixiv">Kirsch, pp. xiii–xiv.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://baseballhall.org/museum/experience/history |title=The Doubleday myth is Cooperstown's gain: Pastoral village has become the heart of baseball folklore |publisher=National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum |access-date=September 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926001539/http://baseballhall.org/museum/experience/history |archive-date=September 26, 2014 }}</ref>

==Early years==
Doubleday, the son of [[Ulysses F. Doubleday]] and Hester Donnelly, was born in [[Ballston Spa, New York]], in a small house on the corner of Washington and Fenwick streets. As a child, Abner was very short. The family all slept in the attic loft of the one-room house. His paternal grandfather, also named Abner, had fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. His maternal grandfather [[Thomas Donnelly (sergeant-at-arms)|Thomas Donnelly]] had joined the army at 14 and was a mounted messenger for [[George Washington]]. His great-grandfather Peter Donnelly was a Minuteman. His father, Ulysses F., fought in the [[War of 1812]], published newspapers and books, and represented [[Auburn, New York]], for four years in the [[United States Congress]].<ref name="Beckenbaugh">Beckenbaugh, pp. 611–612.</ref> Abner spent his childhood in Auburn and later was sent to [[Cooperstown, New York|Cooperstown]] to live with his uncle and attend a private preparatory high school. He practiced as a surveyor and civil engineer for two years before entering the [[United States Military Academy]]<ref name="Tagg">Tagg, pp. 25–27.</ref> in 1838. He graduated in 1842, 24th in a class of 56 cadets, and was commissioned a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] in the 3rd U.S. Artillery.<ref name="Eicher">Eicher, p. 213.</ref> In 1852, he married Mary Hewitt of [[Baltimore]], the daughter of a local lawyer.<ref name="TX">[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fdo39 Texas Handbook]</ref>

===Early commands and Fort Sumter===
[[File:MAjor Robert Anderson and his officers Ft Sumpter South Carolina.jpg|thumb|Major Robert Anderson and his officers at [[Fort Sumter]], South Carolina]]

[[File:Abner Doubleday at Fort Sumter, SC IMG 4534.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Doubleday photo displayed at Fort Sumter National Monument in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] harbor]]
[[File:Fort Sumter Medal.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Fort Sumter]] Medal bearing the likeness of [[Robert Anderson (major)|Major Robert Anderson]] which was presented to Abner Doubleday]]
Doubleday initially served in coastal garrisons and then in the [[Mexican–American War]] from 1846 to 1848 and the [[Seminole Wars]] from 1856 to 1858. In 1858, he was transferred to [[Fort Moultrie]] in [[Charleston Harbor]] serving under Colonel [[John L. Gardner (brigadier general)|John L. Gardner]]. By the start of the Civil War, he was a [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] and second in command in the garrison at [[Fort Sumter]], under [[Major (United States)|Major]] [[Robert Anderson (Union officer)|Robert Anderson]].<ref name=Beckenbaugh/> He aimed the cannon that fired the first return shot in answer to the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] bombardment on April 12, 1861. He subsequently referred to himself as the "hero of Sumter" for this role.<ref name=Tagg/> Of note, although Doubleday did not invent baseball, by sheer coincidence the Fort Sumter Garrison Flag (or Storm Flag) has the star pattern arranged in a diamond shape, which by that time in history, was the shape of the baseball infield.

===Brigade and division command in Virginia===
Doubleday was promoted to major on May 14, 1861, and commanded the Artillery Department in the [[Shenandoah Valley]] from June to August, and then the artillery for [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Nathaniel Banks]]'s division of the [[Army of the Potomac]]. He was appointed [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] of volunteers on February 3, 1862, and was assigned to duty in northern Virginia while the Army of the Potomac conducted the [[Peninsula Campaign]]. His first combat assignment was to lead the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, [[III Corps (Union Army)|III Corps]] of the [[Army of Virginia]] during the [[Northern Virginia Campaign]]. In the actions at Brawner's farm, just before the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]], he took the initiative to send two of his regiments to reinforce Brigadier General [[John Gibbon]]'s brigade against a larger Confederate force, fighting it to a standstill. Personal initiative was required since his division commander, Brig. Gen. [[Rufus King (Civil War General)|Rufus King]], was incapacitated by an [[epilepsy|epileptic]] seizure at the time. He was replaced by Brigadier General [[John P. Hatch]].<ref>Langellier, pp. 43, 45, 49.</ref> His men were routed when they encountered Major General [[James Longstreet]]'s corps, but by the following day, August 30, he took command of the division when Hatch was wounded, and he led his men to cover the retreat of the Union Army.<ref name=Tagg/>

