Editing Active electronically scanned array

{{short description|Type of phased-array radar}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
[[File:ILA Berlin 2012 PD 193-2.JPG|thumb|The [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] combat aircraft with its nose fairing removed, revealing its [[Euroradar CAPTOR]] AESA radar antenna]]
 
An '''active electronically scanned array''' ('''AESA''') is a type of [[phased array]] antenna, which is a computer-controlled [[antenna array]] in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Insane Engineering of the F-35B | date=28 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lCOgFPtaZ4 |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en}}</ref> In the AESA, each antenna element is connected to a small solid-state transmit/receive module (TRM) under the control of a computer, which performs the functions of a [[transmitter]] and/or [[receiver (radio)|receiver]] for the antenna. This contrasts with a [[passive electronically scanned array]] (PESA), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter and/or receiver through [[phase shifter]]s under the control of the computer. AESA's main use is in [[radar]], and these are known as active phased-array radar (APAR).

The AESA is a more advanced, sophisticated, second-generation of the original PESA phased-array technology. PESAs can only emit a single beam of radio waves at a single frequency at a time. The PESA must utilize a [[Butler matrix]] if multiple beams are required. The AESA can radiate multiple beams of radio waves at multiple frequencies simultaneously. AESA radars can spread their signal emissions across a wider range of frequencies, which makes them more difficult to detect over [[Radio noise|background noise]], allowing ships and aircraft to radiate powerful radar signals while still remaining stealthy, as well as being more resistant to jamming. Hybrids of AESA and PESA can also be found consisting of subarrays that individually resemble PESAs, where each subarray has its own [[RF front end]]. Using a hybrid approach, the benefits of AESA (e.g., multiple independent beams) can be realized at a lower cost compared to pure AESA.

==History==
{{Globalize |date=November 2015|section}}
[[File:MAR radar concept sketch.jpg|thumb|ZMAR concept sketch, 1962]]
[[File:MAR-I radar.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the three domes of the Multifunction Array Radar prototype, surrounded by a [[clutter fence]], at White Sands Missile Range, N.M.]]
[[File:Azov array.jpg|thumb|Sketch of the FLAT TWIN antiballistic missile radar]]
[[Bell Labs]] proposed replacing the [[Nike Zeus]] radars with a phased-array system in 1960, and was given the go-ahead for development in June 1961. The result was the Zeus Multi-function Array Radar (ZMAR), an early example of an active electronically steered array radar system.{{sfn|Bell Labs|1975|p=I-35}} ZMAR became MAR when the Zeus program ended in favor of the [[Nike-X]] system in 1963. The MAR (Multi-function Array Radar) was made of a large number of small antennas, each one connected to a separate computer-controlled transmitter or receiver. Using a variety of [[beamforming]] and [[signal processing]] steps, a single MAR was able to perform long-distance detection, track generation, discrimination of warheads from decoys, and tracking of the outbound interceptor missiles.{{sfn|Bell Labs|1975|p=2-3}}

MAR allowed the entire battle over a wide space to be controlled from a single site. Each MAR, and its associated battle center, would process tracks for hundreds of targets. The system would then select the most appropriate battery for each one, and hand off particular targets for them to attack. One battery would normally be associated with the MAR, while others would be distributed around it. Remote batteries were equipped with a much simpler radar whose primary purpose was to track the outgoing [[Sprint missile]]s before they became visible to the potentially distant MAR. These smaller Missile Site Radars (MSR) were passively scanned, forming only a single beam instead of the MAR's multiple beams.{{sfn|Bell Labs|1975|p=2-3}}

While MAR was ultimately successful, the cost of the system was enormous. When the ABM problem became so complex that even a system like MAR could no longer deal with realistic attack scenarios, the Nike-X concept was abandoned in favor of much simpler concepts like the [[Sentinel program]], which did not use MAR. A second example, MAR-II, was abandoned in-place on [[Kwajalein Atoll]].{{sfn|Bell Labs|1975|p=2-22}}

The first Soviet APAR, the [[5N65 radar|5N65]], was developed in 1963–1965 as a part of the S-225 ABM system. After some modifications in the system concept in 1967 it was built at [[Sary Shagan]] Test Range in 1970–1971 and nicknamed Flat Twin in the West. Four years later another radar of this design was built on [[Kura Test Range]], while the S-225 system was never commissioned.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

* The first military ground-based AESA was the [[J/FPS-3]] which became fully operational with the 45th Aircraft Control and Warning Group of the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] in 1995.
* The first series production ship-based AESA was the [[OPS-24]], a [[fire-control radar]] introduced on the Japanese [[Asagiri-class destroyer|''Asagiri''-class destroyer]] DD-155 ''Hamagiri'' launched in 1988.<ref name="radar">{{Cite journal|author=Tomohiko Tada|date=March 2010|title=4. Radar/ECM/ESM (Shipboard weapons of JMSDF 1952-2010)|journal=Ships of the World|issue=721|pages=100–105|publisher=Kaijin-sha|language=ja}}</ref>
* The first airborne series production AESA was the [[EL/M-2075]] Phalcon on a [[Boeing 707]] of the [[Chilean Air Force]] that entered service in 1994.
* The first AESA on a combat aircraft was the [[J/APG-1]] introduced on the [[Mitsubishi F-2]] in 1995.<ref name="aviationweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/japan-upgrading-60-f-2s-aam-4-japg-2|title=Japan Upgrading 60 F-2s With AAM-4, J/APG-2|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>
* The first AESA on a missile is the seeker head for the [[AAM-4|AAM-4B]], an [[air-to-air missile]] carried by the Mitsubishi F-2 and Mitsubishi-built McDonnell-Douglas F-15J.<ref name="aviationweek.com"/>

