Editing Adama

{{Short description|City in Oromia Region, Ethiopia}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Nazreth||Nazareth (disambiguation)}}
<!-- Infobox begins here; main text of article is below -->
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Adama
| other_name         = Nazareth 
| native_name        = {{nativename|om|Adaamaa}} <br />{{nativename|am|አዳማ}}<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = City
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 =AdamaHotels.jpg
| image2 = SaintMaryAdama01.jpg
| image3 = The Oromia Martyrs Monument.jpg
| image4 = Adama City.jpg
| image5 =  Adama (3) (cropped).jpg
}}
| image_caption      = From top: [[Addis Ababa]]-[[Dire Dawa]] Road; Saint Mary's Ethiopian Orthodox Church; Oromia Martyrs Monument; [[Adama City]]; [[Addis Ababa–Adama Expressway]]
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| pushpin_map        = Ethiopia#Horn of Africa#Africa
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ethiopia##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| subdivision_type   = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Ethiopia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Oromia|Region}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of zones of Ethiopia|Zone]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[East Shewa Zone|East Shewa]]
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| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
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| population_as_of   = 2007
| population_footnotes = <ref name="csa" />
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| population_total   = 220212
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
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| coordinates        = {{coord|08|32|29|N|39|16|08|E|region:ET|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 1712
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| area_code          = (+251) 22
| blank_name         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info         = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
| blank1_name        = 
| blank1_info        = 
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
| population_est     = 435222
| pop_est_as_of      = 2021
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Population Projection Towns as of July 2021 |url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Population-of-Towns-as-of-July-2021.pdf | page=31 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Ethiopian Statistics Agency}}</ref>
}}
'''Adama''' ([[Oromo language|Oromo]]: ''{{lang|om|Adaamaa}}'', [[Amharic]]: አዳማ), formerly '''Nazreth''' ({{langx|am|ናዝሬት}}),<ref>Alain Gascon, "Adaama" in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, p.70.</ref> is one of the cities of [[Oromia Region]] of [[Ethiopia]].<ref>2009 CIA map marks Nazrēt (Adama) as an administrative (regional) capital.</ref><ref name="2009map">{{Cite map | publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | title=Eritrea and Ethiopia |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/eritrea_ethiopia_2009.jpg | year=2009 | scale=1:5,000,000 | id=Map #803395}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2024|?=yes}} Located in the [[East Shewa Zone]] {{Convert|99|km|mi|abbr=unit}} southeast of the capital, [[Addis Ababa]], the city sits between the base of an [[escarpment]] to the west, and the [[Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]] to the east.

==Overview==
Adama is a busy transportation center. The city is situated along the road that connects [[Addis Ababa]] with [[Dire Dawa]]. A large number of trucks use this same route to travel to and from the [[port|seaport]]s of [[Djibouti]] and [[Asseb]] (though the latter is not currently used by Ethiopia, following the [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]]). Additionally, the new [[Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway]] runs through Adama.<ref name="2009map"/><ref name="bingmap">{{cite map |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |title=bing Maps |url=http://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=8.549999999999997~39.266667&lvl=12&dir=0&sty=r&sp=Point.jdrgzzm85000_Adama____  |year=2011 |access-date=2011-05-05}}</ref><ref name="ortna05" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Lindahl |first=Bernhard |url=http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/d/ORTDIL05.pdf |title=Dil Amba - Djibiet |work=Local History in Ethiopia |publisher=The Nordic Africa Institute |year=2005 |access-date=2011-09-20 |quote=The Franco-Ethiopian railway company in 1960-1963 carried out surveys for extending the railway with a 310 km line from Nazret to Dilla. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703044906/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/d/ORTDIL05.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-03 }}</ref>

[[Adama University|Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU)]] (formerly Nazareth Technique College) is located in Adama. [[Adama Stadium]] is the home of [[Adama City FC]], a member of the [[Ethiopian Football Federation]] league.

