Editing Adalbert of Prague

{{Short description|Bohemian missionary and saint (c.956–997)}}
{{About|Saint Adalbert of Prague|the name|Adalbert}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]
|name=Adalbert of Prague
|image=Szt-adalbert.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption=Portrait by [[Mihály Kovács (painter)|Mihály Kovács]], 1855
|titles=Bishop and Martyr
|birth_date= {{c.|lk=no}} 956
|birth_place=[[Libice nad Cidlinou]], [[Duchy of Bohemia]]<br />(now the [[Czech Republic]])
|death_date= {{death date and age|997|04|23|956|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Święty Gaj]] or [[Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Primorsk]], [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]]<br />(now [[Poland]] or [[Russia]])
|feast_day= 23 April
|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=999<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Adalbert| title = "Saint Adalbert Bishop of Prague", Encyclopædia Britannica| access-date = 2020-01-30| archive-date = 2020-03-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200317161843/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Adalbert| url-status = live}}</ref>
|canonized_place=Rome
|canonized_by=[[Pope Sylvester II]]
|major_shrine=[[Gniezno]], [[Prague]]
|attributes=spears<ref name="Stracke1">{{cite web |last1=Stracke |first1=Richard |title=Hungarian Saints: Adalbert, Martin, Stanislas, Emeric and Stephen |url=http://www.christianiconography.info/Wikimedia%20Commons/adalbertGyor.html |website=Christian Iconography |date=2015-10-20 |access-date=2019-01-17 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205235734/http://www.christianiconography.info/Wikimedia%20Commons/adalbertGyor.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|patronage=[[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest|Archdiocese of Esztergom]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague|Archdiocese of Prague]] (primary), students of Polish literature, [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|issues=
|suppressed_date=
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
}}

'''Adalbert of Prague''' ({{langx|la|Sanctus Adalbertus}}, {{langx|cs|svatý Vojtěch}}, {{langx|sk|svätý Vojtech}}, {{langx|pl|święty Wojciech}}, {{langx|hu|Szent Adalbert (Béla)}}; {{circa}} 956{{snd}}23 April 997), known in the [[Czech Republic]], [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]] by his birth name '''Vojtěch''' ({{langx|la|Voitecus}}), was a [[Czechs|Czech]] [[missionary]] and [[Christians|Christian]] [[saint]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |last2=Burns |first2=Paul |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints: April |date=1999 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-86012-253-1 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OaqWAEry-wkC&q=Adalbert+of+Prague+canonization&pg=PA166 |language=en}}</ref> He was the [[Bishop of Prague]] and a [[missionary]] to the Hungarians, Poles, and Prussians, who was martyred in his efforts to convert the [[Baltic peoples|Baltic]] [[Old Prussians|Prussians]] to [[Christianity]]. He is said to be the composer of the oldest Czech hymn ''[[Hospodine, pomiluj ny]]'' and ''[[Bogurodzica]]'', the oldest known Polish anthem but his authorship of them has not been confirmed.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=123}}

Adalbert was later declared the [[patron saint]] of the Czech Republic, [[Patron saints of Poland|Poland]], and the [[Duchy of Prussia]]. He is also the patron saint of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest|Archdiocese of Esztergom]] in [[Hungary]].<ref name="Katolikus.hu">{{cite web|title=Szent Adalbert|url=http://www.katolikus.hu/szentek/0423.html|website=Katolikus.hu|publisher=Catholic Church in Hungary|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227113333/http://www.katolikus.hu/szentek/0423.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early years===
Born as ''[[Vojtěch]]'' in 952{{sfn|Molnar|1978|p=12}} or {{circa|956}}{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=97}} in [[Gord (Slavic settlement)|gord]] [[Libice nad Cidlinou|Libice]], he belonged to the [[Slavník dynasty|Slavnik clan]], one of the two most powerful families in Bohemia.{{sfn|Molnar|1978|p=12}} Events from his life were later recorded by a Bohemian priest [[Cosmas of Prague]] (1045–1125). Vojtěch's father was [[Slavník]] (d. 978–981), a duke ruling a province centred at Libice.{{sfn|Cosmas of Prague|2009|pp=77–78}} His mother was [[Střezislava]] (d. 985–987),{{sfn|Cosmas of Prague|2009|pp=77–78}} and according to David Kalhous belonged to the [[Přemyslid dynasty]].{{sfn|Kalhous|2015|p=10}} He had five brothers: [[Soběslav (d. 1004)|Soběslav]], Spytimír, Dobroslav, Pořej, and Čáslav.{{sfn|Cosmas of Prague|2009|p=81}} Cosmas also refers to Radim (later [[Radim Gaudentius|Gaudentius]]) as a brother;{{sfn|Cosmas of Prague|2009|pp=87, 156}} who is believed to have been a half-brother by his father's liaison with another woman. After he survived a grave illness in childhood, his parents decided to dedicate him to the service of God. Adalbert was well educated, having studied for approximately ten years (970–80) in [[Magdeburg]] under [[Adalbert of Magdeburg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1910,|title=St. Adalbert of Prague {{!}} Saint of the Day {{!}} AmericanCatholic.org|date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053145/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1910,|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> The young Vojtěch took his tutor's name "Adalbert" at his [[Confirmation]].