Doubleday again led the division, now assigned to the [[I Corps (Union Army)|I Corps]] of the Army of the Potomac, after [[Battle of South Mountain|South Mountain]], where Hatch was wounded again. At [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]], he led his men into the deadly fighting in the Cornfield and the West Woods, and one colonel described him as a "gallant officer ... remarkably cool and at the very front of battle."<ref name=Tagg/> He was wounded when an artillery shell exploded near his horse, throwing him to the ground in a violent fall. He received a brevet promotion to [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[Regular Army (United States)|regular army]] for his actions at Antietam and was promoted in March 1863 to [[Major General#United States|major general]] of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862.<ref>Eicher, p. 703.</ref> At [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg]] in December 1862, his division mostly sat idle. During the winter, the I Corps was reorganized and Doubleday assumed command of the 3rd Division. At [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]] in May 1863, the division was kept in reserve.<ref name=Tagg/>

===Gettysburg===
[[File:DoubledayBirthplace.jpg|thumb|Birthplace in Ballston Spa]]
[[File:Doubleday and wife (1).jpg|thumb|right|Doubleday and his wife, Mary]]
At the start of the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], July 1, 1863, Doubleday's division was the second infantry division on the field to reinforce the cavalry division of Brigadier General [[John Buford]]. When his corps commander, Major General [[John F. Reynolds]], was killed very early in the fighting, Doubleday found himself in command of the corps at 10:50 am. His men fought well in the morning, putting up a stout resistance, but as overwhelming Confederate forces massed against them, their line eventually broke and they retreated back through the town of [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]] to the relative safety of [[Cemetery Hill]] south of town. It was Doubleday's finest performance during the war, five hours leading 9,500 men against ten Confederate brigades that numbered more than 16,000. Seven of those brigades sustained casualties that ranged from 35 to 50 percent, indicating the ferocity of the Union defense. On Cemetery Hill, however, the I Corps could muster only a third of its men as effective for duty, and the corps was essentially destroyed as a combat force for the rest of the battle; it would be decommissioned in March 1864, its surviving units consolidated into other corps.<ref name=Tagg/>

On July 2, 1863, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. [[George G. Meade]] replaced Doubleday with Major General [[John Newton (engineer)|John Newton]], a more junior officer from another corps. The ostensible reason was a false report by [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]] commander Major General [[Oliver O. Howard]] that Doubleday's corps broke first, causing the entire Union line to collapse, but Meade also had a long history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back to South Mountain. Doubleday was humiliated by this snub and held a lasting grudge against Meade, but he returned to division command and fought well for the remainder of the battle.<ref name=Tagg/> He was wounded in the neck on the second day of Gettysburg and received a brevet promotion to colonel in the regular army for his service.<ref name=Eicher/> He formally requested reinstatement as I Corps commander, but Meade refused, and Doubleday left Gettysburg on July 7 for Washington.<ref>Coddington, pp. 690–691.</ref>

Doubleday's staff nicknamed him "Forty-Eight Hours" as a compliment to recognize his tendency to avoid reckless or impulsive actions and his thoughtfulness and deliberateness in considering circumstances and possible responses.<ref name=Barthel>Barthel, p. 127</ref>  In recent years, biographers have turned the nickname into an insult, incorrectly claiming "Forty-Eight Hours" was coined to highlight Doubleday's supposed incompetence and slowness to act.<ref name=Barthel />

===Washington===
Doubleday assumed administrative duties in the defenses of Washington, D.C., where he was in charge of courts martial, which gave him legal experience that he used after the war. His only return to combat was directing a portion of the defenses against the attack by Confederate [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lieutenant General]] [[Jubal A. Early]] in the [[Valley Campaigns of 1864]]. Also while in Washington, Doubleday testified against George Meade at the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]], criticizing him harshly over his conduct of the Battle of Gettysburg.<ref name=Beckenbaugh/> While in Washington, Doubleday remained a loyal [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and staunch supporter of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Doubleday rode with Lincoln on the train to Gettysburg for the [[Gettysburg Address]] and Col. and Mrs. Doubleday attended events with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln in Washington.

