Editing Academic journal

{{Short description|Peer-reviewed scholarly periodical}}
{{Merge from|Scientific journal|discuss=Talk:Scientific journal#Merge with Academic journal|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.3|There are different types of peer-reviewed research journals; these specific publications are about [[food science]].]]
An '''academic journal''' (or '''scholarly journal''' or '''scientific journal''') is a [[periodical publication]] in which [[Scholarly method|scholarship]] relating to a particular [[academic discipline]] is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the dissemination, scrutiny, and discussion of [[research]]. Unlike [[professional magazine]]s or [[Trade magazine|trade magazines]], the articles are mostly written by researchers rather than staff writers employed by the journal. They nearly universally require [[peer review]] for [[Research Article|research articles]] or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gary Blake |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsoftechni0000blak |title=The Elements of Technical Writing |author2=Robert W. Bly |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-02-013085-7 |page=113 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monavarian |first=Morteza |date=2021-03-01 |title=Basics of scientific and technical writing |journal=MRS Bulletin |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=284–286 |doi=10.1557/s43577-021-00070-y |bibcode=2021MRSBu..46..284M |s2cid=233798866 |issn=1938-1425|doi-access=free }}</ref> Academic journals trace their origins back to the [[17th century]].

{{As of|2012}}, it is estimated that over 28,100 active academic journals are in publication, with scopes ranging from the general sciences, as seen in journals like ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' and ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', to highly specialized fields.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lilla |first=Rick |date=November 11, 2022 |title=What's the difference between a scholarly journal, a professional journal, a peer reviewed journal, and a magazine? |url=https://ask.lockhaven.edu/research/faq/163762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524150850/https://ask.lockhaven.edu/research/faq/163762 |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Lock Haven University Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Swoger |first=Bonnie |date=July 27, 2012 |title=The (mostly true) origins of the scientific journal |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/the-mostly-true-origins-of-the-scientific-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727041115/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/the-mostly-true-origins-of-the-scientific-journal/ |archive-date=July 27, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> These journals publish a variety of articles including [[Research|original research]], [[Review article|review articles]], and [[Opinion piece|perspectives]].

== Content ==
{{See also|Medical journal|Law review}}
Content usually takes the form of articles presenting [[original research]], [[review article]]s, or [[#Book reviews|book reviews]]. The purpose of an academic journal, according to [[Henry Oldenburg]] (the first editor of ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to access |publisher=The Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2011/Royal-Society-journal-archive-made-permanently-free-to-access/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212195825/https://royalsociety.org/news/2011/Royal-Society-journal-archive-made-permanently-free-to-access/ |archive-date=2019-02-12 }}</ref>

The term ''academic journal'' applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this includes journals that cover [[Formal science|formal sciences]], [[Natural science|natural sciences]], [[Social science|social sciences]], and [[humanities]], which differ somewhat from each other in form and function.

Although academic journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are quite different. Articles in academic journals are written by active researchers such as students, scientists, and professors. Their intended audience is others in the field, meaning their content is highly technical.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2023 |title=What is a Scholarly Journal? |url=https://library.vvc.edu/welcome/journals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314232452/https://library.vvc.edu/welcome/journals |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Victor Valley College Library (Victor Valley College)}}</ref> Academic articles also deal with research, and are peer reviewed. Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, focusing on how people in those fields can do their jobs better.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Lilla |first=Rick |date=November 11, 2022 |title=What's the difference between a scholarly journal, a professional journal, a peer reviewed journal, and a magazine? |url=https://ask.lockhaven.edu/research/faq/163762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524150850/https://ask.lockhaven.edu/research/faq/163762 |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Lock Haven University Libraries}}</ref>

The first academic journal was {{Lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}} (January 1665), followed soon after by ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (March 1665), and {{Lang|fr|[[Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences]]}} (1666). The first fully peer-reviewed journal was ''Medical Essays and Observations'' (1733<!--Source says 1731 for the "launch", but it was published in 1733 -->).<ref name="Mudrak">{{cite web |last=Mudrak |first=Ben |title=Scholarly Publishing: A Brief History |url=https://www.aje.com/en/arc/scholarly-publishing-brief-history/ |publisher=American Journal Experts |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2019-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055530/https://www.aje.com/en/arc/scholarly-publishing-brief-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu|thumb|right|page=60|[[Adrien Auzout]]'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from [[:s:Philosophical Transactions/Volume 1/Number 4#56|a 1665 article]] in ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'', showing a [[Table (information)|table]]]]