===Episcopacy===
[[File:Socha Svateho Vojtecha a Radima.jpg|thumb|left|upright|210px|Monument to Adalbert and his brother Gaudentius, [[Libice nad Cidlinou]], Czech Republic]]
[[File:Adalbert Siegel Domkapitel Gnesen.png|thumb|left|upright|210px|Adalbert on a seal of the chapter of [[Gniezno Cathedral]] (Gnesen)]] 
In 981 [[Adalbert of Magdeburg]] died, and his young protege Adalbert returned to [[Bohemia]]. Later Bishop [[Dětmar|Dietmar of Prague]] ordained him a [[Catholic]] [[priest]]. In 982, Bishop Dietmar died, and Adalbert, despite being under canonical age, was chosen to succeed him as [[Bishop of Prague]].<ref name="Foley">{{cite web |url = http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1910, |title = "St. Adalbert of Prague", Franciscan Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053145/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1910, |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amiable and somewhat worldly, he was not expected to trouble the secular powers by making excessive claims for the Church.{{sfn|Butler|2003|p=181}} Although Adalbert was from a wealthy family, he avoided comfort and luxury, and was noted for his charity and austerity. After six years of preaching and prayer, he had made little headway in evangelising the Bohemians, who maintained deeply embedded pagan beliefs.

Adalbert opposed the participation of Christians in the [[slavery|slave]] trade and complained of [[polygamy]] and idolatry, which were common among the people. Once he started to propose reforms he was met with opposition from both the secular powers and the clergy. His family refused to support Duke [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus]] in an unsuccessful war against Poland. Adalbert was no longer welcome and eventually forced into exile.<ref name=":0" /> In 988 he went to [[Rome]]. He lived as a hermit at the Benedictine [[Santi Bonifacio e Alessio|monastery of Saint Alexis]]. Five years later, Boleslaus requested that the [[Pope]] send Adalbert back to Prague, in hopes of securing his family's support. [[Pope John XV]] agreed, with the understanding that Adalbert was free to leave Prague if he continued to encounter entrenched resistance. Adalbert returned as bishop of Prague, where he was initially received with demonstrations of apparent joy. Together with a group of [[Italians|Italian]] Benedictine monks which brought with him, he founded in 14 January 993 a [[Brevnov Monastery|monastery in Břevnov]] (then situated westward from Prague, now part of the city), the second oldest monastery on Czech territory.

In 995, the [[Slavniks]]' former rivalry with the Přemyslids, who were allied with the powerful Bohemian clan of the [[Vršovci|Vršovid]]s, resulted in the storming of the Slavnik town of [[Libice nad Cidlinou]], which was led by the Přemyslid [[Boleslaus II the Pious]]. During the struggle four or five of Adalbert's brothers [[Massacre of the Slavníks|were killed]]. The Zlič Principality became part of the Přemyslids' estate. Adalbert unsuccessfully attempted to protect a noblewoman caught in adultery. She had fled to a convent, where she was killed. In upholding the right of sanctuary, Bishop Adalbert responded by excommunicating the murderers. Butler suggests that the incident was orchestrated by enemies of his family.{{sfn|Butler|2003|p=181}}

After this, Adalbert could not safely stay in Bohemia and escaped from Prague. [[Strachkvas]] was eventually appointed to be his successor. However, Strachkvas suddenly died during the liturgy at which he was to accede to his episcopal office in Prague. The cause of his death is still ambiguous. The Pope directed Adalbert to resume his see, but believing that he would not be allowed back, Adalbert requested a brief as an itinerant missionary.<ref name="Foley" />

Adalbert then traveled to [[Hungary]] and probably baptized [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza of Hungary]] and his son [[Stephen of Hungary|Stephen]] in [[Esztergom]]. Then he went to [[Poland]] where he was cordially welcomed by [[Boleslaus I of Poland|then-Duke Boleslaus I]] and installed as Bishop of [[Gniezno]].

