Editing Adolph Sutro

{{short description|24th Mayor of San Francisco from 1895 to 1897}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Adolph Sutro by Brady.jpg
| caption             = 
| order               = 24th
| office              = Mayor of San Francisco
| term_start          = January 7, 1895
| term_end            = January 3, 1897
| deputy              = 
| predecessor         = [[Levi Richard Ellert]]
| successor           = [[James D. Phelan]]
| birth_name          = Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1830|4|29|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Aachen]], [[Prussia]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1898|8|8|1830|4|29|mf=y}}
| death_place         = San Francisco, California, U.S.
| party               = [[People's Party (United States)|People's]]
| profession          = Businessman
| resting_place       = [[Home of Peace Cemetery (Colma, California)]]
}}

'''Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro''' (April 29, 1830&nbsp;– August 8, 1898) was a German-American engineer, politician and philanthropist who served as the 24th mayor of [[San Francisco]] from 1895 until 1897.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 17, 2016 |title=Historic photos capture former glory of Adolph Sutro's once-grand San Francisco west end compound |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Historic-photos-of-Adolph-Sutro-s-once-grand-San-10618221.php |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225816/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Historic-photos-of-Adolph-Sutro-s-once-grand-San-10618221.php |archive-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Born a [[German Jew]], he moved to [[Virginia City, Nevada]] and made a fortune at the [[Comstock Lode]]. Several places in San Francisco bear his name in remembrance of his life and contributions to the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Delgado |first=James |title=The History and Significance of the Adolph Sutro Historic District excerpts from the National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form prepared in 2000 |url=https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/upload/sutro_history.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731215229/https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/upload/sutro_history.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born to a Jewish family<ref name="American-Jerusalem Adolph-Sutro 2013" /> in [[Aachen]], Rhine Province, [[Prussia]] (today [[North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany]]), Sutro was the oldest of eleven children of Rosa (Warendorff) and Emanuel Sutro.<ref name="Cutter 1919 Vol. 5" /> He spent his youth working in his father's cloth factory and at school.<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1898 Aug 9" /> After his father's death, he and one of his brothers, Sali ''(né'' Emanuel Sali Sutro; 1827–1908), began running the cloth factory.

The [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|Prussian rebellion in 1848]] caused the family to leave for America in 1850 and settle in [[Baltimore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brand |first=Gregor |date=September 2, 2015 |title=Adolph Sutro |url=https://www.eifelzeitung.de/redaktion/kinder-der-eifel/adolph-sutro-108530/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209114152/https://www.eifelzeitung.de/redaktion/kinder-der-eifel/adolph-sutro-108530/ |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref> Soon after, Adolph left for [[California]] and arrived in San Francisco on November 21, 1851. Adolph held a number of positions in San Francisco and eventually owned several tobacco shops.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Crazy Sutro: Engineer with tunnel vision – Tahoe Weekly |work=Tahoe Weekly |url=https://thetahoeweekly.com/2016/06/crazy-sutro-engineer-tunnel-vision/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035147/https://thetahoeweekly.com/2016/06/crazy-sutro-engineer-tunnel-vision/ |archive-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>

==Sutro Tunnel==
[[File:Sutro Tunnel Portal today.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to [[Sutro Tunnel]]]]
In 1860, Sutro left San Francisco for Virginia City, Nevada after [[silver]] was found in the [[Comstock Lode]] with plans to continue selling cigars.<ref name=":0" /> He soon devised a concept for a tunnel to drain water from the mines and eliminate the threat of flooding. This concept became the [[Sutro Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Legacy of tunnel shared with local history buffs |work=Reno Gazette Journal |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/local/leader-courier/2016/09/28/legacy-tunnel-shared-local-history-buffs/91230674/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315080400/https://www.rgj.com/story/news/local/leader-courier/2016/09/28/legacy-tunnel-shared-local-history-buffs/91230674/ |archive-date=March 15, 2022}}</ref>

In 1865 Sutro incorporated the Sutro Tunnel Company and was granted an exclusive charter to build the tunnel by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in 1866.<ref name="Daily-Alta-California 1866 Jul 16" /> The project encountered financial difficulties, due in part to [[William Ralston]] (1826–1875) of the [[Bank of California]], who originally agreed to finance the project but later rescinded the offer.<ref name="Dickson 1947" /> Over time, Sutro found other investors, including miners in the area. Sutro won miners's support after a disaster at the [[Yellow Jacket Mine]] on April 7, 1869, allowing him to lobby the Miner's Union in support of the Sutro Tunnel<ref name="Dickson 1947" /> and begin construction on October 19, 1869.

According to historian Samuel Dickson ''(né'' Samuel Benjamin Dinkelspiel; 1889–1974), {{nowrap |" ... }} Sutro set off blasts of dynamite, {{nowrap | ... }} leading the way for tunnel diggers" during the tunnel's construction.<ref name="Dickson 1947" /> The tunnel was completed in 1878 and made Sutro "the King of Comstock" because it could drain four million gallons of water daily<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deach |first=Ben |title=Silver State Sights: The Sutro Tunnel |url=http://www.kolotv.com/content/news/Silver-State-Sights-The-Sutro-Tunnel-469520623.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817230047/http://www.kolotv.com/content/news/Silver-State-Sights-The-Sutro-Tunnel-469520623.html |archive-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref> and was rented by mine owners at an average of $10,000 a day.<ref name="Dickson 1947" />

After a year of running the tunnel, Adolph moved back to San Francisco. His brother Theodore Sutro took over the Sutro Tunnel Company. Theodore Sutro sold the Sutro Tunnel Company to Franklin Leonard, Sr., after Adolph's death.

