Editing Acre

{{short description|Unit of area}}
{{About|the unit of area measure|other uses|Acre (disambiguation)|}}
{{Redirect|Acres|the surname|Acres (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024 |cs1-dates=ll}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox unit
| bgcolor       =
| name          = acre
| image         = Comparison land area units.svg <!--Need more useful/clear image-->
| caption       = One [[hectare]], with an acre represented as the lower white-and-yellow checkered region <!--Carefully interpret image before editing-->
| standard      = [[US customary units]], [[Imperial units]]
| quantity      = area
| symbol        = ac
| symbol2       = acre
| extralabel    =
| extradata     =
| units1        = SI units
| inunits1      = = {{convert|1|acre|m2|disp=out|sigfig=11}}
| units2        = US customary, Imperial
| inunits2      = ≡ {{convert|1|acre|yd2|disp=out|sigfig=4}}<br />≡ {{frac|1|640}}&nbsp;sq mi
}}
[[File:Comparison of units of area.png|thumb|Image comparing the acre (the small pink area at lower left) to other units. The entire yellow square is one [[square mile]]; the dark blue area at right represents 100 acres.]]
The '''acre''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|k|ər}} {{Respell|AY|kər}}) is a [[Unit of measurement|unit]] of land area used in the [[Imperial units|British imperial]] and the [[United States customary units#Area|United States customary]] systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one [[Chain (unit)|chain]] by one [[furlong]] (66 by 660 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, {{frac|1|640}} of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>, or about 40% of a [[hectare]]. Based upon the [[International yard and pound|international yard and pound agreement of 1959]], an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 [[square metre]]s. The acre is sometimes abbreviated '''ac''',<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Weights, Measures and Units |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn/page/4 4]|first=Donald |last=Fenna |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-860522-6}}</ref> but is usually spelled out as the word "acre".<ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology [http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf (n.d.) General Tables of Units of Measurement]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf |date=26 November 2006 }}.</ref>

Traditionally, in the [[Middle Ages]], an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be [[plough]]ed by one man using a team of eight [[ox]]en in one day.<ref name=nottingham>{{cite web |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/researchguidance/weightsandmeasures/measurements.aspx |title=Manuscripts and Special Collections – Measurements |publisher = the [[University of Nottingham]] |access-date= 1 August 2018}}</ref> The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States. Both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only four parts per million. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. The acre is used in many established and former [[Commonwealth of Nations]] countries by custom. In a few, it continues as a [[statute measure]], although not since 2010 in the UK, and not for decades in [[Metrication in Australia|Australia]], [[Metrication in New Zealand|New Zealand]], and [[South African units of measurement|South Africa]]. In many places where it is not a statute measure, it is still lawful to "use for trade" if given as supplementary information and is not used for [[land registration]].

==Description==
One acre equals {{frac|1|640}} (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet,<ref name="NIST" /> or about {{convert|4047|m2|ha|abbr=off|lk=on|sigfig=4}} (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty [[Rod (unit)|perches]] (660&nbsp;ft, or 1&nbsp;[[furlong]]) long and four perches (66&nbsp;ft) wide;<ref name="Klein2012">{{cite book| last=Klein |first=Herbert Arthur |title=The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrmuSiCFyikC&pg=PA76 |year=2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-14497-9 |page=76}}</ref> this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day (a furlong being "a furrow long"). A [[square]] enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57&nbsp;yards, or 208&nbsp;feet 9&nbsp;inches ({{convert|208.71|ft|m|abbr=off|disp=out}}), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre.

==US survey acres==
In the [[international yard and pound]] agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre.<ref name=NBS1959>{{cite web |publisher= National Bureau of Standards |date= 25 June 1959 |url= http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |title= Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound |website= noaa.gov |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200305184155/https://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2020 |url-status= dead |access-date= 3 December 2006 }}</ref> The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the [[US survey foot]] (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'.<ref name=NBS1959 /> By inference, an "international acre" may be calculated as exactly {{gaps|4,046.856|422|4}} square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement.

Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain {{frac|640}} of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see [[Foot (unit)#Survey foot|survey foot]] and [[Yard#Conversions|survey yard]]), so the exact size of an acre depends upon the yard upon which it is based. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872 square metres; its exact value ({{sfrac|4046|13,525,426|15,499,969}}&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) is based on an inch defined by 1&nbsp;metre = 39.37&nbsp;inches exactly, as established by the [[Mendenhall Order]] of 1893.<ref>* {{cite journal |last=Mendenhall |first=T.C. |date=6 October 1922 |title=The United States Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=56 |issue=1449 |pages=337–380 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.56.1449.377 |jstor=1647062 |pmid=17833047 |bibcode=1922Sci....56..377M |access-date=16 August 2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1647062}}</ref> Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre.<ref>[[National Geodetic Survey]], (January 1991), [http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/Policy/st_plane.html Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983].</ref>

Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches), is only about a quarter of the size of an [[ISO 216#A series|A4 sheet]] or [[Paper size#North American paper sizes|US letter]], it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable.<ref>[https://www.nsps.us.com/resource/resmgr/alta_standards/2021_Standards_20201030_grk.pdf Minimum Standard Detail Requirements For ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys]. Federick, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. 2021. [The stated maximum allowable "precision" (page 2) is 2&nbsp;cm and 50 parts per million. An instrument consistently measuring 2&nbsp;cm short would measure the area of a one international acre square, 63.614907&nbsp;m on a side, as 4044.3 square metres, 2.6 square metres less than the true value, a far greater discrepancy than the difference between the international and survey acres.]</ref> In October 2019, the [[US National Geodetic Survey]] and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to end the "temporary" continuance of the US survey foot, mile, and acre units (as permitted by their 1959 decision, above), with effect from the end of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |publisher=NIST |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

===Spanish acre===
The [[Puerto Rica]]n ''[[cuerda]]'' ({{convert|1|cda|disp=out}}) is sometimes called the "Spanish acre" in the continental United States.<ref name="Rowlett">[http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.html ''Units: C: cuerda'']. Russ Rowlett. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref>