In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them.  Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas.  Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the [[Royal Society]] (1660) and the [[French Academy of Sciences]] (1666).<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Swoger |first=Bonnie |date=July 27, 2012 |title=The (mostly true) origins of the scientific journal |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/the-mostly-true-origins-of-the-scientific-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727041115/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/the-mostly-true-origins-of-the-scientific-journal/ |archive-date=July 27, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Scientific American}}</ref>

The idea of a published journal with the purpose of "[letting] people know what is happening in the [[Republic of Letters]]" was first conceived by [[François Eudes de Mézeray]] in 1663. A publication titled {{Lang|fr|Journal littéraire général}} was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal, but never was. [[Renaissance humanism|Humanist scholar]] [[Denis de Sallo]] (under the [[pseudonym]] "Sieur de Hédouville") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained a [[royal privilege]] from King [[Louis XIV]] on 8 August 1664 to establish the {{Lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}}. The journal's first issue was published on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at [[Intellectual#"Man of letters"|people of letters]], and had four main objectives:<ref name="JDS-history">{{Cite book |last=Cocheris |first=Hippolyte |date=1860  |url=http://archive.org/details/indexjournaldess181658acaduoft |title=Table méthodique et analytique des articles du Journal des Savants depuis sa réorganization en 1816 jusqu'en 1858 inclusivement |location=Paris |publisher=A. Durand |pages=1–2}}</ref>

# review newly published major European books,
# publish the [[obituary|obituaries]] of famous people, 
# report on discoveries in [[arts]] and [[science]], and
# report on the [[proceedings]] and [[censure]]s of both [[secular]] and [[ecclesiastical court]]s, as well as those of universities both in France and outside.

Soon after, the [[Royal Society]] established ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' in March 1665, and the {{lang|fr|[[Académie des Sciences]]}} established the ''{{lang|fr|[[Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences]]}}'' in 1666, which focused on scientific communications.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Philosophical Transactions – The Secret History of the Scientific Journal |url=https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |publisher=University of St Andrews |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2019-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055533/https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kronick |first1=David A. |title=A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665–1790 |date=1962 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=New York |chapter=Original Publication: The Substantive Journal |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102156/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |url-status=live }}</ref> the vast majority coming from [[Germany]] (304 periodicals), [[France]] (53), and [[England]] (34). Several of those publications, in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under five years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journals to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. Michael Mabe wrote that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabe |first1=Michael |date=1 July 2003 |title=The growth and number of journals |journal=Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1629/16191 |issn=1475-3308 |doi-access=free |s2cid=904752}}</ref>

In 1733, ''Medical Essays and Observations'' was established by the [[Medical Society of Edinburgh]] as the first fully [[peer-review]]ed journal.<ref name="Mudrak"/> Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Preface |journal=Medical Essays and Observations |date=1737 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLRTGMkfZIMC&pg=PR5 |edition= 2nd |pages=v–xvi |publisher=Philosophical Society of Edinburgh}}</ref> Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (1869) and ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' (1880), the establishment of ''[[Postmodern Culture]]'' in 1990 as the first [[online journal|online-only journal]], the foundation of [[arXiv]] in 1991 for the dissemination of [[preprint]]s to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of ''[[PLOS One]]'' in 2006 as the first [[megajournal]].<ref name="Mudrak"/>

[[Peer review]] did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious. Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peer Review – A Historical Perspective : Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard |url=https://mitcommlab.mit.edu/broad/commkit/peer-review-a-historical-perspective/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mitcommlab.mit.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Scholarly articles==
{{See also|Academic publishing#Scholarly paper|Scientific literature#Scientific article}}
There are two kinds of [[Manuscript (publishing)|article or paper submissions]] in [[academia]]: solicited, where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call, and unsolicited, where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=Gwen Meyer Gregory
 |year=2005
 |title=The successful academic librarian: Winning strategies from library leaders
 |url=https://archive.org/details/successfulacadem00greg
 |url-access=limited
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/successfulacadem00greg/page/n56 36]–37
 |publisher=[[Information Today]]
 |isbn=978-1-57387-232-4
}}</ref> Upon receipt of a submitted article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of [[peer review]]. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing who typically remain anonymous. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice – typically, no fewer than two, though sometimes three or more, experts in the subject matter of the article produce reports upon the content, style, and other factors, which inform the editors' publication decisions.