==Postbellum career==
After the Civil War, Doubleday mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865, reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and became the colonel of the 35th U.S. Infantry in September 1867. He was stationed in San Francisco from 1869 through 1871 and he took out a patent for the [[cable car (railway)|cable car]] railway that still runs there, receiving a charter for its operation, but signing away his rights when he was reassigned.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} In 1871, he commanded the [[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)|24th U.S. Infantry]], an all African-American regiment with headquarters at [[Fort McKavett]], [[Texas]].<ref name=TX/> He retired in 1873.

In the 1870s, he was listed in the New York business directory as a lawyer.

Doubleday spent much of his time writing. He published two important works on the Civil War: ''Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie'' (1876), and ''Chancellorsville and Gettysburg'' (1882), the latter being a volume of the series ''Campaigns of the Civil War''.<ref name=Eicher/>

==Theosophy==
In the summer of 1878, Doubleday lived in [[Mendham Township, New Jersey]], and became a prominent member of the [[Theosophical Society]]. When two of the founders of that society, [[Helena Blavatsky]] and [[Henry Steel Olcott]], moved to India at the end of that year, he was constituted as the president of the American body.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Death==
[[File:Abner Doubleday (18988417840).jpg|thumb|right|Doubleday's tombstone in Arlington National Cemetery]]
Doubleday died of heart disease in Mendham Township on January 26, 1893. Doubleday's body was laid in state in New York's City Hall and then was taken to Washington by train<ref name=Tagg/> from Mendham, and was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref name=Eicher/>  He was survived by his wife.<ref name=nytobit/>

==Baseball==
{{Main|Doubleday myth}}

Although Doubleday achieved minor fame as a competent combat general with experience in many important Civil War battles, he is more widely known as the supposed inventor of the game of baseball, in [[Elihu Phinney]]'s cow pasture in [[Cooperstown, New York]], in 1839.

The [[Mills Commission]], chaired by [[Abraham G. Mills]], the fourth president of the [[National League (baseball)|National League]], was appointed in 1905 to determine the origin of baseball. The committee's final report, on December 30, 1907, stated, in part, that "the first scheme for playing baseball, according to the best evidence obtainable to date, was devised by Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown, New York, in 1839." It concluded by saying, "in the years to come, in the view of the hundreds of thousands of people who are devoted to baseball, and the millions who will be, Abner Doubleday's fame will rest evenly, if not quite as much, upon the fact that he was its inventor ... as upon his brilliant and distinguished career as an officer in the Federal Army."<ref>Kirsch, p. xiii.</ref>

However, there is considerable evidence to dispute this claim. Baseball historian George B. Kirsch has described the results of the Mills Commission as a "myth". He wrote, "Robert Henderson, Harold Seymour, and other scholars have since debunked the Doubleday-Cooperstown myth, which nonetheless remains powerful in the American imagination because of the efforts of Major League Baseball and the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown." At his death, Doubleday left many letters and papers, none of which describe baseball or give any suggestion that he considered himself a prominent person in the evolution of the game, and his ''New York Times'' obituary did not mention the game at all.<ref name= nytobit>{{cite news|title=Obituary – Gen. Abner Doubleday|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/01/28/archives/obituary-gen-abner-double-day.html|date=January 28, 1893|page=2|access-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> Chairman Mills himself, who had been a Civil War colleague of Doubleday and a member of the honor guard for Doubleday's body as it lay in state in New York City, never recalled hearing Doubleday describe his role as the inventor. Doubleday was a cadet at West Point in the year of the alleged invention and his family had moved away from Cooperstown the prior year. Furthermore, the primary testimony to the commission that connected baseball to Doubleday was that of Abner Graves, whose credibility is questionable; a few years later, he shot his wife to death and was committed to an institution for the criminally insane for the rest of his life.<ref name="Kirschxiiixiv">Kirsch, pp. xiii–xiv.</ref> Part of the confusion could stem from there being another man by the same name in Cooperstown in 1839.<ref>Morris, Peter. ''But Didn't We Have Fun''. Ivan R. Dee Publishing. 2008</ref>

Despite the lack of solid evidence linking Doubleday to the origins of baseball, Cooperstown, New York, became the new home of what is today the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] in 1937.