===Mission and martyrdom in Prussia===
[[File:Polska 992 - 1025.png|thumb|Poland, [[Bohemia]] and [[Prussia (Baltic)|Prussia]] during the reign of [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Boleslaus I]]]]
[[File:Gniezno Cathedral detail 02.jpg|thumb|The execution of Saint Adalbert by the pagan [[Old Prussians|Prussians]], [[Gniezno Doors]]]]

Adalbert again relinquished his diocese, namely that of Gniezno, and set out as a missionary to preach to the inhabitants near [[Prussia (Baltic)|Prussia]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://saints.sqpn.com/book-of-saints-adalbert| title = Monks of Ramsgate. "Adalbert", ''Book of Saints'' (1921)| date = May 2012| access-date = 2012-09-20| archive-date = 2014-12-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221064936/http://saints.sqpn.com/book-of-saints-adalbert| url-status = live}}</ref> [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Bolesław I]], Duke (and, later, King) of Poland, sent [[soldiers]] with Adalbert on his mission to the Prussians. The Bishop and his companions, entered Prussian territory and traveled along the coast of the [[Baltic Sea]] to [[Gdańsk]]. At the borders of the Polish realm, at the mouth of the [[Vistula|Vistula River]], his half-brother Radim (Gaudentius), Benedict-Bogusza (who was probably a Pole), and at least one interpreter, ventured out into Prussia alone, as Bolesław had only sent his soldiers to escort them to the border.<ref name=":1" />

Adalbert achieved some success upon his arrival,<ref name=":2" /> however his arrival mostly caused strain upon the local Prussian populations.<ref name=":1" /> Partially this was because of the imperious manner with which he preached,<ref name=":2" /> but potentially because he preached utilizing a book.<ref name=":1" /> The Prussians had an oral society where communication was face to face. To the locals Adalbert reading from a book may have come off as a manifestation of an evil action. He was forced to leave this first village after being struck in the back of the head by an oar by a local chieftain, causing the pages of his book to scatter upon the ground. He and his companions then fled across a river.<ref name=":1" />

In the next place that Adalbert tried to preach, his message was met with the locals banging their sticks upon the ground, calling for the death of Adalbert and his companions. Retreating once again Adalbert and his companions went to a market place of [[Truso]] (near modern-day [[Elbląg]]). Here they were met with a similar response as at the previous place.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Baronas|first1=Darius|title=The Conversion of Lithuania: From Pagan Barbarians to Late Medieval Christians|last2=Rowell|first2=S.C.|publisher=The Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore|year=2015|isbn=978-609-425-152-8|location=Vilnius|pages=35–36}}</ref> On the 23 April 997, after mass, while Adalbert and his companions lay in the grass while eating a snack, they were set upon by a pagan mob. The mob was led by a man named Sicco,<ref name=":1" /> possibly a pagan priest,<ref name=":2" /> who delivered the first blow against Adalbert, before the others joined in. They removed Adalbert's head from his body after he was dead, and mounted on a pole while they returned home.<ref name=":1" /> This encounter may also have taken place in Tenkitten and [[Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Fischhausen]] (now Primorsk, [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]]).<ref name=":2" /> It is recorded that his body was bought back for its weight in [[gold]] by King [[Boleslaus I of Poland]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web| url = https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-adalbert-of-prague-685| title = "St. Adalbert of Prague", Catholic News Agency| access-date = 2020-04-19| archive-date = 2020-10-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201008075713/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-adalbert-of-prague-685| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Veneration and relics==
[[File:Catedral de Gniezno, Gniezno, Polonia, 2014-09-17, DD 25-27 HDR.jpg|thumb|upright|Silver coffin of Adalbert, Cathedral in Gniezno]]
[[File:Dystynktorium kanonicki Gennadij Jerszow.JPG|thumb|upright|Canonical cross of Saint Adalbert by [[Giennadij Jerszow]]. Collegiate Capitol in [[Gdańsk]]. Silver-Gold 2011]]
[[File:Adalbert of Prague.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Saint Adalbert in Prague]]
A few years after his martyrdom, Adalbert was [[canonization|canonized]] as '''Saint Adalbert of Prague.''' His life was written in ''Vita Sancti Adalberti Pragensis'' by various authors, the earliest being traced to imperial [[Aachen]] and the Bishop of [[Liège]], [[Notger von Lüttich]], although it was previously assumed that the [[Rome|Roman]] monk [[John Canaparius]] wrote the first ''Vita'' in 999. Another famous biographer of Adalbert was [[Bruno of Querfurt]] who wrote a hagiography of him in 1001–4.