Though these reports are generally confidential, some journals and publishers also practice [[public peer review]]. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept the article for publication. Even accepted articles are often subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take from several weeks to several months.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=Michèle Lamont
 |year=2009
 |title=How professors think: Inside the curious world of academic judgment
 |url=https://archive.org/details/howprofessorsthi00lamo
 |url-access=limited
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howprofessorsthi00lamo/page/n7 1]–14
 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]
 |isbn=978-0-674-05733-3
}}</ref>

Articles have several sections, often including the following:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Major Parts of a Research Article |url=https://www.marymount.edu/marymount.edu/media/Academic_media/Services_and_Resources/partsofaresearcharticle.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418174213/https://www.marymount.edu/marymount.edu/media/Academic_media/Services_and_Resources/partsofaresearcharticle.pdf |archive-date=April 18, 2015 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Marymount University Library & Learning Services}}</ref>

* The title;
* Information about the author(s);
* The [[Abstract (summary)|abstract]], which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;
* The [[Introduction (writing)|introduction]], including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a [[hypothesis]];
* The [[methodology]] or method, which includes the way the [[research]] was done, details concerning the study's [[Sampling (statistics)|sample]], [[Measurement|measures for assessment]], and the [[Methodology#As method|procedure]];
* Findings or [[Result|results]], which summarize what the study found;
* Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future;
* A [[Bibliography|list of works]] that the article's author [[Citation|cited]].

=== Types of article ===
Articles can also be categorized by their purpose.  The exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

* '''Letters''' (also called ''communications'', and not to be confused with ''letters to the editor'') are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
* '''Research notes''' are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than ''Letters''.
* '''Articles''' are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or [[theoretical computer science]].
* '''Supplemental articles''' contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet. Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information.
* A '''target article''' in a journal is one which argues a case, to which other authors submit a commentary or a response. There may be a final response from the author of the target article.<ref>[[Taylor and Francis]] Author Services, [https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/writing-your-paper/different-types-of-research-articles/ Different types of research articles: A guide for early career researchers], accessed on 16 February 2025</ref><ref>Asprem, E., [https://brill.com/view/journals/arie/20/2/article-p163_1.xml Editorial] in ''Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism'', Brill, published on 1 July 2020, accessed on 17 February 2025</ref> See, for example, [[Alison Gopnik]]'s article ''How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge of intentionality'' in the journal ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences'', Volume 16, Issue 1 (1993), which was one of a pair of "target articles" to which other responses were published in the same volume.<ref>Cambridge Core, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/issue/AF58F6A2BB28E3B84B2654521154A072 Behavioral and Brain Sciences: An International Journal of Current Research and Theory with Open Peer Commentary], Volume 16, Issue 1 (March 1993), accessed on 17 February 2025</ref>
* '''[[Review article|Review articles]]''' do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different ''articles'' on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research. Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of [[Meta-analysis|meta-analytical methods]].
* '''[[Data publishing|Data papers]]''' are articles dedicated to describe datasets. This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e.g. ''[[Scientific Data (journal)|Scientific Data]]'' and ''[[Earth Observation|Earth System Science Data]]''.
* '''[[Video paper|Video papers]]''' are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications. They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol with a rigorous textual description.<ref>{{cite web |title=JoVE - Peer Reviewed Scientific Video Journal - Methods and Protocols |url=http://www.jove.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322165712/https://www.jove.com/ |archive-date=22 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=jove.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Научный журнал "Видеонаука" |url=http://videonauka.ru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311184031/http://videonauka.ru/ |archive-date=2016-03-11 |website=Scientific journal "Videonauka"}}</ref>

==Reviewing==
===Review articles===
{{main|Review article}}

Review articles, also called "reviews of progress", are checks on the research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, and others do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some reviews are [[enumeration|enumerative]], listing all significant articles in a given subject; others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years.

Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited or "peer-invited" submissions, often planned years in advance, which may themselves go through a peer-review process once received.<ref name="De Lange"/><ref name="Durham">{{cite journal |last1=Durham |first1=William H. |title=Preface: A "Peer-Invited" Publication |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=October 2004 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921194122/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field.<ref name="De Lange">
{{cite book
 |author=Deborah E. De Lange
 |year=2011
 |title=Research Companion to Green International Management Studies: A Guide for Future Research, Collaboration and Review Writing
 |pages=1–5
 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]
 |isbn=978-1-84980-727-2
}}</ref>

===Book reviews===
{{distinguish|Literary book review}}

Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review.<ref>
{{cite journal |author1=Rita James Simon |author2=Linda Mahan |year=1969 |title=A Note on the Role of Book Review Editor as Decision Maker |journal=[[The Library Quarterly]] |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=353–356 |doi=10.1086/619794 |jstor=4306026 |s2cid=144242155}}</ref>

==Prestige and ranking==
{{main|Journal ranking|Academic authorship}}

An [[academic]] journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest [[impact factor]]. In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions<ref>{{cite web |title=Background - julkaisufoorumi.fi |url=http://julkaisufoorumi.fi/en/publication-forum/background |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930090021/http://www.julkaisufoorumi.fi/en/publication-forum/background |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=julkaisufoorumi.fi}}</ref> and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ - julkaisufoorumi.fi |url=http://julkaisufoorumi.fi/en/evaluations/faq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127065227/http://www.julkaisufoorumi.fi/en/evaluations/faq |archive-date=27 November 2017 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=julkaisufoorumi.fi}}</ref>

In each [[academic discipline]], some journals receive a high number of submissions and opt to restrict how many they publish, keeping the [[journal acceptance rate|acceptance rate]] low.<ref name="DDD">
{{cite book
 |author=Rowena Murray
 |year=2009
 |title=Writing for Academic Journals
 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]
 |edition=2nd |pages=42–45
 |isbn=978-0-335-23458-5
}}</ref> Size or prestige are not a guarantee of reliability.<ref name="Brembs 2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brembs B |title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |page=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the [[natural sciences]] and in the [[social sciences]], the [[impact factor]] is an established proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other quantitative measures of prestige, such as the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average "[[half-life]]" of articles. [[Clarivate Analytics]]' ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', which among other features, computes an [[impact factor]] for academic journals, draws data for computation from the [[Science Citation Index Expanded]] (for natural science journals), and from the [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] (for social science journals).<ref name=DDD /> Several other metrics are also used, including the [[SCImago Journal Rank]], [[CiteScore]], [[Eigenfactor]], and [[Altmetrics]].

In the [[Anglosphere|Anglo-American]] [[humanities]], there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation (ESF) to change the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the [[ranking]] of academic journals in the humanities.<ref name=DDD /> These rankings have been severely criticized, notably by history and sociology of science British journals that have published a common editorial entitled "Journals under Threat".<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc=2629173 |year=2009 |title=Journals under Threat: A Joint Response from History of Science, Technology and Medicine Editors |journal=Medical History |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |pmid=19190746 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300003288}}</ref> Though it did not prevent ESF and some national organizations from proposing [[journal ranking]]s, it largely prevented their use as evaluation tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.3152/095820210X12809191250889 |title=The controversial policies of journal ratings: Evaluating social sciences and humanities |journal=Research Evaluation |volume=19 |issue=5 |page=347 |year=2010 |last1=Pontille |first1=David |last2=Torny |first2=Didier |s2cid=53387400 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00568746v2/document |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2022-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614111340/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00568746v2/document |url-status=live }}</ref>

In some disciplines such as [[knowledge management]]/[[intellectual capital]], the lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived by academics as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition".<ref name=CCC>
{{cite journal
 |author1=Nick Bontis
 |author2=Alexander Serenko
 |year=2009
 |title=A follow-up ranking of academic journals
 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.178.6943
 |journal=[[Journal of Knowledge Management]]
 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=17
 |doi=10.1108/13673270910931134
}}</ref>  Conversely, a significant number of scientists and organizations consider the pursuit of [[impact factor]] calculations as inimical to the goals of science, and have signed the [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]] to limit its use.<ref name=Alberts>
{{cite journal 
|last=Alberts 
|first=Bruce 
|author-link=Bruce Alberts
|title=Impact Factor Distortions 
|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] 
|volume=340 
|issue=6134 
|pages=787 
|date=May 17, 2013 
|doi=10.1126/science.1240319|pmid=23687012 
|bibcode=2013Sci...340..787A 
|doi-access=free 
}}
</ref>