US based manufacturers of the AESA radars used in the F-22 and Super Hornet include Northrop Grumman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=116105|title=Northrop Grumman Successfully Completes F-22 Radar Flight-Test Certification (NYSE:NOC)|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> and Raytheon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/aesa/|title=Raytheon|author=Raytheon Corporate Communications|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707032431/http://www.raytheon.com/products/aesa/|archive-date=2008-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> These companies also design, develop and manufacture the transmit/receive modules which comprise the 'building blocks' of an AESA radar. The requisite electronics technology was developed in-house via Department of Defense research programs such as [[Monolithic microwave integrated circuit|MMIC]] Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmantech.org/Digests/2003/2003PDF/1-2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926193553/http://www.csmantech.org/Digests/2003/2003PDF/1-2.pdf|url-status=dead|title=A DARPA Perspective on the Future of Electronics<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/news/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2devphasedarray.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926193552/http://www.ll.mit.edu/news/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2devphasedarray.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26 }}</ref> In 2016 the Congress funded a military industry competition to produce new radars for two dozen National Guard fighter aircraft.<ref>Albon, Courtney. “Concerned about Industrial Base: Senate Appropriators Call For Broader F-16 AESA Radar Upgrade.” ''Inside the Air Force'', vol. 26, no. 23, Inside Washington Publishers, 2015, pp. 3–3, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24803921. JSTOR website] Retrieved 13 March 2022.</ref>

==Basic concept==
[[File:AESA basic schematic.png|300px|thumb|right|AESA basic schematic]]
Radar systems generally work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to emit a short pulse of signal. The transmitter is then disconnected and the antenna is connected to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects. By measuring the time it takes for the signal to return, the radar receiver can determine the distance to the object. The receiver then sends the resulting output to a [[Radar display|display of some sort]]. The transmitter elements were typically [[klystron tube]]s or [[magnetron]]s, which are suitable for amplifying or generating a narrow range of frequencies to high power levels. To scan a portion of the sky, the radar antenna must be physically moved to point in different directions.

Starting in the 1960s new [[solid state (electronics)|solid-state]] devices capable of delaying the transmitter signal in a controlled way were introduced. That led to the first practical large-scale [[passive electronically scanned array]] (PESA), or simply phased-array radar. PESAs took a signal from a single source, split it into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and sent them to individual antennas. The radio signals from the separate antennas overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals were controlled to reinforce the signal in certain directions, and mute it in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing the beam to be steered very quickly without moving the antenna. A PESA can scan a volume of space much quicker than a traditional mechanical system. Additionally, thanks to progress in electronics, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding [[semi-active radar homing]] missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in the 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank.

AESAs are the result of further developments in solid-state electronics. In earlier systems the transmitted signal was originally created in a klystron or [[traveling wave tube]] or similar device, which are relatively large. Receiver electronics were also large due to the high frequencies that they worked with. The introduction of [[gallium arsenide]] microelectronics through the 1980s served to greatly reduce the size of the receiver elements until effective ones could be built at sizes similar to those of handheld radios, only a few cubic centimeters in volume. The introduction of [[JFET]]s and [[MESFET]]s did the same to the transmitter side of the systems as well. It gave rise to amplifier-transmitters with a low-power solid-state waveform generator feeding an amplifier, allowing any radar so equipped to transmit on a much wider range of frequencies, to the point of changing operating frequency with every pulse sent out. Shrinking the entire assembly (the transmitter, receiver and antenna) into a single "transmitter-receiver module" (TRM) about the size of a carton of milk and arraying these elements produces an AESA.

The primary advantage of an AESA over a PESA is the capability of the different modules to operate on different frequencies. Unlike the PESA, where the signal is generated at single frequencies by a small number of transmitters, in the AESA each module generates and radiates its own independent signal. This allows the AESA to produce numerous simultaneous "sub-beams" that it can recognize due to different frequencies, and actively track a much larger number of targets. AESAs can also produce beams that consist of many different frequencies at once, using post-processing of the combined signal from a number of TRMs to re-create a display as if there was a single powerful beam being sent. However, this means that the noise present in each frequency is also received and added.

==Advantages==
AESAs add many capabilities of their own to those of the PESAs. Among these are: the ability to form multiple beams simultaneously, to use groups of TRMs for different roles concurrently, like radar detection, and, more importantly, their multiple simultaneous beams and scanning frequencies create difficulties for traditional, correlation-type radar detectors.

===Low probability of intercept===
{{See also|Low probability of intercept radar}}
Radar systems work by sending out a signal and then listening for its echo off distant objects. Each of these paths, to and from the target, is subject to the [[inverse square law]] of propagation in both the transmitted signal and the signal reflected back. That means that a radar's received energy drops with the fourth power of the distance, which is why radar systems require high powers, often in the megawatt range, to be effective at long range.