== Use ==
The acre is commonly used in many current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, and in a few it continues as a [[statute measure]]. These include Antigua and Barbuda,<ref name="antiguaobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/govt-gifts-bakka-with-half-acre-land/|title=Gov't Gifts 'Bakka' With Half-Acre Land {{pipe}} Antigua Observer Newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213313/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/govt-gifts-bakka-with-half-acre-land/|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[American Samoa]],<ref name="samoanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/4505|title=National Park of American Samoa completes two successful forest projects {{pipe}} Samoa News|date=15 April 2012 |publisher=SamoaNews.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[The Bahamas]],<ref name="thenassauguardian">{{cite web |last1=Lowe |first1=Alison |title=Construction underway on Old Fort School |url=https://thenassauguardian.com/2013/08/15/construction-underway-on-old-fort-school/ |website=The Nassau Guardian |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425055105/https://thenassauguardian.com/2013/08/15/construction-underway-on-old-fort-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Belize,<ref name="amandala">{{cite web|url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/2225-acre-cobia-farm-proposed-near-lark-and-bugle-cayes/|title=2,225-acre Cobia farm proposed near Lark and Bugle Cayes {{pipe}} Amandala Newspaper|date=7 January 2008 |publisher=amandala.com.bz|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the [[British Virgin Islands]],<ref name="bvibeacon">{{cite web|url=http://www.bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3051%3Awork-continues-on-development-&Itemid=1&showall=1|title=Work continues on development|publisher=bvibeacon.com|access-date=14 February 2014}},</ref> [[Canada]],<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210004701|title=Value per acre of farm land and buildings at July 1|date=13 April 2021 |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref> the [[Cayman Islands]],<ref name="compasscayman">{{cite web|url=http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/08/21/Kai-drama-over-50-acre-development/|title=Kai drama over 50-acre development :: cayCompass.com|publisher=compasscayman.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301003404/http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/08/21/Kai-drama-over-50-acre-development/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dominica]],<ref name="dominicanewsonline">{{cite web|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/agriculture/dominica-not-meeting-quota-in-banana-industry/|title=Dominica not meeting quota for international banana markets {{pipe}} Dominica News Online|publisher=dominicanewsonline.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213258/http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/agriculture/dominica-not-meeting-quota-in-banana-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Falkland Islands]],<ref name="penguin-news">{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/columns/28-farm-yarns-with-elaine/462-farm-yarns-with-elaine-turner-part-13|title=Farm Yarns with Elaine – Farm yarns with Elaine Turner – Part 13|publisher=penguin-news.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070635/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/columns/28-farm-yarns-with-elaine/462-farm-yarns-with-elaine-turner-part-13|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Grenada]],<ref name="grenadabroadcast">{{cite web|url=http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/diaspora/14367-the-grenada-spices-industry|title=Grenada Broadcast – George Grant – The Grenada Spices Industry|publisher=grenadabroadcast.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215245/http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/diaspora/14367-the-grenada-spices-industry|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Ghana]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/News-Analysis/mortgages-in-ghana-snapping-up-an-acre-of-accra-real-estate.html|title=Mortgages in Ghana: Snapping up an acre of Accra real estate |last=Ofori-Atta|first=Prince|website=www.theafricareport.com|language=en-gb|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> [[Guam]],<ref name="guampdn">{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20130824/NEWS01/308240022/Manamko-could-see-new-homes|title=Local News {{pipe}} Pacific Daily News|publisher=guampdn.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131001040155/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20130824/NEWS01/308240022/Manamko-could-see-new-homes|archive-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the [[Northern Mariana Islands]],<ref name="saipantribune">{{cite web |title=Islan Pagan |url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=15&newsID=126803 |website=saipantribune.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017024119/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=15&newsID=126803 |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> [[Jamaica]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourt.gov.jm/sites/default/files/judgments/Tropicrop%20Mushrooms%20Ltd%20v%20Saint%20Thomas%20Parish%20Council%2C%20etal.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://supremecourt.gov.jm/sites/default/files/judgments/Tropicrop%20Mushrooms%20Ltd%20v%20Saint%20Thomas%20Parish%20Council%2C%20etal.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Tropicrop Mushrooms Ltd v Saint Thomas Parish Council, etal}}</ref> [[Montserrat]],<ref name="themontserratreporter">{{cite web|url=http://www.themontserratreporter.com/beresford-allen-of-st-peters-montserrat-is-a-wanted-man/|title=Beresford Allen of St. Peters Montserrat is a Wanted Man! {{pipe}} The Montserrat Reporter|publisher=themontserratreporter.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Samoa]],<ref name="samoaobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/local-news/politics/3110-conflicting-stories-about-nuu-estate|title=Conflicting stories about Nu'u estate|publisher=samoaobserver.ws|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111736/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/local-news/politics/3110-conflicting-stories-about-nuu-estate|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Saint Lucia]],<ref name="thevoiceslu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/features/2008/july/12_07_08/The_Redevelopment_of_the_Union_Agricultural_Station.htm|title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885|publisher=thevoiceslu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215536/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/features/2008/july/12_07_08/The_Redevelopment_of_the_Union_Agricultural_Station.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Helena]],<ref name="sthelenaonline">{{cite web|url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/09/02/feature-we-built-an-island-dream-on-our-own-st-helena/|title=FEATURE: We built an island dream on our own St Helena {{pipe}} St Helena Online|publisher=sthelenaonline.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090201/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/09/02/feature-we-built-an-island-dream-on-our-own-st-helena/|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Kitts and Nevis]],<ref name="thestkittsnevisobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/06/14/passport-money.html|title=SIDF Sinks SKN Passport Money into Christophe Harbour :: The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|publisher=thestkittsnevisobserver.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212924/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/06/14/passport-money.html|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]],<ref name="iwnsvg">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwnsvg.com/2013/03/15/pmvows-to-spend-rest-of-life-seeking-reparations/|title=PM vows to spend rest of life seeking reparations – I-Witness News|date=15 March 2013 |publisher=iwnsvg.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Turks and Caicos]],<ref name="suntci">{{cite web|url=http://suntci.com/government-gets-million-from-emerald-cay-sale-p402-106.htm|title=Government gets $8million from Emerald Cay sale|publisher=suntci.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the United Kingdom, the United States, and the [[US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="virginislandsdailynews">{{cite web|url=http://m.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/proposed-dolphin-facility-will-enclose-about-2-acres-of-water-bay-1.1415178|title=Proposed dolphin facility will enclose about 2 acres of Water Bay – News – Virgin Islands Daily News|publisher=m.virginislandsdailynews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220250/http://m.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/proposed-dolphin-facility-will-enclose-about-2-acres-of-water-bay-1.1415178|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>

