Editing Abstinence pledge

{{Short description|Conmitment to refrain from drug usage or sexual intercourse}}
[[File:Maine WCTU.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU) abstinence pledge card in which one promises a lifestyle of [[teetotalism]].]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Abstinence pledge card.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An abstinence pledge card in which one promises to abstain from sexual intercourse until marriage.]] -->
'''Abstinence pledges''' are commitments made by people, often though not always [[teenagers]] and [[young adult (psychology)|young adults]], to practice [[abstinence]], usually in the case of practicing [[teetotalism]] with respect to abstaining from alcohol and other drugs, or [[chastity]], with respect to abstaining from [[sexual intercourse]] until [[marriage]]; in the case of [[sexual abstinence]], they are sometimes also known as '''purity pledges''' or '''virginity pledges'''.<ref name="IT1998">{{cite news |title=Taking the pledge gave impetus to historic religious movement |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/taking-the-pledge-gave-impetus-to-historic-religious-movement-1.229347 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=English |date=29 December 1998}}</ref><ref name="VHS1984"/><ref name="Donaldson2008"/> They are most common in the [[United States]] among [[Catholic]] and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations, while others are nonsectarian.<ref name="IT1998"/><ref name="PCPA2005">{{cite web|title=Silver Ring Thing offers lessons in sexual purity|last=Franko|first=John|date=18 February 2005|publisher=Pittsburgh Catholic Publishing Associates|language=en|access-date=6 May 2018|url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/News/silver-ring-thing-offers-lessons-in-sexual-purity|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507090521/http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/News/silver-ring-thing-offers-lessons-in-sexual-purity|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The [[temperance movement]] arose in the 18th century and spread throughout Christians of the [[Methodist]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Quaker]], and [[Roman Catholic]] denominations, among others.<ref name="IT1998"/> The [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU), has encouraged people in their communities to sign abstinence pledges with the undersigned promising to not use alcohol or other drugs; the following is an example of wording that may appear on such abstinence pledge cards: "I hereby promise, by the help of God, to abstain from the use of all intoxicating liquors, including wine, beer, and cider as a beverage."<ref name="Smith2019">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Barbara |title=The Famous Five: Canada's Crusaders for Women's Rights |date=14 May 2019 |publisher=Heritage House Publishing |isbn=978-1-77203-234-5 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> Taking the abstinence pledge enrolls those signing the cards as members in the [[List of Temperance organizations|temperance organization]] that is distributing them, such as the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]], [[Independent Order of Rechabites]] and [[International Organisation of Good Templars]], among others.<ref name="VHS1984">{{cite book |title=Vermont History, Volumes 52-53 |date=1984 |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |page=155 |language=English |quote=Woman's Christian Temperance Union PLEDGE Conditions of membership: Signing total abstinence pledge and paying annual dues of $ 1.00. "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt...}}</ref> The [[League of the Cross|Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross]], founded by [[Cardinal Henry Manning]] in 1873, had the following pledge: "I promise to you, reverend father, and to the League of the Holy Cross, by the help of God's grace, to abstain from all intoxicating drinks."<ref name="Hanson2016">{{cite web |last1=Hanson |first1=David J. |title=Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross |url=https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross |publisher=Alcohol Problems and Solutions |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=English |date=15 June 2016}}</ref> A similar organisation, the [[Pioneer Total Abstinence Association]], continues distributing abstinence pledges today and [[Pope Pius X]] instated an [[plenary indulgence]] of 100 days for those promoting it.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record |date=1913 |publisher=Browne and Nolan |page=636 |language=English}}</ref> In [[Ireland]], it is common for school children to take the pledge of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association after which they receive a [[lapel pin]].<ref name="White2020">{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Robert W. |title=Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary |date=5 May 2020 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-04830-1 |page=33 |language=English}}</ref> 
[[File:Signing the pledge LCCN2003680827.jpg|right|thumb|Signing a teetotal pledge, USA, 1846]]
The first program encouraging individuals to sign a pledge encouraging abstinence from sexual intercourse until marriage is [[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]], started in 1993 by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], which now claims over 2.5 million pledgers worldwide in dozens of countries.<ref>Anne Bolin, Patricia Whelehan, ''Human Sexuality: Biological, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives'', Routledge, UK, 2009, p. 248</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=20143|title=Baptist Press - True Love Waits launches community-wide initiative - News with a Christian Perspective<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=5 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605235127/http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=20143|url-status=dead}}</ref> A torrent of abstinence pledge programs encouraging people to save sexual intercourse for marriage followed; one such program is the [[Silver Ring Thing]] (SRT), which started in 1995 has been featured in hundreds of media reports worldwide. In 2005, the [[American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts]] sued the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] because it believed SRT used tax dollars to promote Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/reproductiverights/sexed/12603lgl20050516.html|title=ACLU of Massachusetts v. Secretary of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> SRT presented a two-part program, the first part about abstinence; the second about how the Christian faith fits into an abstinence commitment. The ACLU claimed federal funding given to this program violated their interpretation of [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]].