The radar signal being sent out is a simple radio signal, and can be received with a simple [[radio receiver]]. Military aircraft and ships have defensive receivers, called "[[radar warning receiver]]s" (RWR), which detect when an enemy radar beam is on them, thus revealing the position of the enemy. Unlike the radar unit, which must send the pulse out and then receive its reflection, the target's receiver does not need the reflection and thus the signal drops off only as the square of distance. This means that the receiver is always at an advantage [neglecting disparity in antenna size] over the radar in terms of range – it will always be able to detect the signal long before the radar can see the target's echo. Since the position of the radar is extremely useful information in an attack on that platform, this means that radars generally must be turned off for lengthy periods if they are subject to attack; this is common on ships, for instance.

Unlike the radar, which knows which direction it is sending its signal, the receiver simply gets a pulse of energy and has to interpret it. Since the radio spectrum is filled with noise, the receiver's signal is integrated over a short period of time, making periodic sources like a radar add up and stand out over the random background. The rough direction can be calculated using a rotating antenna, or similar passive array using [[Phase-Comparison Monopulse|phase]] or [[Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse|amplitude comparison]]. Typically RWRs store the detected pulses for a short period of time, and compare their broadcast frequency and [[pulse repetition frequency]] against a database of known radars. The direction to the source is normally combined with symbology indicating the likely purpose of the radar – [[airborne early warning and control]], [[surface-to-air missile]], etc.

This technique is much less useful against a radar with a frequency-agile (solid state) transmitter. Since the AESA (or PESA) can change its frequency with every pulse (except when using doppler filtering), and generally does so using a random sequence, integrating over time does not help pull the signal out of the background noise. Moreover, a radar may be designed to extend the duration of the pulse and lower its peak power. An AESA or modern PESA will often have the capability to alter these parameters during operation. This makes no difference to the total energy reflected by the target but makes the detection of the pulse by an RWR system less likely.<ref name=RWRIntegrationStudy>{{cite web|url=http://ieeetmc.net/r5/dallas/aes/IEEE-AESS-Nov04-Wiley.pdf|title=IEEE TEMS Home - IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society|website=IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society}}</ref> Nor does the AESA have any sort of fixed pulse repetition frequency, which can also be varied and thus hide any periodic brightening across the entire spectrum. Older generation RWRs are essentially useless against AESA radars, which is why AESAs are also known as ''low probability of intercept radars''. Modern RWRs must be made highly sensitive (small angles and bandwidths for individual antennas, low transmission loss and noise)<ref name=RWRIntegrationStudy /> and add successive pulses through time-frequency processing to achieve useful detection rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emrsdtc.co.uk/conferences/2004/downloads/pdf/tech_conf_papers/A14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630090556/http://www.emrsdtc.co.uk/conferences/2004/downloads/pdf/tech_conf_papers/A14.pdf |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |title=tech_conf_papers/A14 |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===High jamming resistance===
{{main|Radar jamming and deception}}
Jamming is likewise much more difficult against an AESA. Traditionally, jammers have operated by determining the operating frequency of the radar and then broadcasting a signal on it to confuse the receiver as to which is the "real" pulse and which is the jammer's. This technique works as long as the radar system cannot easily change its operating frequency. When the transmitters were based on klystron tubes this was generally true, and radars, especially airborne ones, had only a few frequencies to choose among. A jammer could listen to those possible frequencies and select the one to be used to jam.

Most radars using modern electronics are capable of changing their operating frequency with every pulse. This can make jamming less effective; although it is possible to send out broadband white noise to conduct [[barrage jamming]] against all the possible frequencies, this reduces the amount of jammer energy in any one frequency. An AESA has the additional capability of spreading its frequencies across a wide band even in a single pulse, a technique known as a "chirp". In this case, the jamming will be the same frequency as the radar for only a short period, while the rest of the radar pulse is unjammed.

AESAs can also be switched to a receive-only mode, and use these powerful jamming signals to track its source, something that required a separate receiver in older platforms. By integrating received signals from the targets' own radar along with a lower rate of data from its own broadcasts, a detection system with a precise RWR like an AESA can generate more data with less energy. Some receive beamforming-capable systems, usually ground-based, may even discard a transmitter entirely.

However, using a single receiving antenna only gives a direction. Obtaining a range and a target vector requires at least two physically separate passive devices for [[triangulation]] to provide instantaneous determinations, unless [[phase interferometry]] is used. Target motion analysis can estimate these quantities by incorporating many directional measurements over time, along with knowledge of the position of the receiver and constraints on the possible motion of the target.

===Other advantages===
Since each element in an AESA is a powerful radio receiver, active arrays have many roles besides traditional radar. One use is to dedicate several of the elements to reception of common radar signals, eliminating the need for a separate radar warning receiver. The same basic concept can be used to provide traditional radio support, and with some elements also broadcasting, form a very high [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] [[data link]]. The F-35 uses this mechanism to send sensor data between aircraft in order to provide a synthetic picture of higher resolution and range than any one radar could generate. In 2007, tests by [[Northrop Grumman]], Lockheed Martin, and [[L-3 Communications]] enabled the AESA system of a Raptor to act like a [[Wi-Fi|WiFi]] access point, able to transmit data at 548 megabits per second and receive at gigabit speed; this is far faster than the [[Link 16]] system used by US and allied aircraft, which transfers data at just over 1&nbsp;Mbit/s.<ref>Page, Lewis. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/19/super_stealth_jet_acts_as_flying_wifi_hotspots/ "F-22 superjets could act as flying Wi-Fi hotspots."] ''The Register'', 19 June 2007. Retrieved: 7 November 2009.</ref> To achieve these high data rates requires a highly directional antenna which AESA provides but which precludes reception by other units not within the antennas beamwidth, whereas like most Wi-Fi designs, Link-16 transmits its signal omni-directionally to ensure all units within range can receive the data.