Notably, the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia initially refused to ransom Adalbert's body from the Prussians who murdered him, and therefore it was purchased by Poles. This fact may be explained by Adalbert's belonging to the Slavniks family which was rival to the Přemyslids. Thus Adalbert's bones were preserved in [[Gniezno]], which assisted [[Boleslaus I of Poland]] in increasing Polish political and diplomatic power in Europe.

According to Bohemian accounts, in 1039 the Bohemian Duke [[Bretislav I]] looted the bones of Adalbert from Gniezno in a raid and translated them to [[Prague]]. According to Polish accounts, however, he stole the wrong relics, namely those of Gaudentius, while the Poles concealed Adalbert's relics which remain in [[Gniezno]]. In 1127 his severed head, which was not in the original purchase according to ''Roczniki Polskie'', was discovered and translated to Gniezno. In 1928, one of the arms of Adalbert, which Bolesław I had given to [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Otto III]] in 1000, was added to the bones preserved in Gniezno. Therefore, today Adalbert has two elaborate shrines in the [[Prague Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/relics-of-bohemias-patron-saint-adalbert-find-new-resting-placeRelics| title = of Behemia's patron saint Adalbert find new resting place}}</ref> and [[Gniezno Cathedral|Royal Cathedral of Gniezno]], each of which claims to possess his relics, but which of these bones are his authentic relics is unknown. For example, pursuant to both claims two skulls are attributed to Adalbert. The one in Gniezno was stolen in 1923.

The massive bronze [[Gniezno Doors|doors]] of [[Gniezno Cathedral]], dating from around 1175, are decorated with eighteen [[relief]]s of scenes from Adalbert's life. They are the only [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] ecclesiastical doors in Europe depicting a cycle illustrating the life of a saint, and therefore are a precious relic documenting Adalbert's martyrdom. We can read that door literally and theologically.

The one thousandth anniversary of Adalbert's martyrdom was on 23 April 1997. It was commemorated in Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Russia, and other nations. Representatives of [[Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] churches traveled on a pilgrimage to Adalbert's tomb located in Gniezno. [[Pope John Paul II]] visited the cathedral and celebrated a liturgy there in which heads of seven European nations and approximately one million faithful participated.

A ten-meter cross was erected near the village of Beregovoe (formerly Tenkitten), [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], where Adalbert is thought to have been martyred by the Prussians.

== Feast day ==
* 25 January – commemoration of translation of relics to [[Igreja de São Roque|Church of Saint Roch]],<ref name=":3"/>
* 22 April – commemoration in [[Diocese of Innsbruck]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Direktorium 2022 (ab Advent 2021) für die Diözesen Innsbruck und Feldkirch}}</ref>
* 22 April – commemoration in [[Catholic Church in England and Wales]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICE FOR LITURGY |url=https://www.salfordliturgy.org.uk/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=OFFICE FOR LITURGY |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110630/https://www.salfordliturgy.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local calendar information |url=https://universalis.com/n-localcalendars.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=universalis.com |archive-date=2022-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624122134/https://universalis.com/n-localcalendars.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 23 April – commemoration of [[death anniversary]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Catholic Church |url=http://archive.org/details/MartRom2004 |title=Martyrologium Romanum (2004) |date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=23 kwietnia: św. Wojciecha, biskupa i męczennika, głównego patrona Polski |url=https://ordo.pallotyni.pl/index.php/mszal-rzymski/swieci-kwiecien/1367-23-kwietnia-sw-wojciecha-biskupa-i-meczennika-glownego-patrona-polski |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=ordo.pallotyni.pl |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110558/https://ordo.pallotyni.pl/index.php/mszal-rzymski/swieci-kwiecien/1367-23-kwietnia-sw-wojciecha-biskupa-i-meczennika-glownego-patrona-polski |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 14 May – commemoration of consecration of church in Aachen<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Adalbert von Prag - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon |url=https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Adalbert_von_Prag.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=www.heiligenlexikon.de |language=de |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009105228/https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Adalbert_von_Prag.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 25 August – commemoration of [[Translation (relic)|translation of relics]] from [[Gniezno]] to [[Prague]] (1039)<ref>{{Cite web |title=sv. Radim |url=http://catholica.cz/?id=4780 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=catholica.cz |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110558/http://catholica.cz/?id=4780 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 26 August – commemoration of [[Translation (relic)|translation of relics]] to [[Wrocław]]<ref name=":3" />
* 20 October – commemoration of [[Translation (relic)|translation of relics]] to [[Gniezno]] (1090)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Translacja - święto patronalne św. Wojciecha |url=https://niedziela.pl/artykul/4270/nd |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=niedziela.pl |language=pl |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110632/https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/4270/nd |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 22 October – commemoration of [[Translation (relic)|translation of relics]] to [[Gniezno]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=KAI |first=Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna |date=30 November 2001 |title=Gniezno: uroczystość Przeniesienia Relikwii św. Wojciecha {{!}} eKAI |url=https://www.ekai.pl/gniezno-uroczystosc-przeniesienia-relikwii-sw-wojciecha/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=eKAI {{!}} Portal Katolickiej Agencji Informacyjnej |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110600/https://www.ekai.pl/gniezno-uroczystosc-przeniesienia-relikwii-sw-wojciecha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 6 November  –  commemoration of [[Translation (relic)|translation of relics]] to [[Esztergom]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veszprémy |first=László |title=Szent Adalbert és Magyarország|journal= Historiográfiai áttekintés. Ars Hungarica 26. (1998) 321-338. |url=https://www.academia.edu/60893325 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517041648/https://www.academia.edu/60893325 |url-status=live }}</ref>
He is also commemorated on 23 April by [[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das Kirchenjahr Evangelischer Sonn- und Feiertagskalender 2016/2017 |url=https://eivelkirche.ekir.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liturgischer-Kalender_2016-2017.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://eivelkirche.ekir.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liturgischer-Kalender_2016-2017.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome |url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/saintsa.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=www.orthodoxengland.org.uk |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520175838/http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/saintsa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture and society ==
The Dagmar and Václav Havel [[VIZE 97]] Foundation Prize, given annually to a distinguished thinker "whose work exceeds the traditional framework of scientific knowledge, contributes to the understanding of science as an integral part of general culture and is concerned with unconventional ways of asking fundamental questions about cognition, being and human existence"
includes a massive replica of Adalbert's crozier by Czech artist Jiří Plieštík.