On August 22, 2005, the department suspended SRT's $75,000 federal grant until it submitted a "corrective action plan."<ref name="srtsettlement">{{cite web
| title           = settlement agreement
| author          = American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts
| url             = https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/srtsettlementagreement.pdf
| website         = American Civil Liberties Union
| pages           = 2, 6, 7
| date            = 2017-08-01 <!-- 2017-08-01 according to Last-Modified: HTTP header -->
| access-date     = 2019-05-03
| df              = mdy-all
}}</ref>
In 2006, a corrective action plan was accepted by the department, the lawsuit was dismissed and SRT received its federal funding.

Abstinence pledge programs take a variety of stances on the role of religion in the pledge:  some use religion to motivate the pledge, putting Biblical quotes on the cards, while others use statistics and arguments to motivate the pledge. Advocacy of virginity pledges is often coupled with support for [[abstinence-only sex education]] in public schools. Advocates argue that any other type of sexual education would promote sex outside of [[marriage]], which they hold to be immoral and risky.<ref name="Donaldson2008">{{cite web |last1=Donaldson |first1=Susan James |title=Virginity Pledges Can Work for Some |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/ReproductiveHealth/story?id=5906523&page=1 |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=English |date=29 September 2008}}</ref>

==Gallery and examples==
<gallery>
File:Murphy temperance pledge card.jpg|Abstinence pledge card distributed by [[Francis Murphy (evangelist)|Francis Murphy]], an early leader in the [[temperance movement]] (1877)
File:IOGT Membership Card.jpg|[[IOGT]] abstinence pledge card encouraging [[teetotalism]] with respect to alcohol and other drugs (2017)
File:Abstinence pledge.jpg|Abstinence pledge card encouraging [[chastity]] until marriage (2021)
</gallery>
[[Independent Order of Rechabites]] (IOR) 1900 abstinence pledge:<ref name="MV"/>
<blockquote>
I promise to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as beverages and to discountenance their use by others.<ref name="MV">{{cite web |title=Certificate - Independent Order of Rechabites, 1910 |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/717084 |publisher=[[Museums Victoria]] |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>
</blockquote>
[[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU) current abstinence pledge:<ref name="WCTU"/>
<blockquote>
I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented and malt liquors, including wine beer and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same.<ref name="WCTU">{{cite web |title=Join Us |url=https://www.wctu.org/join |publisher=[[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=English}}</ref>
</blockquote>
[[Pioneer Total Abstinence Association]] abstinence pledge and prayer (recited twice daily by members): 
<blockquote>
For your greater glory and consolation, O Sacred Heart of Jesus, for your sake to give good example, to practice self-denial, to make reparation to you for the sins of intemperance and for the conversion of excessive drinkers, I will abstain for life from all intoxicating drinks. Amen.<ref name="Hamilton2016">{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Andrew Hamilton |title=Understanding Jesus: 50 Reasons Why Jesus Matters |date=2016 |publisher=[[Paulist Press]] |isbn=978-0-8091-4962-9 |language=en}}</ref>
</blockquote>
[[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]] 1993 abstinence pledge read as follows:<ref name="RT1">{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/virgpled2.htm|title=Virginity/sexual abstinence pledges|last=Robinson|first=B.A.|date=2005-03-20|publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|access-date=2005-03-29}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, those I date, and my future mate to be sexually pure until the day I enter marriage."
</blockquote>
[[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]] more recent abstinence pledge reads:<ref name="LW1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeway.com/tlw/students/card.asp|title=True Love Waits Commitment Card|year=2007|publisher=LifeWay Christian Resources|access-date=2009-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508132827/http://www.lifeway.com/tlw/students/card.asp|archive-date=2009-05-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LW2">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeway.com/tlw/|title=The TLW Pledge|year=2007|publisher=LifeWay Christian Resources|pages=PDF|access-date=2009-05-19}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate, and my future children to a lifetime of purity including sexual abstinence from this day until the day I enter a Biblical marriage relationship."
</blockquote>
[[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]] recent abstinence pledge (2009):
<blockquote>
"I am making a commitment to myself, my family, and my Creator, that I will abstain from sexual activity of any kind before marriage. I will keep my body and my thoughts pure as I trust in God's perfect plan for my life."<br>
(quote on card) "''It is God's will that you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality; that each of you should learn to control his/her own body in a way that is holy and honorable." [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thess]] 4:3-4''
</blockquote>

==Studies==
There have been numerous peer-reviewed studies on those who have taken abstinence pledges promising to maintain chastity until marriage, with varying results. Four of the five peer-reviewed virginity pledge studies and the non-peer-reviewed study discussed below use the same federal data, the [[National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health]] (Add Health), in which 13,000 adolescents were interviewed in 1995, 1996, and 2000. The other peer-reviewed study used a study of virginity pledges in [[California]].