==History==
The city name Adama may have been derived from the [[Oromo language|Oromo]] word ''{{lang|om|adaamii}}'', which means a cactus or a cactus-like tree.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Origin and Development of Adama City
|url=http://www.adamacity.gov.et/origin.htm
|publisher=Adama City Administration
|access-date=November 3, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311113824/http://www.adamacity.gov.et/origin.htm
|archive-date=March 11, 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> More specifically, ''{{lang|om|adaamii}}'' means ''[[Euphorbia candelabrum]]'',<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Workineh Kelbessa<!-- see [[Oromo name]] -->
|title=Traditional Oromo Attitudes towards the Environment: An Argument for Environmentally Sound Development
|journal=Social Science Research Report Series
|issue=19
|year=2001
|page=44
|url=http://www.publications.ossrea.net/images/stories/ossrea/ssrr-19-p-5.pdf
|access-date=4 February 2014 
}}</ref> a tree of the spurge family, while ''{{lang|om|hadaamii}}'' would mean [[Opuntia ficus-indica|Indian fig]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |first=Azimitachew 
 |last=Ayele 
 |year=2010 
 |title=Chromosome Study of Local Farmers' Varieties of ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) from Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. 
 |page=1 
 |url=http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/bitstream/123456789/3228/1/AZIMITACHEW%20%20AYELE%20%20%20BIOLOGY.pdf
 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Following [[World War II]], [[Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]] renamed the town after [[Nazareth|Biblical Nazareth]], and this name was used for the remainder of the twentieth century.<ref name="ortna05">{{Cite web|last=Lindahl |first=Bernhard |title=Naader - Neguz |url=http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/n/ORTNA05.pdf |publisher=[[Nordic Africa Institute]] |year=2005 |pages=8–13 |access-date=2011-09-20 |quote=The name was changed from Adama (Hadama) to Nazret (Nazareth) a little before 1948. This belonged to a general pattern of introducing Christian names instead of traditional Oromo names. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703050218/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/n/ORTNA05.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-03 }}</ref> In 2000, the city officially reverted to its original [[Oromo language|Oromo]] name, Adama,<ref name="ortna05" /><ref name="ortaa">{{Cite web|title=Aadu - Alyume|work=Local History in Ethiopia|url=http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf|publisher=[[Nordic Africa Institute]]|year=2008|page=28|access-date=2010-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305215601/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> though Nazareth is still widely used.<ref name="walta2000-07-13 /">{{cite web | date = July 13, 2000 |url=http://www.telecom.net.et/~walta/ennews/html/jul/ed130700/html/newsitem_3.html | title = Nazareth Selected as Oromiya's Capital | publisher = Walta Information Center | access-date = February 25, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303092319/http://www.telecom.net.et/~walta/ennews/html/jul/ed130700/html/newsitem_3.html | archive-date = 3 March 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2000, the government moved the regional capital of Oromia from [[Addis Ababa]] to Adama,<ref name="ortna05" /> sparking considerable controversy. Critics of the move believed that the Ethiopian government wished to deemphasize Addis Ababa's location within Oromia.<ref>{{cite web | author =  Hameso, Seyoum and Tilahun Ayanou Nebo | year = 2000 |url=http://www.sidamaconcern.com/books/ethiopia_a_new_start.html | title = Ethiopia: A New Start? | work = The Sidama Concern | access-date = February 25, 2006  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223080700/http://www.sidamaconcern.com/books/ethiopia_a_new_start.html| archive-date= 23 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mosisa, Abraham T. |date=January 13, 2004 |url=http://oromostudies.org/lettertoUNSecretaryGeneral.htm |title=Letter to U.N. Secretary-General |publisher=Oromo Studies Association |access-date=February 25, 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222235224/http://oromostudies.org/lettertoUNSecretaryGeneral.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2006 }}</ref> On the other hand, the government maintained that Addis Ababa "has been found inconvenient from the point of view of developing the language, culture and history of the Oromo people".<ref name="walta2000-07-13 /"/>