===Republic of Ireland===

In the [[Republic of Ireland]], the hectare is legally used under [[European units of measurement directives]]; however, the acre (the same standard statute  as used in the UK, not the old [[Irish measure|Irish acre]], which was of a different size) is still widely used, especially in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmersjournal.ie/hectacre-recognised-as-official-area-measurement-359167|title='Hectacre' recognised as official area measurement|website=www.farmersjournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmersjournal.ie/what-is-an-acre-the-history-of-land-surveying-154946|title=What is an acre? The history of land surveying|website=www.farmersjournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/arid-20170714.html|title=Time to fully embrace the metric system|date=15 October 2011|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usma.org/metrication-in-other-countries|title=Metrication in other countries – US Metric Association|website=usma.org}}</ref>

===Indian subcontinent===
In India, residential plots are measured in square feet or square metre, while agricultural land is measured in acres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=Land Measurement Units in India – Confident Group|url=https://www.confident-group.com/land-measurement-units-in-india/|access-date=19 October 2020|website=www.confident-group.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]], the division of an acre into 160&nbsp;[[Perch (unit)|perches]] or 4&nbsp;[[Rood (measurement)|roods]] is common.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2018|title=What is a perch of land in Sri Lanka?|url=https://www.ceylonestateagents.com/faqs/what-is-a-perch-of-land-in-sri-lanka|access-date=19 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> In Pakistan, residential plots are measured in {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}} (20 {{lang|ur-Latn|marla}} = 1&nbsp;{{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}} = 605 sq yards) and open/agriculture land measurement is in acres (8 {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}} = 1 acre) and {{lang|ur-Latn|muraba}} (25 acres = 1 {{lang|ur-Latn|muraba}} = 200 {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}}), {{lang|ur-Latn|[[jerib]], wiswa}} and {{lang|ur-Latn|[[gunta]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murabba to Kanal Calculator {{!}} Convert Murabba to Kanal |url=https://housing.com/calculators/murabba-to-kanal |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=Housing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowlett |first=Russ |title=How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement |url=https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112120328/https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |archive-date=12 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}</ref><!-- text suspended pending citations. Articles need to be written first for these measures, properly supported with evidence
*4 peli = 1 acre
* 1 Acre  = 2 [[Jareb]]s     = 43,560 Square feet  = 4,840 square yards
* 1 Jareb = 20 [[Wiswa]]   = 21,780 Square feet  = 2,420 square yards
* 1 Wiswa = 1089 Square feet  = 121 SYards = 33  x 33 feet
-->