AESAs are also much more reliable than either PESAs or older designs. Since each module operates independently of the others, single failures have little effect on the operation of the system as a whole. Additionally, the modules individually operate at low powers, perhaps 40 to 60 watts, so the need for a large high-voltage power supply is eliminated.

Replacing a mechanically scanned array with a fixed AESA mount (such as on the [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]) can help reduce an aircraft's overall [[radar cross-section]] (RCS), but some designs (such as the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] and [[Gripen NG]]) forgo this advantage in order to combine mechanical scanning with electronic scanning and provide a wider angle of total coverage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurofighter Radar Captor-E 01awENG |url=https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/938304fb7242126a1698be8017f2a085_Eurofighter-Radar-Captor-E-01awENG.PDF |website=airbus.com |publisher=[[Airbus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RADAR LOVE |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/feature/radar-love |website=baesystems.com |publisher=[[BAE Systems]] |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> This high off-nose pointing allows the AESA equipped fighter to employ a [[crossing the T]] maneuver, often referred to as "beaming" in the context of air-to-air combat, against a mechanically scanned radar that would filter out the low closing speed of the perpendicular flight as ground clutter while the AESA swivels 40 degrees towards the target in order to keep it within the AESA's 60 degree off-angle limit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/saabs-gripen-ng-fighter-has-an-awesome-way-to-make-its-1743963539 |title=SAAB's Gripen NG Fighter Has An Awesome Way To Make Its Radar More Capable |last1=Rogoway |first1=Tyler |date=21 November 2015 |website=jalopnik.com |publisher=Kinja |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

==Limitations==
With a half wavelength distance between the elements, the maximum beam angle is approximately <math>\pm 45</math>°. With a shorter element distance, the highest field of view (FOV) for a flat phased-array antenna is currently 120° (<math>\pm 60</math>°),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANEM6nI3tosC&pg=PA196|title=Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling|year=2001|publisher=Artech House|isbn=9781596933118|via=Google Books}}</ref> although this can be combined with mechanical steering as noted above.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANEM6nI3tosC&pg=PA196|title=Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling|first=David|last=Adamy|date=26 March 2018|publisher=Artech House|isbn=9781596933118|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radartutorial.eu/17.bauteile/bt36.en.html|title=Error 308|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506024146/http://www.radartutorial.eu/17.bauteile/bt36.en.html|archive-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

==List of existing systems==
[[File:AN-APG-77, AESA, Active Electronically Scanned Array, Northrop Grumman, 2001 - National Electronics Museum - DSC00388.jpg|thumb|[[F-22 Raptor]]'s AN/APG-77 AESA radar]]
[[File:Thales RBE2 AESA.jpg|thumb|upright|Close up of the [[Thales Group|Thales]] RBE2-AA mounted on [[Rafale]] since F3R standard. (The [[Optronique secteur frontal|OSF]] behind it is not part of the radar.)]]
[[File:Uttam radar integrated in LCA Tejas.jpg|thumb|The [[HAL Tejas]] combat aircraft equipped with [[Uttam AESA]] radar]]
[[File:LIG Nex1 ESR-500A AESA Radar.jpg|thumb|[[LIG Nex1]] ESR-500A AESA radar]]