There may have been some relationship to baseball as a national sport and Abner Doubleday. While the modern rules of baseball were formulated in New York during the 1840s, it was the scattering of New Yorkers exposed to these rules throughout the country, that spread not only baseball, but also the "New York Rules", thereby harmonizing the rules, and being a catalyst for its growth. Doubleday was a high-ranking officer, whose duties included seeing to provisions for the US Army fighting throughout the south and border states. For the morale of the men, he is said to have provisioned balls and bats for the men.<ref>"Bats, Balls, and Bullets". Essay by George B. Kirsch ''Civil War Times Illustrated''. May 1998, pp. 30-37</ref>

==Namesakes and honors==
[[File:Abner Doubleday monument Ballston Spa, NY.jpg|thumb|right|Abner Doubleday monument in Ballston Spa]]
Doubleday's men, admirers, and the state of New York erected a monument to him at Gettysburg.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gettysburgsculptures.com/major_general_doubleday_monument |title=Featured Monument: Major-General Abner Doubleday Monument |website=Gettysburg Sculptures |access-date=2019-06-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> There is a {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=on}} obelisk monument at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] where he is buried.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/Cglkb3VibGVkYXkSBWFibmVy/ |title=Burial Detail: Doubleday, Abner|website=ANC Explorer}}<!-- This is the official ANC website --></ref>

[[Doubleday Field]] is a 9,791-seat baseball stadium named for Abner Doubleday, located in [[Cooperstown, New York]], near the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Cooperstown Connection: Doubleday Field, A Diamond in the Pasture | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214030357/http://baseballhalloffame.org/news/2005/050906.htm | archive-date=2005-12-14 | access-date=2012-05-07| url=http://baseballhalloffame.org/news/2005/050906.htm |df=dmy-all |publisher=National Baseball Hall of Fame}}</ref> It hosted the annual Hall of Fame Game, an [[exhibition game]] between two [[Major League Baseball|major league]] teams that was played from 1940 until 2008.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 29, 2008 |title=Baseball Hall of Fame Game in Cooperstown will end after this year |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/baseball/mlb/wires/01/29/2010.ap.bbo.hall.of.fame.game.0131/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202075649/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/baseball/mlb/wires/01/29/2010.ap.bbo.hall.of.fame.game.0131/ |archive-date=February 2, 2008 |magazine=Sports Illustrated|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>  It has hosted the Hall of Fame Classic since 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Doubleday Field|url=https://baseballhall.org/about-the-hall/history/history-of-doubleday-field|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Baseball Hall of Fame|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Auburn Doubledays]] are a [[collegiate summer baseball]] team based in Doubleday's hometown of [[Auburn, New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.milb.com/content/page.jsp?sid=t458&ymd=20130212&content_id=41565628&vkey=team1 |title=Auburn Baseball History |website=Auburn Doubledays |publisher=Minor League Baseball |df=mdy-all |access-date=2019-06-07}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Doubleday Field at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where the [[Army Black Knights]] play at [[Johnson Stadium at Doubleday Field|Johnson Stadium]], is named in Doubleday's honor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://goarmywestpoint.com/sports/2015/3/6/GEN_20140101122.aspx?id=122 |title=Johnson Stadium at Doubleday Field |website=Army West Point |df=mdy-all |access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

The Abner Doubleday Little League and Babe Ruth Fields in Ballston Spa, New York, the town of his birth. The house of his birth still stands in the middle of town and there is a monument to him on Front Street.

A sign at the [[Doubleday Hill Monument]], erected in [[Williamsport, Maryland]], to commemorate Doubleday's occupation of a hill there during the Civil War, claims he invented the game in 1835.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mdhistoricdistrict.com/doubleday-hill/ |title=Doubleday Hill |website=Maryland Historic District |df=mdy-all |access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

Mendham Borough and Mendham Township, New Jersey has held a municipal holiday known as "Abner Doubleday Day" for numerous years in the General's honor<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailyrecord.com/story/life/good-life/things-we-love/2016/02/18/1-thing-we-love-morris-baseball-spring-training/80496684/ |title=1 Thing We Love About Morris: Baseball spring training |date=2016-02-18 |work=Morristown Daily Record |access-date=2019-06-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and commissioned a plaque near the site of his home in the borough in 1998, even though the borough was known as Mendham Township back then.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barthel |first=Thomas |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646066586 |title=Abner Doubleday : a Civil War biography |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-5616-1 |location=Jefferson, N.C. |oclc=646066586}}</ref>