===United Kingdom===
Its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the [[Weights and Measures Act 1985|Weights and Measures Act]],<ref name= UK1994>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2866/schedule/made The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994] HM Government, 1995</ref> where it was replaced by the [[hectare]]{{snd}} though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely.<ref name="legislation_20093045">{{Cite web| url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3045/pdfs/uksiem_20093045_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3045/pdfs/uksiem_20093045_en.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live | year = 2009 | title =  Explanatory memorandum to The weights and measures (metrication amendments) regulations 2009|publisher= [[Legislation.gov.uk]]}}</ref> This was with the exemption of [[land registration]],<ref name= UK1994 /> which records the sale and possession of land;<ref>{{cite web| title=Land Registration Act 2002 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/9/contents | website= [[legislation.gov.uk]] | publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] | location=UK | year=2002 | access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> in 2010 [[HM Land Registry]] ended its exemption.<ref name="legislation_20093045"/> The measure is still used to communicate with the public,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://waddesdon.org.uk/about-us/waddesdon-estate/ |publisher=[[Waddesdon Manor]] |title=About us. Waddesdon Estate |quote=By purchasing the adjoining land, the estate has grown from the original 2,700 acres in 1874 to 6,000 acres in 2011.}}</ref> and informally (non-contract) by the farming and property industries.<ref>{{cite web|title= Outlook and historical context|url = https://www.savills.co.uk/research_articles/229130/228020-0A|publisher=[[Savills]]|date= 12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amount of UK farmland put up for sale shrinks as prices fall|date=13 February 2018|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bce30bee-1016-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bce30bee-1016-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.farminguk.com/farmsandlandforsale|title=Land for Sale|website=farminguk}}</ref>

==Equivalence to other units of area==
[[File:Acre superimposed over football fields.svg|frame|The area of one acre (red) superposed on an [[American football]] field (green) and [[association football]]/soccer pitch (blue)]]
1 international acre is equal to the following metric units:
* 0.40468564224 hectare (A square with 100&nbsp;m sides has an area of 1 hectare.)
* 4,046.8564224 square metres (or a square with approximately 63.61&nbsp;m sides)

1 United States survey acre is equal to:
* 0.404687261 [[hectare]]
* 4,046.87261 square metres (1 square kilometre is equal to 247.105 acres)

1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units:
* 66 feet × 660 feet (43,560 square feet)
* 10 square [[Chain (unit)|chains]] (1 chain = 66 feet = 22 yards = 4 rods = 100 [[link (unit)|links]])
* 1 acre is approximately 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet (a square)
* 4,840 square yards
* 43,560 square feet
* 160 [[Perch (unit)|perches]]. A perch is equal to a square [[Rod (length)|rod]] (1 square rod is 0.00625 acre)
* 4 [[Rood (measurement)|roods]]
* A furlong by a chain (furlong 220 yards, chain 22 yards)
* 40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods<sup>2</sup> (historically fencing was often sold in 40 rod lengths<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1919|title=ed. 842|journal=Farmers' Bulletin|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=24}}</ref>)
* {{frac|1|640}} (0.0015625) square mile (1 square mile is equal to 640 acres)

Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ({{frac|1|10}} of 880 yards by {{frac|1|16}} of 880 yards), about {{frac|9|10}} the size of a standard [[American football field]]. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the [[end zone]]). The full field, including the end zones, covers about {{convert|1.32|acres|2|abbr=on}}. For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a {{convert|1.76|acres|2|abbr=on}} [[football pitch]].

