Editing Address

{{Short description|Collection of information that describes the location of a building, apartment, or other structure}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Lit up address.webp|thumb|Illuminated address to see better at night]]
An '''address''' is a collection of information, presented in a mostly fixed format, used to give the location of a building, apartment, or other structure or a plot of land, generally using [[border|political boundaries]] and [[street name]]s as references, along with other identifiers such as [[house number|house]] or apartment numbers and organization name. Some addresses also contain special codes, such as a [[postal code]], to make identification easier and aid in the routing of [[mail]].

Addresses provide a means of physically locating a building.  They are used in identifying buildings as the end points of a [[Mail|postal system]] and as parameters in statistics collection, especially in [[census]]-taking and the [[insurance]] industry. Address formats are different in different places, and unlike latitude and longitude coordinates, there is no simple mapping from an address to a location.

== History ==
{{Further|House numbering#History}}
Until the 18th and 19th centuries, most houses and buildings were not numbered.<ref name=mask>{{cite news|author=Deirdre Mask|date=2018-10-19|title=Where the Streets Have No Names, the People Have No Vote|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/opinion/sunday/north-dakota-addresses-voting-id.html|access-date=19 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019210555/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/opinion/sunday/north-dakota-addresses-voting-id.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In London, one of the first recorded instances of a street being numbered was Prescot Street in Goodman’s Fields in 1708.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffield |first=Annie |date=February 25, 2021 |title=The history of house numbering |url=https://www.postalmuseum.org/blog/house-numbering/ |access-date=October 15, 2024 |website=The Postal Museum}}</ref> Street naming and numbering began under the [[age of Enlightenment]], also as part of campaigns for [[census]] and military conscription, such as in the dominions of [[Maria Theresa]] in the mid 18th century.<ref name=mask/> Numbering allowed the efficient delivery of mail, as the postal system evolved in the 18th and 19th centuries to reach widespread usage.<ref name=mask/>

In [[London]], house numbering was not regulated until the [[Metropolitan Management Act 1855]], which granted the newly formed [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] the power to control street naming and numbering. Under pressure from the [[General Post Office|Post Office]], the board began simplifying addresses in 1857, tackling the most confusing streets and assigning district codes, like EC (Eastern Central) and WC (Western Central), which laid the foundation for the postcode system. [[Postal code|Postcodes]], as we know them, were only introduced in the 1960s-1970s. Despite some public resistance to changing street names and numbers, by 1871, over 4,800 street names had been altered, and 100,000 houses renumbered in London. Though house numbering took time to become widely accepted, it eventually became firmly established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffield |first=Annie |date=2021-02-25 |title=The history of house numbering |url=https://www.postalmuseum.org/blog/house-numbering/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Postal Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

Comprehensive addressing of all buildings is still incomplete, even in developed countries.<ref name=mask/> For example, the [[Navajo Nation]] in the United States was still assigning rural addresses as of 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/452824825/navigating-navajo-nation-soon-to-be-easier-for-amazon-ambulances|title=Navigating Navajo Nation Soon To Be Easier For Amazon, Ambulances|publisher=NPR|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020052950/https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/452824825/navigating-navajo-nation-soon-to-be-easier-for-amazon-ambulances|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndcd.org/rural-addressing.aspx|title=Rural Addressing|website=nndcd.org|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055521/http://www.nndcd.org/rural-addressing.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the lack of addresses can be used for [[voter disenfranchisement]] in the USA.<ref name=mask/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/18a335_l647.pdf |title=Opinion |publisher=supremecourt.gov |access-date=2019-11-13 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027070503/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/18a335_l647.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cities in [[Asia]], most minor streets were never named, and this is still the case today in much of Japan. Over a third of addresses in Ireland shared their address with at least one other property at the time of the [[Eircode|Eircode's]] introduction in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Eircode {{!}} Smart Location Codes – Postcodes Ireland |url=https://www.eircode.ie/what-is-eircode |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=eircode.ie}}</ref>

Land registration systems, known as [[cadastre]]s, helped manage property ownership in Ancient Rome, especially as Rome expanded. The city was divided into 14 regions (regiones) by [[Augustus|Emperor Augustus]] to streamline administration, which became the foundation for locating properties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarthistory – Roman domestic architecture: the insula |url=https://smarthistory.org/roman-domestic-architecture-insula/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandich |first=Matthew J. |date=2019-12-10 |title=Ancient City, Universal Growth? Exploring Urban Expansion and Economic Development on Rome's Eastern Periphery |journal=Frontiers in Digital Humanities |language=English |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fdigh.2019.00018 |doi-access=free |issn=2297-2668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Villas, insulae, domus, and slums: Why housing differed dramatically for the ancient Romans |url=https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/ancient-history/roman-houses/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=History Skills |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