In 2004, the Abner Doubleday Society erected a monument to Doubleday in Iron Spring Park, Ballston Spa, near his birthplace.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.saratogian.com/news/abner-doubleday-s-presence-still-felt-in-ballston-spa/article_436ebb5f-22cf-5aa6-81ef-ac18f45bb69a.html |title=Abner Doubleday's presence still felt in Ballston Spa |last=Post |first=Paul |date=2011-04-09 |work=The Saratogian |access-date=2019-06-07 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=June 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607212717/https://www.saratogian.com/news/abner-doubleday-s-presence-still-felt-in-ballston-spa/article_436ebb5f-22cf-5aa6-81ef-ac18f45bb69a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{libship honor|name=Abner Doubleday|type=his}}

==See also==
{{EB1911 poster|Doubleday, Abner}}{{Portal|Biography|American Civil War}}
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Union)]]
* [[William Webb Ellis]], sometimes apocryphally credited with inventing [[rugby football]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Barthel |first=Thomas |date=2010 |title=Abner Doubleday: A Civil War Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8daLJ1XkiMC&pg=PA127 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-4561-5}}
* {{cite book| last= Coddington |first=Edwin B. | title = The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command| year = 1968| place=New York |publisher = Simon & Schuster }}
* {{cite book| last = Doubleday| first = Abner| title = My Life in the Old Army: The Reminiscences of Abner Doubleday | year = 1998|place=Fort Worth | publisher = Texas Christian University Press| isbn = 978-0-87565-185-9 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Eicher |first1=John H. |last2=Eicher |first2=David J. | title = Civil War High Commands| year = 2001|place=Stanford, California | publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-3641-1 }}
* Gomes, Michael. "[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/40-90-1/th-tsgom.htm Abner Doubleday and Theosophy in America: 1879–1884]". ''Sunrise'', April/May 1991.
* {{cite book| last1= Heidler |first1=David Stephen |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne T. |last3=Coles |first3=David J. |title = Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History| year = 2000|place=Santa Barbara, California | publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-0-393-04758-5 }}
* {{cite book| last= Kirsch|first=George B. | title = Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime During the Civil War| url= https://archive.org/details/baseballinbluegr0000kirs| url-access= registration|place=Princeton, N.J. |publisher=Princeton University Press | year = 2002| isbn = 978-0-691-05733-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Langellier |first=John P. | title = Second Manassas 1862: Robert E. Lee's Greatest Victory|place=Oxford, Eng. |publisher=Osprey Military | year = 2002|isbn = 978-1-84176-230-2 }}
* {{cite book| last = Tagg| first = Larry| title = The Generals of Gettysburg: The Leaders of America's Greatest Battle| place = Campbell, California| year = 1998| publisher = Savas Publishing Company| isbn = 978-1-882810-30-7| url = http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141022014655/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/| archive-date = October 22, 2014| df = mdy-all}}
* "[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fdo39 Doubleday, Abner]" in ''The Handbook of Texas''.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| last = Doubleday| first = Abner| title = Chancellorsville and Gettysburg| url = https://archive.org/details/chancellorsvill02doubgoog|place=New York | year = 1882| publisher = C. Scribner's Sons }}
* {{cite book | last = Doubleday | first = Abner | title = Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-61 | publisher = Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company | year = 1998 | location = Charleston, South Carolina | url = https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=mEwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA13 | isbn = 1-877853-40-2 }}
* {{cite book| last = Hyde| first = Bill| title = The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg|place=Baton Rouge, La. | year = 2003| publisher = Louisiana State University Press| isbn = 978-0-8071-2581-6 }}
* Silkenat, David. ''Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-4972-6}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=9508}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Abner Doubleday}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1867}}
* [http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/doubledaygeneralindefense.htm ''Defense of Madame Blavatsky'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060208234024/http://baseballhalloffame.com/about/history.htm Baseball Hall of Fame]
* [https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/6397/view Photo of Abner Doubleday and wife Mary], taken by [[Mathew Brady]], owned by [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]
* [http://www.mchistory.org/research/resources/ulysses-freeman-doubleday.php Ulysses Freeman Doubleday] – [[McLean County Museum of History]]

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John F. Reynolds]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= Commander of the [[I Corps (Union Army)|I Corps (Army of the Potomac)]]|years=July 1, 1863{{snd}}July 2, 1863}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Newton (engineer)|John Newton]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Gettysburg figures|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doubleday, Abner}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Auburn, New York]]
[[Category:People from Ballston Spa, New York]]
[[Category:People of New York (state) in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union army generals]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:American Theosophists]]
[[Category:People from Mendham Township, New Jersey]]