Three categories of techniques have developed to assess journal quality and create journal rankings:<ref>
{{cite journal |author1=Paul Benjamin Lowry |author2=Sean LaMarc Humpherys |author3=Jason Malwitz |author4=Joshua Nix |year=2007 |title=A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=352–378 |doi=10.1109/TPC.2007.908733 |s2cid=40366182 |ssrn=1021608}}</ref>
* stated preference;
* revealed preference; and
* publication power approaches<ref>{{cite journal
 |author1=Alexander Serenko
 |author2=Changquan Jiao
 |year=2011
 |title=Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada
 |url=https://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Jiao_IS_Research_Canada.pdf
 |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences]]
 |volume=29
 |issue=1
 |pages=3–24
 |doi=10.1002/cjas.214
 |access-date=2013-08-16
 |archive-date=2016-07-12
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712074646/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Jiao_IS_Research_Canada.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

==Costs==
{{main|Academic publishing#Publishers and business aspects|l1 = }}

Many academic journals are [[subsidy|subsidized]] by universities or professional organizations, and do not exist to make a profit. They often accept advertising, page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs. On the other hand, some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries. They may also sell all of their journals in discipline-specific collections or a variety of other packages.<ref name="Bergstrom-2001">{{Cite journal
 |author1=Theodore C. Bergstrom
 |year=2001
 |title=Free Labor for Costly Journals?
 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]
 |volume=15
 |issue=3
 |pages=183–98
 |doi=10.1257/jep.15.4.183
 |s2cid=8593095
 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1wf0r099
 |access-date=2019-01-12
 |archive-date=2022-08-19
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819045742/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wf0r099
 |url-status=live
 |doi-access=free
 }}</ref> Many scientists and librarians have long protested these costs, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses.<ref name="mmmonline2">{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Deborah |date=1 Feb 2012 |title=Elsevier begins outreach as push-back on publisher threatens to widen |url=https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023645/https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/ |archive-date=2018-02-15 |website=MM&M}}</ref> To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase ''site licenses'', permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere. These may be much more expensive than the cost for a print subscription. Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the costs of site licenses continue to rise relative to universities' budgets.  This is known as the ''[[serials crisis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=24 April 2012 |title=Harvard University says it can't afford journal publishers' prices |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/apr/24/harvard-university-journal-publishers-prices |url-status=live |journal=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164109/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/apr/24/harvard-university-journal-publishers-prices |archive-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities, most often as teaching professors. In the case of the largest journals, there are paid staff assisting in the editing. The production of the journals is almost always done by publisher-paid staff. Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization.<ref>
{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Robert A. |title=How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper |last2=Gastel |first2=Barbara |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-39195-8 |edition=7th |pages=122–124}}</ref>

Traditional scientific journals require a paid subscription to access published articles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Noorden |first1=Richard |date=March 2013 |title=Open access: The true cost of science publishing |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/495426a |journal=Nature |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=426–429 |bibcode=2013Natur.495..426V |doi=10.1038/495426a |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