===Airborne systems===
* [[Aselsan]]
** [[MURAD AESA Radar|MURAD]], for the [[Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı]], [[F-16]] and [[TAI TF-X Kaan]].
** FULMAR, for the maritime aircraft and helicopters.
* [[Euroradar CAPTOR|Captor-E]] CAESAR (CAPTOR Active Electronically Scanning Array Radar) for the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
** [[DRDO AEW&CS|DRDO LSTAR]] – Radar for Airborne Early-Warning platform
** [[Uttam AESA]] multifunction radar for [[HAL Tejas]]
** [[Uttam AESA Radar#Virupaaksha|Virupaaksha]] multifunction radar for [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], an advance variant of [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam AESA]]
* [[Elta Systems]]
** [[EL/M-2083]] [[aerostat]]-mounted air search radar
** [[EL/M-2052]], for fighters. Interim candidate for [[HAL Tejas]]. Suitable for [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]], [[MiG-29]], [[Mirage 2000]], [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|FA-50 Block 20]].
** [[EL/M-2075]] radar for the [[Israel Aircraft Industries|IAI]] Phalcon [[AEW&C]] system
** [[EL/W-2085]] advanced version of the radar for the EL/M-2075, used on the [[Gulfstream G550]] 
** [[EL/W-2090]] similar to the EL/W-2085, only used on the [[Ilyushin Il-76]]
* [[Ericsson]]
** [[Erieye]] [[AEW&C]]
** [[PS-05/A#MK-5|PS-05/A MK-5]] for [[JAS 39 Gripen]].
** [[Embraer R-99|EMB 145 AEW&C]]
* [[Hanwha Group|Hanwha Systems]]
** APY-016K for [[KAI KF-21 Boramae]]
* [[LIG Nex1]]
** ESR-500A air-cooled radar, roughly equivalent to Raytheon PhamtomStrike, option for [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle#FA-50 Block 20|KAI FA-50 Block 20]]
* [[Mitsubishi Electric Corporation]]
** [[J/APG-1]] / J/APG-2 AESA for the [[Mitsubishi F-2]] fighter
** HPS-104 for the [[Mitsubishi SH-60]]
** Multifunction RF Sensor for [[Mitsubishi ATD-X]]
* [[Northrop Grumman]]
** [[AN/APG-77]], for the [[F-22 Raptor]]
** [[AN/APG-80]], for the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
** [[AN/APG-81]], for the [[F-35 Lightning II]]
** [[AN/APG-83]], for the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16V|F-16V Viper]] and [[B-1B Lancer]] upgrades.
** [[AN/APG-85]], for the F-35 Lightning II (Block 4)
** [[AN/APY-9]], for the [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye|E-2D Advanced Hawkeye]] 
** [[Multi-role Electronically Scanned Array]] (MESA), for the [[Boeing E-7 Wedgetail]] 
** AN/ASQ-236 Podded AESA Radar
** [[AN/ZPY-1]] STARLite Small Tactical Radar – Lightweight, for manned and unmanned aircraft
** AN/ZPY-2 [[Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program]] (MP-RTIP)
** AN/ZPY-3 Multi-Function Active Sensor (MFAS) for [[Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton|MQ-4C Triton]]
* NRIET (Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology/14 institute), 607 institute, and 38 institute
** Radar for [[KJ-2000]] [[AEW&C]] system<ref name="PLAAFAirborneEarlyWarningControlPrograms">http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-AWACS-Programs.html PLA-AF Airborne Early Warning & Control Programs</ref>
** Radar for [[Shaanxi KJ-500|KJ-500]] & [[Xian Y-7#Variants|Y-7 AWACS]]
** Radar for [[KJ-200]]<ref name="PLAAFAirborneEarlyWarningControlPrograms" />
** [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] for [[JF-17 Thunder]] Block 3
** [[Shaanxi Y-8#Variants|ZDK-03]]
** [[Type 1475 Radar]] for [[Chengdu J-20]] 
** [[Chengdu J-10#Variants|Chengdu J-10B/C]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm#j-10b |title=Chinese Military Aviation &#124; China Air Force |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205171138/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |archive-date=2011-12-05 }} Chinese Military Aviation - Fighters (Cont.)</ref>
** [[Shenyang J-16]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/chinas-new-j-16d-aircraft-might-have-terrifying-new-military-23427 |title = China's New J-16D Aircraft Might Have a Terrifying New Military Capability {{!}} The National Interest|date = 30 November 2017}}</ref>
** [[Aérospatiale Super Frelon#Variants|Z-8AEW]]
** Vehicle Dismount and Exploitation Radar (VADER)
* [[Phazotron NIIR]]
** [[Zhuk radar|Zhuk-A/AM]], optional for [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]]
* [[Raytheon]]
** [[APG-63 and APG-70|AN/APG-63(V)2]] and AN/APG-63(V)3, for the [[F-15 Eagle|F-15C Eagle]], [[Republic of Singapore]]'s [[F-15SG]]
** [[AN/APG-79]], for the [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]] and [[EA-18G Growler]]
** [[APG-63 and APG-70#AN/APG-82(V)1|AN/APG-82(V)1]] for the [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] & [[Boeing F-15EX Eagle II|F-15EX Eagle II]]
** [[AN/APG-84 RACR]] (Raytheon Advanced Combat Radar) for F-16 and F/A-18 upgrades.
** [[AN/APQ-181]] upgrade from [[passive electronically scanned array|PESA]] to AESA, for [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit]] bomber
** [[AN/APS-154]] [[Advanced Airborne Sensor|AAS]] (Advanced Airborne Sensor), AESA follow-on to [[Littoral Surveillance Radar System|LSRS]] (Littoral Surveillance Radar System), [[APS-149|AN/APS-149]]. Also for the [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon]]
** PhantomStrike air-cooled AESA radar for the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|FA-50 Block 20]].
** [[Raytheon Sentinel]] ASTOR (Airborne STand-Off Radar)
* [[Saab Group|Saab]]
** [[GlobalEye]] [[AEW&C]], advanced version of the [[Erieye]] with extended range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newssaab-launches-globaleye-multi-role-airborne-surveillance-system-4813916 |title=Saab launches GlobalEye multi-role airborne surveillance system |work=Airforce Technology|date=17 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Selex ES]] (now [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]])
** PicoSAR<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/picosar-1|title=PICOSAR - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
** Raven ES-05 AESA<ref>{{cite web|title=RAVEN ES-05|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/raven-1|website=Leonardocompany.com|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> for the [[JAS 39 Gripen|JAS-39E Gripen NG]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-and-Switzerland/The-Gripen-Solution/AESA-radar/ |title=The Gripen Solution - AESA radar |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219200626/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-and-Switzerland/The-Gripen-Solution/AESA-radar/ |archive-date=2013-12-19 }}</ref>
** Seaspray 5000E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/seaspray_5000e-1|title=SeaSpray 5000E - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
** Seaspray 7000E,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/seaspray-7000e-1|title=SeaSpray 7000E - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> for [[helicopter]]s
** Seaspray 7500E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/seaspray-7500e|title=SeaSpray 7500E - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> for [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper]]
** Vixen 500E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/vixen500e|title=VIXEN 500E - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
** Vixen 1000E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/vixen1000e|title=VIXEN 1000E - DETAIL - Leonardo|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
** [[RBE2]]-AA for [[Rafale]] fighter
* [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|Tikhomirov NIIP]]
** [[N036 Byelka]], for [[Sukhoi Su-57]]
* [[Thales Group|Thales]]
** [[RBE2]]-AA for [[Rafale]] fighter
* [[Toshiba]]
** HPS-106, air & surface search radar, for the [[Kawasaki P-1]] maritime patrol aircraft, three antenna arrays.
* [[Vega Radio Engineering Corporation]] -
** radar for [[Beriev A-100]]