St. Vojtech Fellowship was established in 1870 by Slovak Catholic priest Andrej Radlinský. It had facilitated [[Slovakia|Slovak]] Catholic thinkers and authors, continuing to publish religious original works and translations to this day. It is the official publishing body of [[Episcopal Conference of Slovakia]].

===Churches and parishes named for Adalbert===
{{Main|St. Adalbert's Church (disambiguation){{!}}St. Adalbert's Church}}

==See also==
* [[History of the Czech lands in the Middle Ages]]
* [[History of Poland (966–1385)]]
* [[Congress of Gniezno]]
* [[Gniezno Doors]]
* [[Adalbert of Magdeburg]]
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/April 23|Saint Adalbert of Prague, patron saint archive]]
* [[Statue of Adalbert of Prague, Charles Bridge]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikisource author}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Butler|first=Alban|title=Butler's Lives of the Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHnM1a1NTugC&pg=PA181|year=2003|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-2903-1|pages=181–}}
*{{cite book|last=Vlasto|first=A. P. |title=The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ|year=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-07459-9}}
*{{cite journal|last=Molnar|first=Enrico S.|title=St. Adalbert - Missionary to three countries|journal=The Living Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11zkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA32|date=30 April 1978|publisher=Morehouse-Gorham Company|pages=11–12}}
*{{cite book|last=Kalhous|first=David|title=Legenda Christiani and Modern Historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a28CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-30589-2|pages=10, 16, 26, 32, 44, 46, 57, 60, 72, 91–92, 111, 114–115, 117, 119, 130}}
*{{cite book|last=Althoff|first=Gerd|title=Otto III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7iPQjA9Lf8C&pg=PA14|year=2010|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04618-1|pages=3, 14, 27, 49, 60, 65–71, 91, 96–97, 99, 127, 137–138, 141–143}}
*{{cite book|author=Cosmas of Prague|editor=Wolverton, Lisa|title=The Chronicle of the Czechs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7igBN41oUC&pg=PA119|year=2009|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-1570-9|pages=7–8, 15, 30, 49–50, 72, 75–83, 87, 96, 100, 107–109, 113–114, 117–120, 136, 156, 160, 176}}
*Donald Attwater and Catherine R. John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', Third Edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1993); {{ISBN|0-14-051312-4}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Hl-Lex|b|Adalbert_von_Prag.htm}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{cite web|author=Rudolf Grulich|title=Der heilige Adalbert von Prag – ein Wegbereiter Europas|publisher=kirche-in-not.de|url=http://www.kirche-in-not.de/downloads/20080616-der-heilige-adalbert-ein-wegbereiter-europas.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kirche-in-not.de/downloads/20080616-der-heilige-adalbert-ein-wegbereiter-europas.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|language=de}}

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