== Historical origin ==
{{Anthropic_Farm_Units}}
The word acre is derived from the [[Norman language|Norman]], attested for the first time in a text of [[Fécamp]] in 1006 to the meaning of «agrarian measure».<ref>{{cite web |last1=CNTRL | title=Portail Lexical - Etymologie de acre |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Facre#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url}}</ref> Acre dates back to the old Scandinavian akr “cultivated field, ploughed land” which is perpetuated in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and the [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{lang|de|akur}} “field (wheat)”, [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|de|åker}}, [[Danish language|Danish]] {{lang|de|ager}} “field”, [[cognate]] with [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Acker}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|akker}}, [[Latin]] {{lang|la|ager}}, [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa-Latn|ajr}}, and [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|αγρός}} ({{lang|el-Latn|agros}}). In English, an obsolete variant spelling was ''[[wikt:aker|aker]]''. According to the [[Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches]], dating from around 1300, an acre is "40 [[perch (unit)|perch]]es <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[rod (unit)|rod]]s] in length and four in breadth",<ref name="BritainRuffhead1765">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain|author2=Owen Ruffhead |author-link2=Owen Ruffhead |title=Statutes at Large |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Un1RAAAAYAAJ&q=%22quod%20tria%20grana%22&pg=PA421 |access-date=12 February 2012 |year=1765 |publisher=Printed by M. Baskett |page=421| quote=It is ordained that 3 [[barleycorn (unit)|grains of barley]] dry and round do make an [[inch]], 12 inches make 1 [[foot (unit)|foot]], 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a [[perch (unit)|perch]], and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.}}</ref> meaning 220 yards by 22 yards.{{efn|22 yards is about 20 meters.}} As detailed in the diagram, an acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/1769|title=acre, n. |encyclopedia = Oxford English Dictionary | date = December 2011}}</ref>

Before the enactment of the [[metric system]], many countries in Europe used their own official acres. In France, the traditional unit of area was the ''[[Arpent#Area|arpent carré]]'', a measure based on the Roman system of land measurement.
The {{lang|fr|acre}} was used only in [[Normandy]] (and neighbouring places outside its traditional borders), but its value varied greatly across Normandy, ranging from 3,632 to 9,725 square metres, with 8,172 square metres being the most frequent value.{{clarify|date=June 2023|reason=What is this in traditional units? How was it measured?}} But inside the same {{lang|fr|pays}} of Normandy, for instance in [[pays de Caux]], the farmers (still in the 20th century) made the difference between the {{lang|fr|grande acre}} (68 ares, 66 centiares) and the {{lang|fr|petite acre}} (56 to 65 ca).<ref>Raymond Mensire, {{lang|fr|Le Patois cauchois}}, 1939, p. 55.</ref> The Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was usually divided in 4 {{lang|fr|vergées}} ([[Rood (unit)|roods]]) and 160 square {{lang|fr|perches}}, like the English acre.

The Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was equal to 1.6 {{lang|fr|[[arpent]]s}}, the unit of area more commonly used in Northern France outside of Normandy. In Canada, the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} used in [[Quebec]] before the metric system was adopted is sometimes called "French acre" in English, even though the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} and the Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} were two very different units of area in ancient France (the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} became the unit of area of French Canada, whereas the Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was never used in French Canada).

In Germany, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe the traditional unit of area was {{lang|de|[[Morgen]]}}. Like the acre, the ''morgen'' was a unit of ploughland, representing a strip that could be ploughed by one man and an ox or horse in a morning. There were many variants of the ''morgen'', differing between the different German territories, ranging from {{convert|1/2|to|2+1/2|acre|m2}}. It was also used in [[Old Prussia]], in the Balkans, [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]], where it was equal to about {{convert|2/3|acre|m2|spell=in}}. Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and subsequently the United Kingdom, by acts of:
* [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]
* [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]
* [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
* [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]
* [[Queen Victoria]] – the British [[Weights and Measures Acts of 1878 to 1893|Weights and Measures Act]] of 1878 defined it as containing 4,840 square yards.

Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, [[Rood (measurement)|rood]]s, and [[Perch (unit)|perches]]), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.

The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States, divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of {{frac|1|2}} mile (880 yards) and is {{frac|1|4}} square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits are typically then again divided into quarters, with each side being {{frac|1|4}} mile long, and being {{frac|1|16}} of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase "the back 40" refers to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the [[Canadian Prairie Provinces]] and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes.