===Surface systems (land, maritime)===
The first AESA radar employed on an operational warship was the Japanese [[OPS-24]] manufactured by [[Mitsubishi Electric]] introduced on the JDS ''Hamagiri'' (DD-155), the first ship of the latter batch of the [[Asagiri-class destroyer|''Asagiri''-class destroyer]], launched in 1988.

* [[Active Phased Array Radar|APAR]] (active phased-array radar): Thales Netherlands' multifunction radar is the primary sensor of the Royal Netherlands Navy's [[De Zeven Provinciën class frigate|''De Zeven Provinciën''-class]] frigates, the German Navy's [[Sachsen class frigate|''Sachsen''-class]] frigates, and the Royal Danish Navy's [[Ivar Huitfeldt class frigate|''Ivar Huitfeldt''-class]] frigates. [[Active Phased Array Radar|APAR]] is the first active electronically scanned array multifunction radar employed on an operational warship.<ref name="Janes NI">Jane's Navy International, August 2010, "Expanding coverage from sea to sky"</ref>
* [[Aselsan]]
** AKREP, for marine platforms
** CENK, for marine platforms
** [[ALP 100-G]] mobile multifunction Air Surveillance Radar
** [[ALP 300-G]] mobile long range early warning radar
* [[BAE Systems]]
** [[SAMPSON]] multifunction radar for the UK's [[Type 45 destroyer]]s
** [[Type 997 Artisan radar|ARTISAN]] Type 997 multifunction radar for the UK's [[Type 23 frigate|Type 23]] and [[Type 26 frigate|Type 26]] Frigates and the [[Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier|Queen Elizabeth class]] aircraft carriers
* [[Bharat Electronics]]
** RAWL-03 – Multi-Function Active phased-array Air Surveillance Radar.<ref name="bel-india.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bel-india.com/Products.aspx?MId=13&LId=1&CId=19&link=69 |title=BEL &#124; Products |access-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233710/http://www.bel-india.com/Products.aspx?MId=13&LId=1&CId=19&link=69 |archive-date=2016-11-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Naval Missile Defense Radar (NMDR) – S-Band Multi-Function Active phased-array Radar.<ref name="bel-india.com"/>
* [[Cassidian]]
** BÜR – [[Bodenüberwachungsradar]] by [[Cassidian]], for the [[Bundeswehr]]
** [[COBRA (radar)|COBRA]] Counter-battery radar
* [[CEA Technologies]] 
** [[CEAFAR]] a 4th generation, S-Band multifunction digital active phased-array radar, installed on all of the [[Royal Australian Navy]]'s [[Anzac class frigate]]s, [[HMAS Choules]], and the future [[Hunter-class frigate]]s. 
* China
** Road-mobile "Anti-Stealth" JY-26 "Skywatch-U" 3-D long-range air surveillance radar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141122/DEFREG03/311220016/China-s-Anti-Stealth-Radar-Comes-Fruition |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141124002410/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141122/DEFREG03/311220016/China-s-Anti-Stealth-Radar-Comes-Fruition |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2014 |title=China's Anti-Stealth Radar Comes to Fruition |last1=MINNICK |first1=WENDELL |date=22 November 2014 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett |access-date=25 November 2014 }}</ref>
** H/LJG-346(8) on [[Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning]]
** H/LJG-346 on [[Type 052C destroyer#Radar|Type 052C destroyer]]
** H/LJG-346A on [[Type 052D destroyer#Sensor|Type 052D destroyer]]
** H/LJG-346B on [[Type 055 destroyer]]
** [[HQ-9#Type 305A radar|Type 305A Radar]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-10|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=HQ-9#Type 305A radar|reason= The anchor (Type 305A radar) [[Special:Diff/1059840239|has been deleted]].|diff_id=1059840239}} (Acquisition radar for the [[HQ-9|HQ-9 missile]] system)<ref>http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-HQ-9-12-Battery-Radars.html HQ-9 and HQ-12 SAM system battery radars</ref>
** [[YLC-2 Radar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-IADS-Radars.html|title=PLA Air Defence Radars|author=John C Wise|date=13 January 2009|pages=1|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
** [[Ashwini LLTR Radar]] – 4D AESA radar (used by Indian Air Force).<ref>Low Level Transportable Radar (LLTR) - Ashwini https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/lltr.pdf</ref>
** [[Arudhra Radar]] – Multi function AESA radar (used by Indian Air Force).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/LRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp|title=DRDO Radar List|website=drdo.gov.in|access-date=25 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723095010/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/LRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp|archive-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
** [[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar]]– Target acquisition and fire control radar for [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence]] system.