The cost and value proposition of subscription to academic journals is being continuously re-assessed by institutions worldwide. In the context of the [[big deal (subscription model)|big deal]] cancellations by several library systems in the world,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Andrés|last1=Fernández-Ramos|first2=María Blanca|last2=Rodríguez Bravo|first3=María Luisa|last3=Alvite Díez|first4=Lourdes|last4=Santos de Paz|title=Evolution of the big deals use in the public universities of the Castile and Leon region, Spain = Evolución del uso de los big deals en las universidades públicas de Castilla y León|url=https://buleria.unileon.es/handle/10612/11498|journal=El Profesional de la Información|date=2019|volume=28|issue=6|doi=10.3145/epi.2019.nov.19|first5=María Antonia|last5=Morán Suárez|first6=Josefa|last6=Gallego Lorenzo|first7=Isabel|last7=Olea Merino|language=es|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-04-25|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927145344/https://buleria.unileon.es/handle/10612/11498|url-status=live|hdl=10612/11498|hdl-access=free}}</ref> data analysis tools like [[Unpaywall Journals]] are used by libraries to estimate the specific cost and value of the various options: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant [[open access]] via [[open archive]]s like PubMed Central.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-04-18|title=SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries|url=https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/|website=library.buffalo.edu|author=Denise Wolfe|publisher=[[University at Buffalo]]|date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111125/https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the [[Public Library of Science]] (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the ''[[Journal of High Energy Physics]]''. However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources.{{cn|date=March 2025}} Open access journals may charge authors a fee for review or publication, rather than charging a readers a fee for access.<ref name="mmmonline">{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Deborah |date=1 Feb 2012 |title=Elsevier begins outreach as push-back on publisher threatens to widen |url=https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023645/https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/ |archive-date=2018-02-15 |website=MM&M}}</ref>

== Reproducibility and replicability ==
For scientific journals, [[Reproducibility|reproducibility and replicability]] of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same subject or carried out under changed conditions of measurement. While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Editorial and Journal Policies |url=https://www.pnas.org/author-center/editorial-and-journal-policies |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=PNAS |language=en}}</ref> The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided. However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as ''[[Inorganic Syntheses]]'' and ''[[Organic Syntheses]]'' require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process. The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Monya |date=2016-05-01 |title=1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=533 |issue=7604 |pages=452–454 |bibcode=2016Natur.533..452B |doi=10.1038/533452a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=27225100 |s2cid=4460617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sources of irreproducibility vary, including publication of [[False evidence|falsified or misrepresented]] data and [[Hand-waving|poor detailing]] of procedures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=National Academies of Sciences |first=Engineering |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science |title=Reproducibility and Replicability in Science |date=2019-05-07 |isbn=978-0-309-48616-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Copyright ==
Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the [[copyright]] to the journal publisher. Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use. However, many authors, especially those active in the [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] movement, found this unsatisfactory,<ref name="Di_Cosmo">{{Cite journal |last=Di Cosmo |first=Roberto |author-link=Roberto Di Cosmo |date=June 2006 |title=The Role of Public Administrations in The ICT Era |url=http://www.cepis.org/upgrade/files/full-III-06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=UPGRADE: The European Journal for the Informatics Professional |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=41–8 |issn=1684-5285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185237/http://www.cepis.org/upgrade/files/full-III-06.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-17}}</ref> and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead. Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves.

Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors. These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called [[postprints]]. Some publishers, for example the [[American Physical Society]], also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged.<ref>{{cite web |title=APS Copyright Policies and Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://forms.aps.org/author/copyfaq.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009083902/http://forms.aps.org/author/copyfaq.html |archive-date=2006-10-09}}</ref> The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the [[Public Library of Science]] family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns.<ref>[https://io9.gizmodo.com/5796054/is-it-time-to-end-copyright-for-scientific-journals Is it time to end copyright for scientific journals?] Gizmodo, 2011</ref>

==New developments==
[[File:Scholarly journals on screens.jpg|thumb|In the 21st century, journals are commonly accessed digitally.]]
The [[Internet]] has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by [[Academic library|academic libraries]]. Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as [[Google Scholar]]. Some of the smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online – this has sometimes been in the blog format, though some, like the [[open access]] journal ''[[Internet Archaeology]]'', use the medium to embed searchable datasets, 3D models, and interactive mapping.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Kevin |last=Greene |author-link=Kevin Greene (archaeologist) |doi=10.1017/S0003598X0006155X |volume=77 |pages=200&ndash;202 | issue=295 | title=Review: Internet Archaeology. Published twice yearly; ISSN 1363-5387. £105 and US$190 to instructions (access to Volume 1 free) | year=2003 | journal=Antiquity|s2cid=163702964 }}</ref>

Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, either via [[self-archiving|self archiving]], whereby the author deposits a paper in a [[disciplinary repository|disciplinary]] or [[institutional repository]] where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free [[open access journal]], which does not charge for [[subscription business model|subscriptions]], being either subsidized or financed by a [[article processing charge|publication fee]]. Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Philip M |last2=Walters |first2=William H |date=July 2011 |title=The impact of free access to the scientific literature: A review of recent research |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=208–217 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.008 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3133904 |pmid=21753913}}</ref> Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues.<ref>{{cite journal |author=James Hendler |year=2007 |title=Reinventing Academic Publishing-Part 1 |journal=[[IEEE Intelligent Systems]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1109/MIS.2007.4338485 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895390 |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005065413/https://zenodo.org/record/895390 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Predatory and junk journals ===
{{See also|Research paper mill|List of scholarly publishing stings}}
The much lower entry cost of on-line publishing has also raised concerns of an increase in [[predatory open-access publishing|publication of "junk" journals]] with lower publishing standards. These journals, often with names chosen as similar to well-established publications, solicit articles via e-mail and then charge the author to publish an article, often with [[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?|no sign of actual review]]. [[Jeffrey Beall]], a research librarian at the [[University of Colorado]], has compiled a list of what he considers to be "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"; the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013, but he estimates that there may be thousands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html |title=Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too) |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=April 7, 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620044756/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[OMICS Publishing Group]], which publishes a number of the journals on this list, [[OMICS Publishing Group#Legal threat to Jeffrey Beall|threatened to sue Beall]] in 2013 and Beall stopped publishing in 2017, citing pressure from his university.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem |title=Medical journals have a fake news problem |last=Deprez |first=Esme |date=August 29, 2017 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=2019-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125055921/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem |url-status=live }}</ref> A US judge fined OMICS $50 million in 2019 stemming from an [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]] lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brainard |first=Jeffrey |date=April 3, 2019 |title=U.S. judge rules deceptive publisher should pay $50 million in damages |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/us-judge-rules-deceptive-publisher-should-pay-501-million-damages |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]}}</ref>

Some academic journals use the [[registered report]] format, which aims to counteract issues such as [[data dredging]] and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, ''[[Nature Human Behaviour]]'' has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Promoting reproducibility with registered reports |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=10 January 2017 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=0034 |doi=10.1038/s41562-016-0034|s2cid=28976450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The ''[[European Journal of Personality]]'' defines this format: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted, the paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Streamlined review and registered reports soon to be official at EJP |url=https://www.ejp-blog.com/blog/2017/2/3/streamlined-review-and-registered-reports-coming-soon |website=THE EJP BLOG |date=6 February 2018 |publisher=European Journal of Personality |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724205104/https://www.ejp-blog.com/blog/2017/2/3/streamlined-review-and-registered-reports-coming-soon |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Electronic journals ===
{{further|Electronic publishing}}

Some journals are ''[[born digital]]'' in that they are solely published on the web and in a digital format. Though most electronic journals originated as print journals, which subsequently evolved to have an electronic version, while still maintaining a print component, others eventually became electronic-only.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an electronic journal? {{!}} SOAS |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/research/library/electronic-resources/electronic-journals/what-electronic-journal |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.soas.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

An '''e-journal''' closely resembles a print journal in structure: there is a table of contents which lists the articles, and many electronic journals still use a volume/issue model, although some titles now publish on a continuous basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nature of the Electronic Journal: Structure and Use of Information in Scholarly Electronic Journals {{!}} Association of College and Research Libraries |url=https://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/nashville/defelice |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> Online journal articles are a specialized form of [[electronic document]]: they have the purpose of providing material for academic [[research]] and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Often, a journal article will be available for download in two formats: PDF and HTML, although other electronic file types are often supported for supplementary material.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhosale |first=Uttkarsha |date=2021-03-15 |title=Electronic Journals vs Print Journals – Here's How You Can Choose the Right Journal! |url=https://www.enago.com/academy/electronic-journals-vs-print-journals/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Enago Academy |language=en-US}}</ref> Articles are indexed in [[bibliographic databases]] as well as by search engines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-20 |title=Journal indexing 101: Understanding the basics |url=https://www.editage.com/insights/journal-indexing-101-understanding-the-basics |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Editage Insights |language=en}}</ref> E-journals allow new types of content to be included in journals, for example, video material, or the data sets on which research has been based.