== Current addressing schemes ==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}

=== House numbering or naming ===
{{Main|House numbering}}
In most English-speaking countries, the usual method of house numbering is an alternating numbering scheme progressing in each direction along a street, with odd numbers on one side (often west or south or the left-hand side leading away from a main road) and even numbers on the other side, although there is significant variation on this basic pattern. Many older towns and cities in the UK have "up and down" numbering where the numbers progress sequentially along one side of the road, and then sequentially back down the other side. Cities in [[North America]], particularly those planned on a [[grid plan]], often incorporate [[city block|block]] numbers, quadrants (explained below), and [[cardinal directions]] into their street numbers, so that in many such cities, addresses roughly follow a [[Cartesian coordinate system]].<ref name="mocoplanning">[http://www.montgomeryplanningboard.org/agenda/2013/documents/AddressingandStreetNamingGuidelinesrevised_000.pdf Addressing and Street Naming Guidelines and Procedures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234739/http://www.montgomeryplanningboard.org/agenda/2013/documents/AddressingandStreetNamingGuidelinesrevised_000.pdf |date=10 August 2021 }}, from the [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]] (Md.) Planning Department and the [[Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission]]</ref> Some other cities around the world have their own schemes.

Although house numbering is the principal identification scheme in many parts of the world, it is also common for houses in the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to be identified by name, rather than number, especially in villages. In these cases, the street name will usually follow the house name. Such an address might read: "Smith Cottage, Frog Lane, Barchester, Barsetshire, BZ9 9BA" or "Dunroamin, Emo, Co. Laois, Ireland" (fictional examples).

=== {{anchor|cartesian}}Quadrants ===
In cities with Cartesian-coordinate-based addressing systems, the streets that form the north–south and east–west dividing lines constitute the ''x'' and ''y'' axes of a [[Cartesian coordinate plane]] and thus divide the city into '''quadrants.''' The quadrants are typically identified in the street names, although the manner of doing so varies from city to city. For example, in one city, all streets in the northeast quadrant may have "NE" prefixed or suffixed to their street names, while in another, the intersection of ''North'' Calvert Street and ''East'' 27th Street can be only in the northeast quadrant.

=== Street-naming conventions ===
[[Street name]]s may follow a variety of themes. In many [[North America]]n cities, such as [[San Francisco]], USA, and [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] and [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], streets are simply [[numbered street|numbered sequentially]] across the street grid. [[Numbered street]]s originated in the United States in [[Philadelphia]] by [[Thomas Holme]] who laid out the original plan for the city in 1683. [[Washington, D.C.]] has its numbered streets running north–south and lettered or alphabetically named streets running east–west, while diagonal avenues are typically named after states. In [[Salt Lake City]], and many other [[Utah]] cities, streets are in a large grid and are numbered in increments of 100 based on their location relative to the center of the city in blocks. A similar system is in use in [[Detroit]] with the [[Mile Road System (Detroit)|Mile Road System]]. In some housing developments in North America and elsewhere, street names may all follow the same theme (for example, bird species), or start with the same letter. Streets in [[Continental Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Latin America]] are often named after famous people or significant dates.

=== Postal codes ===
Postal codes are a relatively recent development in addressing, designed to speed the sorting and processing of mail by assigning unique numeric or alphanumeric codes to each geographical locality.

=== Postal alternatives to physical addresses ===
For privacy and other purposes, postal services have made it possible to receive mail without revealing one's physical address or even having a fixed physical address.  Examples are [[post office box]]es, [[service address]]es and [[poste restante]] (general delivery).

== Address format ==
[[File:Write Your Address Clearly 1958 The British Postal Museum & Archive.jpg|right|thumb|''Write Your Address Clearly'', public service poster, [[James Fitton (artist)|James Fitton]] (1958)]]
<!--Linked from [[Endianness]]; please update there if you change section title-->