The first peer-reviewed study of virginity pledgers (by sociologists [[Peter Bearman]] of [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and Hannah Brueckner of [[Yale University|Yale]]) found that in the year following their pledge, some virginity pledgers are more likely to delay sex than non-pledgers; when virginity pledgers do have sex, they are less likely to use contraception than non-pledgers.<ref name="webmdVPDCSR">{{cite web | title = Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates | work = WebMD.com | url=http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/news/20050322/virginity-pledges-dont-cut-std-rates}}</ref> This study found that virginity pledges are only effective in high schools in which about 30% of the students had taken the pledge, meaning that they are not effective as a universal measure.  Their analysis was that identity movements work when there is a critical mass of members:  too few members, and people do not have each other for social support, and too many members, and people do not feel distinctive for having taken the pledge. This study was criticized for not being able to conclude causality, only correlation, a criticism which applies to all studies of virginity pledges thus far.<ref>{{cite web | title = Appraising Evidence on Program Effectiveness: Do Virginity Pledges Cause Virginity? | publisher = Public Health Institute Center for Research on Adolescent Health and Development | url = http://crahd.phi.org/VirginityPledges.html | access-date = 2004-11-29 | archive-date = 2004-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041014085951/http://crahd.phi.org/VirginityPledges.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A second peer-reviewed study, also by Bearman and Brueckner, looked at virginity pledgers five years after their pledge, and found that the pledgers have similar proportions of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs) and at least as high proportions of [[anal sex|anal]] and [[oral sex]] as those who have not made a virginity pledge. They deduced that there was substitution of oral and anal sex for vaginal sex among the pledgers, although the data for anal sex without vaginal sex reported by males did not reflect this directly.<ref name="webmdVPDCSR"/><ref name="pmid15780782">{{cite journal
| title = After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges
| author = Brückner and Bearman
| date = April 2005
| journal = Journal of Adolescent Health
| pages =271–278
|  volume= 36 
| issue= 4 
| doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005
| last2 = Bearman
| first2 = Peter
| pmid = 15780782
| s2cid = 10150529
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
This study also estimated that male pledgers were 4.1 times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who did not pledge (25% vs. 6%), and estimated that female pledgers were 3.5 times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who did not pledge (21% vs. 6%).  The study also noted that those who pledge yet became sexually active reported fewer partners and were not exposed to STI risk for as long as nonpledgers.<ref name="webmdVPDCSR"/><ref name="pmid15780782"/> 
  
A third peer-reviewed study — by Melina Bersamin and others at Prevention Research Center, in Berkeley, California — found that adolescents who make an informal promise to themselves not to have sex will delay sex, but adolescents who take a formal virginity pledge do not delay sex.<ref>{{cite journal
|vauthors=Bersamin MM, Walker S, Waiters ED, Fisher DA, Grube JW |title=Promising to wait: virginity pledges and adolescent sexual behavior
|journal=J Adolesc Health
|volume=36
|issue=5
|pages=428–36
|date=May 2005
|pmid=15837347
|pmc=1949026
|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.016
}}</ref>

A fourth peer-reviewed study — by [[Harvard University|Harvard]] public health researcher [[Janet Rosenbaum]] published in the [[American Journal of Public Health]] in June 2006 — found that over half of adolescents who took virginity pledges said the following year that they had never taken a pledge.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/08/MNGPHIN8IF1.DTL | title = Some may play fast and loose with virginity pledge, study finds | author = Elizabeth Mehren | work = San Francisco Chronicle | date=  2006-05-08}}
</ref> This study showed that those who make the pledge but have sex are likely to deny ever pledging; and many who were sexually active prior to taking the pledge deny their sexual history, which, it is speculated, may cause them to underestimate their risk of having STIs.