With the growth and development of the Internet, there has been a growth in the number of new digital-only journals. A subset of these journals exist as Open Access titles, meaning that they are free to access for all, and have [[Creative Commons]] licences which permit the reproduction of content in different ways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-09 |title=What are the differences between open access and standard subscription-based publication? |url=https://www.editage.com/insights/what-are-the-differences-between-open-access-and-standard-subscription-based-publication |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Editage Insights |language=en}}</ref> High quality [[open access journals]] are listed in [[Directory of Open Access Journals]]. Most, however, continue to exist as subscription journals, for which libraries, organisations and individuals purchase access.

Benefits of electronically publishing include easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries. Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries.<ref name="Heller">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Electronic Publishing of Scientific Manuscripts |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |url=http://www.hellers.com/steve/resume/p146.html |access-date=2010-06-16 |last=Heller |first=Stephen, R. |volume=02 |pages=871–875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703130753/http://www.hellers.com/steve/resume/p146.html |archive-date=2010-07-03}}</ref>

== Lists ==
{{see also|Lists of academic journals}}

* Databases providing detailed information about journals:
** [[Ulrich's Periodicals Directory|Ulrich's Global Serials Directory]] - the largest database of serials{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
** Directory of Periodicals by [[Modern Language Association]]
** [[Genamics JournalSeek|JournalSeek]] by Genamics
** [[Web of Science]]
** [[Scopus]]
** [[WorldCat]]
* Journal hosting sites that also provide lists. Some sites evaluate journals, providing information such as how long a journal takes to review articles and what types of articles it publishes:{{NoteTag|For example the [https://journalreviews.princeton.edu/ Reviews of Peer-Reviewed Journals in the Humanities and Social Sciences]}}
** [[Project MUSE]]
** [[JSTOR]]
** [[ScienceDirect]]
** [[Informaworld]]

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Academic conference]]
*[[Academic writing]]
*[[Journalology]]
*[[Publish or perish]]
* [[Thesis]] (Dissertation) or [[Collection of articles]]
* [[Treatise]]
}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Kronick |first1=David A. |title=A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665-1790 |date=1962 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=New York |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |chapter=Original Publication: The Substantive Journal}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Bakkalbasi, N |author2=Bauer, K |author3=Glover, J |author4=Wang, L |year=2006
 |title=Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science
 |volume=3 |page=7
 |journal=[[Biomedical Digital Libraries]]
 |doi=10.1186/1742-5581-3-7
 |pmid=16805916
 |pmc=1533854
|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal
 |last1=Bontis |first1=Nick
 |author-link=Nick Bontis
 |last2=Serenko |first2=A.
 |year=2009
 |title=A follow-up ranking of academic journals
 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.178.6943
 |journal=[[Journal of Knowledge Management]]
 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=16–26
 |doi=10.1108/13673270910931134
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Hendler |first=James
 |author-link=James Hendler
 |year=2007
 |title=Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part 1
 |journal=[[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]
 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=2–3
 |doi=10.1109/mis.2007.4338485
 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895390
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Paul Benjamin Lowry
 |author2=Sean LaMarc Humpherys
 |author3=Jason Malwitz
 |author4=Joshua Nix
 |year=2007
 |title=A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals
 |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication]]
 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=352–78
 |doi=10.1109/TPC.2007.908733
 |ssrn=1021608
|s2cid=40366182
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Waller |first=A.C.
 |year=2001
 |title=Editorial Peer Review Its Strengths and Weaknesses
 |series=ASIST monograph series
 |publisher=[[Information Today]]
 |isbn=978-1-57387-100-6
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1=Serenko |first1=Alexander
 |last2=Jiao |first2=C.
 |year=2011
 |title=Investigating information systems research in Canada
 |url=https://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Jiao_IS_Research_Canada.pdf
 |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences]]
 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3–24
 |doi=10.1002/CJAS.214
}}
*{{cite book |first1=Mark |last1=Ware |first2=Michael |last2=Mabe |title=The STM Report: An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing |date=2015 |url=https://www.zbw-mediatalk.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/STM-Report.pdf |edition=4th |publisher=International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers }}

==External links==
{{Wikisourcecat|Research articles}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IA|journals|Journal Collection}}

{{Academic publishing}}
{{Portal bar|Science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Academic journals| ]]
[[Category:Academic publishing]]
[[Category:Peer review]]
[[Category:Scholarly communication]]