** [[Air Defence Tactical Control Radar]] (ADTCR) – Tactical control radar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Defence Tactical Control Radar (ADTCR)|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/air-defence-tactical-control-radar-adtcr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708110602/https://www.drdo.gov.in/air-defence-tactical-control-radar-adtcr |archive-date=2020-07-08 }}</ref>
** [[Atulya Air Defence Fire Control Radar]] (ADFCR) – X-band, 3D Fire control radar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Defence Fire Control Radar|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/air-defence-fire-control-radar|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815160403/https://www.drdo.gov.in/air-defence-fire-control-radar |archive-date=2020-08-15 }}</ref>
[[Image:ELM 2248 MF-STAR radar onboard INS Kolkata (D63) of the Indian Navy.png|thumb|[[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] on board a [[Kolkata class destroyer|''Kolkata''-class destroyer]]]]
* [[Elta Systems|Elta]]
** [[EL/M-2080 Green Pine|EL/M-2080 ''Green Pine'']] ground-based [[early-warning]] AESA radar
** [[EL/M-2106]] ATAR air defense fire control radar
** [[EL/M-2180]] – WatchR Guard Multi-Mode Staring Ground Surveillance Radar
** [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR|EL/M-2248 ''MF-STAR'']] multifunction naval radar
** [[EL/M-2258]] Advanced Lightweight Phased-Array ''ALPHA'' multifunction naval radar
** [[EL/M-2084]] multimission radar (artillery weapon location, air defence and fire control)
** [[EL/M-2133]] ''WindGuard'' – ''Trophy'' active protection system radar
* [[Hensoldt]]
** [[TRML-4D]]<ref name=trml-4d-product>{{cite web | url=https://www.hensoldt.net/products/radar-iff-and-datalink/trml-4d/ | title=TRML-4D - Multi-Functional Air Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar System &#124; HENSOLDT }}</ref><ref name=armyrecognition-trml-4d>{{cite web | url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_may_2021_global_security_army_industry/hensoldt_presenting_trml-_4d_multi-function_air_surveillance_and_target_acquisition_radar.html | title=Hensoldt presenting TRML- 4D multi-function air surveillance and target acquisition radar &#124; Defense News May 2021 Global Security army industry &#124; Defense Security global news industry army year 2021 &#124; Archive News year | access-date=2022-05-17 | archive-date=2022-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526011606/https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_may_2021_global_security_army_industry/hensoldt_presenting_trml-_4d_multi-function_air_surveillance_and_target_acquisition_radar.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=armada-trml-4d>{{cite web | url=https://www.armadainternational.com/2018/06/hensoldt-presents-new-ground-based-air-defence-radar/ | title=HENSOLDT presents new ground-based Air Defence Radar | date=19 June 2018 }}</ref>
** [[TRML#TRS-4D|TRS-4D]]
* [[Larsen & Toubro]]
** [[Air Defence Fire Control Radar System]] – 3D surveillance radar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defexpo 2016: Larsen & Toubro highlights new Air Defence Fire Control Radar system|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo_2016_show_daily_news_coverage_report/defexpo_2016_larsen_toubro_highlights_new_air_defence_fire_control_radar_system_22803162.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Army Recognition|date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401145102/http://www.armyrecognition.com:80/defexpo_2016_show_daily_news_coverage_report/defexpo_2016_larsen_toubro_highlights_new_air_defence_fire_control_radar_system_22803162.html |archive-date=2016-04-01 }}</ref>
* [[LIG Nex1]]
** [[SPS-550K]] medium-range air and surface surveillance radar for [[Incheon-class frigate]]s and [[Daegu-class frigate]]s
* [[Lockheed Martin]]
** [[AN/TPQ-53]] Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar
** [[AN/SPY-7]] Long Range Discrimination Radar
** [[AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel|AN/MPQ-64A4 Sentinel]]
** [[TPY-4|AN/TPY-4 3DELRR]] Three-Dimensional Expeditionary Long-Range Radar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/lockheed-martin-tpy-4-radar/ | title=Lockheed Martin completes first AN/TPY-4 radar production | date=5 May 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Q-53 Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar.jpg|thumb|[[AN/TPQ-53]] [[phased-array radar]]]]
* [[MEADS]]'s fire control radar
* [[Mitsubishi Electric Corporation]]
** [[Type 3 Chū-SAM]] Medium Range Surface-to-Air MissileSystem (Chu-SAM, SAM-4) multifunction radar
** [[OPS-24]] (The world's first Naval Active Electronically Scanned Array radar) on [[Asagiri-class destroyer]]s, [[Murasame-class destroyer (1994)]] and [[Takanami-class destroyer]]s
** [[OPS-50]] ([[FCS-3]]) on the [[Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer]], [[Izumo-class helicopter destroyer]] and [[Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)]]
** J/FPS-3 Japanese main ground-based air defense
** [[J/FPS-5]] Japanese ground-based next-generation missile defense radar
** JTPS-P14 Transportable air defence radar
** JTPS-P16 Counter-battery radar
* [[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]]