==Legacy units==
* Customary acre – The customary acre was roughly similar to the Imperial acre, but it was subject to considerable local variation similar to the variation in [[carucate]]s, [[virgate]]s, [[Oxgang|bovates]], nooks, and farundels. These may have been multiples of the customary acre, rather than the statute acre.
* Builder's acre = an even {{convert|40000|sqft}} or {{convert|200|x|200|ft}}, used in US real-estate development to simplify the math and for marketing.  It is nearly 10% smaller than a survey acre, and the discrepancy has led to lawsuits alleging misrepresentation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maxrealestateexposure.com/acre-land/ |title=How Much is an Acre of Land |website=Maximum Exposure Real Estate web site |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Feddan]] - Middle Eastern measurement unit, {{convert|4200|m2|acre|sigfig=5}}.
* [[Acre (Scots)|Scottish acre]] = 1.3 Imperial acres (5,080 m<sup>2</sup>, an obsolete [[Scottish units|Scottish measurement]])
* [[Acre (Irish)|Irish acre]] = {{convert|7,840|yd2}}
* [[Acre (Cheshire)|Cheshire acre]] =  {{convert|10,240|yd2}}<ref>Holland, Robert. (1886). [https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu16holluoft ''A glossary of words used in the County of Chester.''] London: Trübner for the English Dialect Society. p. 3.</ref>
* [[Stremma]] or Greek acre ≈ 10,000 square [[Greek feet]], but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the [[zeugarion]])<ref name=Malcolm>{{cite book|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|title=Kosovo: A Short History|year=1999|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0-06-097775-7}}</ref>
* [[Dunam]] or Turkish acre ≈ 1,600 square [[Ottoman units of measurement|Turkish paces]], but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the [[çift]])<ref name=Malcolm/>
* [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Area|Actus quadratus]] or Roman acre ≈ 14,400 square [[Roman feet]] (about 1,260 square metres)
* [[God's Acre]] – a synonym for a churchyard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/God%27s+acre|title=Definition of GOD'S ACRE|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref>
* [[Drovers' road#Long acre|Long acre]] {{snd}} the grass strip on either side of a road that may be used for illicit grazing.
* [[Town acre]] was a term used in early 19th century in the planning of towns on a [[grid plan]], such as [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Light's Plan of Adelaide, 1840 | website=Adelaidia|first=Jude|last=Elton|publisher=[[History Trust of South Australia]] | date=10 December 2013 | url=https://adelaidia.history.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1840 | access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Llewellyn-Smith|first= Michael|chapter=The Background to the Founding of Adelaide and South Australia in 1836|title= Behind the Scenes: The Politics of Planning Adelaide|pages=11–38|publisher=[[University of Adelaide Press]]|date= 2012|jstor= 10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8|isbn= 9781922064400|access-date=16 January 2021|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8.}}</ref> and [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]], [[New Plymouth, New Zealand|New Plymouth]] and [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] in New Zealand. The land was divided into plots of an Imperial acre, and these became known as town acres.<ref name=encycnz>{{cite web | website=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date= 26 March 2015|first=Ben |last=Schrader|title=City planning – Early settlement planning | url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/city-planning/page-1 | access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Acre-foot]] – used in US to measure a large water volume
* [[Anthropic units]]
* [[Arpent]] – used in [[Louisiana]] to measure length and area
* [[Conversion of units]]
* [[Jugerum]] –  Roman unit of area
* [[Morgen]] ("morning") – normally {{frac|2|3}} of a Tagwerk ("day work") of ploughing with an ox
* [[Mu (land)|Mu]] – Chinese acre
* [[Public Land Survey System]]
* [[Quarter acre]]
* [[Section (United States land surveying)]]
* [[Spanish units of measurement]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Acre (land measure)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017003707/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/contents/made The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 (United Kingdom)]

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{{Imperial units}}
{{United States Customary Units}}

[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
[[Category:Imperial units]]
[[Category:Surveying]]
[[Category:Units of area]]