On 10 June 2005, the [[Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization]] (OPDO), part of the ruling [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] coalition, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-06-11 |url=http://www.waltainfo.com/EnNews/2005/Jun/11Jun05/Jun11e11.htm |title=Chief Administrator of Oromia says decision to move capital city based on study |publisher=Walta Information Center |access-date=February 25, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050613234040/http://www.waltainfo.com/EnNews/2005/Jun/11Jun05/Jun11e11.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
 | thumb = right
 | caption= Ethnic groups of Adama {{As of|2007|lc=y}}<ref name = "csa">Central Statistical Agency. 2010. Population and Housing Census 2007 Report, National. [ONLINE] Available at: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086. [Accessed 10 January 2017].</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}}
 | other   = yes
 | label1 = [[Oromo people|Oromo]]
 | value1 = 39.02 | color1 = Green
 | label2 = [[Amhara people|Amhara]]
 | value2 = 34.53 | color2 = Yellow
 | label3 = [[Gurage people|Gurage]]
 | value3 = 11.98 | color3 = Red
 | label4 = [[Siltʼe people|Siltʼe]]
 | value4 = 5.02| color4 = Purple
 }}
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Central Statistical Agency]] of Ethiopia (CSA), this city has a total population of 220,212, an increase of 72.25% over the population recorded in the 1994 census, of whom 108,872 are men and 111,340 women. With an area of 29.86 square kilometers, Adama has a population density of 7,374.82; all are urban inhabitants. A total of 60,174 households were counted in this city, which results in an average of 3.66 persons to a household, and 59,431 housing units. The four largest ethnic groups reported in Adama were the [[Oromo people|Oromo]] (39.02%), the [[Amhara people|Amhara]] (34.53%), the [[Gurage people|Gurage]] (11.98%) and the [[Silt'e people|Silte]] (5.02%); all other ethnic groups made up 9.45% of the population. [[Amharic language|Amharic]] was spoken as a first language by 59.25%, 26.25% spoke [[Oromo language|Oromo]] and 6.28% spoke [[Gurage language|Guragiegna]]; the remaining 8.22% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], with 63.62% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 24.7% of the population were [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslim]], and 10.57% were [[P'ent'ay|Protestant]].<ref name="csa" />

The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 127,842 of whom 61,965 were males and 65,877 were females.

==Transport==
Adama is a busy transportation center. The city is situated along the road that connects [[Addis Ababa]] with [[Dire Dawa]]. A large number of trucks use this same route to travel to and from the [[port|seaport]]s of [[Djibouti]] and [[Asseb]] (though the latter is not currently used by Ethiopia, following the [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]]). Additionally, the new [[Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway]] runs through Adama.<ref name="2009map"/><ref name="bingmap"/><ref name="ortna05" /><ref name="auto"/>

== Education ==
The [[Adama University]] was founded in 1993.

== Places of worship ==
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly found [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples ([[Oriental Orthodox]]: [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]], [[islam|Muslim]] mosques and madresas; [[Protestantism|Protestant]]: [[Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus]], [[evangelicalism|Evangelical Christian]]: [[Kale Heywet Word of Life Church]], [[Full Gospel Believers Church]], [[Catholic]]: [[Ethiopian Catholic Archeparchy of Addis Abeba]]).<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1004-1007</ref>

==Sport==
[[Adama Stadium]] is the home of [[Adama City FC]], a member of the [[Ethiopian Football Federation]] league.

==Climate==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  [[Wenji Gefersa]]/Adama, elevation {{convert|1540|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000)
|Jan high C = 26.3
|Feb high C = 27.3
|Mar high C = 28.9
|Apr high C = 29.0
|May high C = 30.0
|Jun high C = 29.2
|Jul high C = 26.1
|Aug high C = 25.6
|Sep high C = 26.8
|Oct high C = 27.2
|Nov high C = 26.2
|Dec high C = 25.6
| year high C = 
|Jan low C = 11.5
|Feb low C = 13.1
|Mar low C = 14.8
|Apr low C = 15.3
|May low C = 15.5
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 16.3
|Aug low C = 16.1
|Sep low C = 15.4
|Oct low C = 12.0
|Nov low C = 11.0
|Dec low C = 10.8
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 20.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 43.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.0
|May precipitation mm = 62.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 67.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 189.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 196.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 24.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 13.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|year precipitation mm = 
| Jan humidity = 55
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 70
| Aug humidity = 70
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 55
| Dec humidity = 56
| year humidity =
| source 1 = FAO<ref name=FAO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/
| title = CLIMWAT climatic database
| publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
| access-date = 24 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Ethiopia|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Ethiopia}}
Adama is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Sister Cities|date=20 January 2019 |url=https://aurorasistercities.org/sister-cities/|publisher=Aurora Sister Cities International|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Sivas]], Turkey<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227151859/http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti|url-status=dead|title=Uzaklar Yakinlaşti - Sivas Twin Towns|archivedate=December 27, 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Africa}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Briggs, Philip. ''Guide to Ethiopia.'' Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56440-814-0}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125231301/http://www.adamachamber.com/ Adama Chamber of Commerce]
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Adama}}

{{Districts of the Oromia Region}}
{{Cities of Ethiopia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Oromia]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ethiopia]]