** [[Sea eagle eye]] – Multi function AESA radar<ref>{{Cite web |title=中科院研製「海鷹眼」主動相列雷達 海軍正進行效能審核 -- 上報 / 要聞 |url=https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?Type=1&SerialNo=101855 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Up Media]]}}</ref>
* [[NEC]]
** J/TPS-102 Self-propelled ground-based radar, cylindrical array antenna.
* [[NNIIRT]] 1L119 Nebo SVU mobile AESA 3-dimensional surveillance radar
* [[Northrop Grumman]]
** [[AN/TPS-80 Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar|AN/TPS-80]] Ground/air task-oriented radar ([[G/ATOR]])
** [[HAMMR]] Highly Adaptable Multi-Mission Radar
* [[RADA Electronic Industries]]<ref>http://www.rada.com/capabilities-3/land-radars-2.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513065625/https://www.rada.com/capabilities-3/land-radars-2.html |date=2020-05-13 }} RADA Tactical Land Radars</ref>
** [[RPS-10]]
** [[RPS-15]]
** [[RPS-40]]
** [[RPS-42]]
** [[RHS-44]]
[[File:3DELRR long-range radar system.JPG|thumb|3DELRR long-range radar system]]
* [[Raytheon]] 
** [[FlexDAR]] Flexible Distributed Array Radar 
** U.S. National Missile defense [[Sea-based X-band radar]] (XBR)
** [[AN/TPY-2]] Anti-Ballistic Missile radar that can stand alone or be a part of the [[THAAD]] ABM system
** [[AN/SPY-3]] multifunction radar for U.S. [[DD(X)]] and [[CVN-21]] next-generation surface vessels
** [[AN/SPY-6|AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR)]] multifunction radar for U.S. [[Arleigh Burke-class destroyer|''Arleigh Burke'' destroyers]], {{sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier}}
** Cobra Judy Replacement (CJR)/Cobra King on {{USNS|Howard O. Lorenzen|T-AGM-25}}
** [[AN/FPS-132]] [[Upgraded Early Warning Radar|Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)]] – [[PAVE PAWS]] upgrade from PESA to AESA 
** [[KuRFS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/kurfs-radar |title = The Swiss Army knife of radars - For soldiers, the KuRFS radar does it all and all at once {{!}} Raytheon Missiles & Defense}}</ref>
* [[Saab Group]]
** [[GIRAFFE Radar]]: [[GIRAFFE 1X]], [[GIRAFFE 4A]], [[GIRAFFE 8A]]<ref>http://www.janes.com/article/38219/saab-expands-surface-radar-portfolio Saab expands surface radar portfolio</ref>
* [[Selex ES]] 
[[File:Tekne shelter carrier truck with KRONOS radar for CAMM-ER air defence - Italian Air Force - 1.jpg|thumb|Leonardo KRONOS AESA Italian Air Force [[CAMM (missile family)|Medium Advanced Air Defence System]]]]
** KRONOS Land<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selex-es.com/-/kronos-land |title=KRONOS LAND - DETAIL - Selex ES |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318091847/http://www.selex-es.com/-/kronos-land |archive-date=18 March 2015 }}</ref> & Naval<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selex-es.com/-/kronos-naval |title=KRONOS NAVAL - DETAIL - Selex ES |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317204337/http://www.selex-es.com/-/kronos-naval |archive-date=17 March 2015 }}</ref> 3D multi-function radar
** [[Selex RAN-40L|RAN-40L 3D EWR]]
** [[Selex RAT-31DL|RAT-31DL]]
** [[Selex RAT-31DL|RAT-31DL/M]]
* [[Thales Group|Thales]]
** [[Ground Master 200]]
** [[Ground Master 400]]
** [[Ground Master 200 Multi-Mission|Ground Master 200 MM]]
** [[SMART-L]] MM<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/smart-l-mm |title = SMART-L MM {{!}} Thales Group}}</ref>
** [[Sea Fire 500]] on [[FREMM multipurpose frigate|FREMM-ER frigates]]
** [[Sea Master 400]]
** [[Sea Watcher 100]]
[[File:SAMPSON-rotation-composite-3.jpg|thumb|[[SAMPSON]] AESA on board the [[Type 45 destroyer]]]]
* [[ThalesRaytheonSystems]]
** M3R
* [[Toshiba]]
** J/FPS-4 Cheaper than J/FPS-3, produced by Toshiba
** JMPQ-P13 Counter-battery radar, Toshiba
* VNIIRT Gamma DE mobile 3-dimensional solid-state AESA surveillance radar
* 50N6A multifunctional radar of the [[Vityaz missile system]] and 42S6 "[[Morfey]]" ("Morpheus")

==See also==
* [[Radar configurations and types]]
* [[Receiver (radio)|Receiver]]
* [[Passive electronically scanned array]]
* [[Low-probability-of-intercept radar]] (LPIR)
* [[Terrain-following radar]]
* [[Solid State Phased Array Radar System]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite tech report |url=http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Bell.pdf |author=Bell Labs |title=ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History|access-date=13 December 2014 |date=October 1975 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html Active Electronically Steered Arrays – A Maturing Technology] (ausairpower.net)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065545/http://flug-revue.rotor.com/FRHeft/FRH9812/FR9812c.htm FLUG REVUE December 1998: Modern fighter radar technology] (flug-revue.rotor.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083529/http://www.mwjournal.com/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_29 Phased-Arrays and Radars – Past, Present and Future] (mwjournal.com)

{{commons category}}
{{Naval combat systems}}

[[Category:Phased array radar]]
[[Category:Phased arrays]]
[[Category:Radar]]