In most of the world, addresses are written in order from most specific to general, i.e. finest to coarsest information, starting with the addressee and ending with the largest geographical unit. For example:<ref>[http://www.royalmail.com/personal/help-and-support/How-do-I-address-my-mail-correctly Clear addressing – How to address your mail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328055742/http://www.royalmail.com/personal/help-and-support/How-do-I-address-my-mail-correctly |date=28 March 2016 }}: [[Royal Mail]] Guidelines. Retrieved 7 November 2015</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format
! Example
|-
| ''Name of recipient''<br /> ''Company name''<br /> ''Street number, name''<br /> ''City area/District'' <br /> ''City/Town/Village'' <br /> ''County'' <br /> ''Postal code'' <br /> ''Country (in [[Universal Postal Union|French or English]])''
| Mr A. Payne <br /> ARAMARK Ltd. <br /> 30 Commercial Road <br /> Fratton <br /> PORTSMOUTH <br /> Hampshire <br /> PO1 1AA <br /> UNITED KINGDOM
|}

In English-speaking countries, the [[postal code]] usually comes last. In much of Europe, the code precedes the town name, thus: "1010 [[Lausanne]]". Sometimes, the [[ISO 3166]] country code is placed in front of the postal code: "[[Switzerland|CH]]-1010 [[Lausanne]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upu.int/uploads/tx_sbdownloader/descriptionPostcodesAddressingAddressElementsEn.pdf |title=Address elements |publisher=upu.in |access-date=2019-11-13 |archive-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604170328/http://www.upu.int/uploads/tx_sbdownloader/descriptionPostcodesAddressingAddressElementsEn.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If a house number is provided, it is written on the same line as the street name; a house name is written on the previous line. When addresses are written inline, line breaks are replaced by commas. Conventions on the placing of house numbers differ: either before or after the street name. Similarly, there are differences in the placement of postal codes: in the UK, they are written on a separate line at the end of the address; in Australia, Canada and the United States, they usually appear immediately after the state or province, on the same line; in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands they appear before the city, on the same line.

[[East Asian addressing system]]s, including Chinese, [[Japanese addressing system|Japanese]], [[addresses in South Korea|Korean]], and [[postal addresses in Taiwan|Taiwanese]] addressing systems, when written in their native scripts, use the big-endian order, from the largest geographical area to the smallest geographical area, followed by the recipient's name. However, both have the same order as western countries when written in the [[Latin script]]. The Hungarian system also goes from large to small units, except that the name of the addressee is put into the first line.

The Universal Postal Convention strongly recommends the following:

:"The addressee's address shall be worded in a precise and complete manner. It shall be written very legibly in roman letters and Arabic numerals. If other letters and numerals are used in the country of destination, it shall be recommended that the address be given also in these letters and numerals. The name of the place of destination and the name of the country of destination shall be written in capital letters together with the correct postcode number or delivery zone number or post office box number, if any. The name of the country of destination shall be written preferably in the language of the country of origin. To avoid any difficulty in the countries of transit, it is desirable for the name of the country of destination to be added in an internationally known language. Designated operators may recommend that, on items addressed to countries where the recommended position of the postcode is in front of the name of the location of destination, the postcode should be preceded by the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|EN ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] country code followed by a hyphen. This shall in no way detract from the requirement for the name of the destination country to be printed in full."<ref>Universal Postal Convention, Article 14, RL125, #3.3. In: [http://www.upu.int/uploads/tx_sbdownloader/actInFourVolumesLetterPostManualEn.pdf Universal Postal Union – Letter Post Manual Update 3 March 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108213149/http://www.upu.int/uploads/tx_sbdownloader/actInFourVolumesLetterPostManualEn.pdf |date=8 January 2016 }}, page D.6. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Delivery point]]
* [[Fire sign (address)]]
* [[Geocode]]
* [[Handwritten Address Interpretation]] (HWAI)
* [[Human geography]]
* [[Japanese addressing system]]
* [[National Land and Property Gazetteer]]
* [[service d'adresse mondial]] (sedamo) or worldwide address service
* [[Address format by country and area]]
== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=The Address Book|first=Deirdre|last=Mask|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|date=2020|isbn=9781250134790}}
* {{cite book|title=House Numbers: Pictures of a Forgotten History|first=Anton|last=Tantner|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|date=2015|isbn=9781780235189}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{External links|date=December 2016}}
* [https://www.columbia.edu/~fdc/postal/ Frank's compulsive guide to postal addresses]
* [http://www.upu.int/post_code/en/postal_addressing_systems_member_countries.shtml Universal Postal Union] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090724141812/http://www.upu.int/post_code/en/postal_addressing_systems_member_countries.shtml |date=24 July 2009 }} Postal addressing systems by country
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/other_bodies/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=53186 ISO TC 154] ISO Technical Committee 154 on Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112084932/http://pe.usps.gov/cpim/ftp/pubs/Pub28/pub28.pdf United States Postal Service Address Guidelines]
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[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Postal systems]]
[[Category:Address (geography)| ]]