A fifth peer-reviewed study, also by Janet Rosenbaum published in the journal ''[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]'' in 2009,<ref name="pmid19117832">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rosenbaum | first1 = J. E. | title = Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers | doi = 10.1542/peds.2008-0407 | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = e110–e120 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19117832 | pmc =2768056 }}</ref> found no difference in sexual behavior of pledgers and similar non-pledgers five years after pledging, but found pledgers were 10 [[percentage point]]s less likely to use condoms and 6 percentage points less likely to use birth control than similar non-pledgers. Rosenbaum's study was innovative for using [[Rubin causal model]] matching, instead of relying on [[regression analysis]], which makes potentially untrue [[parametric statistics|parametric]] assumptions. According to Rosenbaum, past research findings that virginity pledgers delayed sex may have been affected by their statistical method's inability to adjust fully for pre-existing differences between pledgers and non-pledgers: pledgers are much more negative toward [[premarital sex]] prior to even taking the pledge, so would be predicted to delay sex even if they had not taken the pledge. Comparing pledgers with similar non-pledgers is the only way to be certain that the effect comes from the pledge rather than the pre-existing greater beliefs of pledgers that sexuality should be restrained to the matrimonial context.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/28/AR2008122801588.html|title=Premarital Abstinence Pledges Ineffective, Study Finds|first=Rob|last=Stein|date=29 December 2008|access-date=29 May 2017|via=washingtonpost.com}}</ref>
When examining the dynamics of abstinence pledges in the purity culture, it becomes clear that these pledges exist on the boundary between intentional and unintentional, as articulated by Muskrat (2024)https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13558358.2024.2332980. It is not uncommon for purity culture to create a space where teens are even encouraged to promise themselves no sex before marriage, the stage that society heavily stresses on temperature. Nevertheless, during the period of purity culture, when there is no restriction on physical intimacy, abstinence supporters often harbor doubts about the conformity of sexual behavior among the younger generation. g generation. The [[liminality]] (Muskrat, 2024), as with the whole nuance of the transition period from adolescence to adulthood, is the underlying necessity for learning to surmount the restraint that comes with a strict moral pattern.

On the other hand, Ray (2023) will talk in depth about virginity checking (VCT) and hymnography (HTG)https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=40DkEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PT21&dq=virginity+pledges+journal+taylor+and+francis&ots=2dLjGWntYS&sig=qD_PuMtzeiQ6CCQJctuD--p40xc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=virginity%20pledges%20journal%20taylor%20and%20francis&f=false. He will also talk about the larger cultural norms that led to these practices. These norms show us how much society (especially women) values and expects people to uphold the traditions and customs of purity and righteousness. Indeed, such pledges can be perceived as a source of protection against the trend that modern civilization transmission and changing social norms are causing, undermining classical beliefs. On the other hand, Ray's (2023) work on the campaign to make harmful cultural practices unacceptable exposes this approach as not up-to-date, rather ineffective, and even dangerous when promoting sexual health and well-being, and in general when taking into account the complexity of nowadays's varied cultural, gender, and sexual development.

==Criticism==
The efficacy of [[virginity]] pledges has been extensively studied. Some studies suggest virginity pledges may delay [[Sexual intercourse|vaginal intercourse]], but are ineffective in reducing the incidence of [[sexually transmitted infection]]s because pledgers may replace vaginal sex with other kinds, such as [[oral sex]] and [[anal sex]].<ref name="webmdVPDCSR"/><ref name="pmid15780782"/> Other studies suggest no such substitution among pledgers, though pledgers may partake in vaginal or oral sex.<ref name="pmid19117832"/> Virginity pledges may also reduce the likelihood of [[contraceptive]] use once pledgers decide to engage in sex.<ref name="webmdVPDCSR"/> Though studies have reported this and found that pledgers are more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who do not pledge and that those who do become sexually active report fewer sexual partners,<ref name="webmdVPDCSR"/><ref name="pmid15780782"/> at least one study found no difference in the sexual behavior of pledgers and non-pledgers after controlling for pre-existing differences between the groups.<ref name="pmid19117832"/> According to a study published in 2014 from the [[University of Washington]], Evangelical men who made an abstinence pledge and got married would like more conversations about the place of sex in marriage in their churches. <ref> Molly McElroy, [https://www.washington.edu/news/2014/08/16/virginity-pledges-for-men-can-lead-to-sexual-confusion-even-after-the-wedding-day/ Virginity pledges for men can lead to sexual confusion — even after the wedding day], washington.edu, USA, October 9, 2015 </ref>

==See also==
* [[Adolescent sexuality in the United States]]
* [[Born-again virgin]]
* [[Confraternities of the Cord#Confraternity of the Cord of Saint Thomas usually called the Angelic Warfare Confraternity|Confraternity of the Cord of Saint Thomas]]
* [[Fornication]]
* [[List of Temperance organizations]]
* [[Modesto Manifesto]]
* [[Purity Ball]]
* [[Purity ring]]
* [[Theology of the body]]
* [[Sexual abstinence]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Sexual ethics}}

{{Portal|Evangelical Christianity|}}
[[Category:Sexual abstinence and religion]]
[[Category:Adolescent sexuality]]
[[Category:Temperance movement]]
[[Category:Woman's Christian Temperance Union]]
[[Category:Sexuality in Evangelicalism]]