== Estate, baths, and home ==
[[File:Sutrobaths-1894-lookingnorth.jpg|thumb|Adolph Sutro & Ladies of National Medical Convention inside the Sutro Baths, June 8, 1894]]
Sutro's wealth was increased by large real estate investments in San Francisco, where he became an entrepreneur and public figure after returning from the Comstock in 1879. These land investments included [[Mount Sutro]], Land's End (the area where [[Lincoln Park (San Francisco)|Lincoln Park]] and the [[Cliff House (San Francisco, California)|Cliff House]] are today), and [[Mount Davidson (San Francisco)|Mount Davidson]], which was called "Blue Mountain" at the time.

Sutro invested most of his $900,000 savings on land acquisitions in San Francisco, eventually owning 1/12 of the city: "I took my money and invested in real estate…when everyone was scared and thought the city was going to the dogs. I bought every acre I could lay my hands on until I had 2,200 acres in this city." His largest acquisition was the entire northwestern portion of [[Rancho San Miguel (Noé)|Rancho San Miguel]], which he covered with eucalyptus trees over the years: "The people of the Pacific Coast…will wander through the majestic groves rising from the trees we are now planting, reverencing the memory of those whose foresight clothed the earth with emerald robes and made nature beautiful to look upon." Planting only eucalyptus trees became a controversial issue, as the plant smothered other endemic species and fires rapidly spread. Other lands were rented to the big Italian families that developed large agriculture operations and provided the Colombo Market with daily fresh picks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Farms, Fire and Forest: Adolph Sutro and Development “West of Twin Peaks” - FoundSF |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Farms,_Fire_and_Forest:_Adolph_Sutro_and_Development_%E2%80%9CWest_of_Twin_Peaks%E2%80%9D |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.foundsf.org}}</ref>
[[Image:Historic American Buildings Survey INTERIOR OF LIBRARY (with Sturo) - Adolph Sutro House, Point Lobos and Forty-Eighth Avenue, San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA HABS CAL,38-SANFRA,31-6.tif|thumb|Sutro in his library]]
Sutro opened his own estate to the public and was heralded as a [[populism|populist]] for various astute acts of public generosity, such as opening an aquarium and an elaborate and beautiful, glass-enclosed entertainment complex called [[Sutro Baths]] in the [[Sutro District]]. Though the Baths were not opened until 1896, Sutro had been developing and marketing the project for years, attempting four separate times to insulate the site from waves using sea walls, the first three of which collapsed into the Pacific Ocean.

In 1896, Adolph Sutro built a new [[Cliff House, San Francisco|Cliff House]], a seven-story Victorian Chateau, called by some, "the Gingerbread Palace", below his estate on the bluffs of Sutro Heights. This was the same year work began on the famous Sutro Baths, which included six of the largest indoor swimming pools north of the restaurant that included a museum, ice skating rink and other pleasure grounds. Great throngs of San Franciscans arrived on steam trains, bicycles, carts and horse wagons on Sunday excursions.

In 1894, Sutro, in preparation for the opening of the Cliff House, bought a large part of the collection of [[Woodward's Gardens]], a combination zoo, amusement park, aquarium, and art gallery which had closed in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartlaub |first=Peter |date=October 29, 2012 |title=Woodward's Gardens comes to life in book |url=https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Woodward-s-Gardens-comes-to-life-in-book-3990569.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121041814/https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Woodward-s-Gardens-comes-to-life-in-book-3990569.php |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=SFGATE}}</ref>
[[Image:Historic American Buildings Survey HOUSE AND FRAME TERRACE - Adolph Sutro House, Point Lobos and Forty-Eighth Avenue, San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA HABS CAL,38-SANFRA,31-2.tif|thumb|Sutro House]]

The Baths were saltwater and springwater pools, heated to varying degrees, and surrounded by a concert hall and museums stocked with treasures that Sutro had collected in his travels and from Woodward's Gardens. The baths became very popular despite their remote location, across the open dunes to the west of the populated areas of the city. This popularity was partly due to the low entry fee for visiting the Baths and riding the excursion railroad he built to reach them.

Sutro managed a great increase in the value of his outlying land investments as a direct result of the development burst that his vacationers' railroad spawned. He also increased the value of his lands by planting his property at Mount Sutro with [[sapling]]s of fast-growing [[eucalyptus]]. This occurred at the same time as city Supervisors granted tax-free status to "forested" lands within city limits. Small fragments of the forest still exist. The largest is at Mount Sutro, where {{convert|61|acre|ha}} are the property of the University of California, San Francisco, and another 19 are property of the City of San Francisco.

At his death in 1898, his lands in San Francisco were valued at $3 million, but with a treasury of only $473.50.<ref name=":2" />

===Segregation at the baths===
The Sutro Baths were segregated in the early years of their operation. In 1897, a black man named John Harris sued the Sutro Baths for refusing him entry because of his race. The case was tried in the San Francisco Superior Court, which ruled in Harris' favor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellinson |first=Elaine |date=April 4, 2018 |title= John Harris Sues Adolph Sutro for Discrimination |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/john-harris-sues-adolph-sutro-discrimination.htm |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=NPS}}</ref>

===Destruction of baths===
A fire destroyed the baths complex in 1966 and all that remains now are ruins. The fire was later determined to be arson. Developers, planning to turn the location into apartments, took their insurance money and left the property behind.

== Mayor (1894–1896) ==
Sutro's reputation as a provider of diversions and culture for the average person led the politically weak and radical [[People's Party (United States)|Populist Party]] to draft him to run for mayor on their ticket. He won on an anti-big business platform, inveighing against the tight grip that the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] had over local businesses. According to historian Alexander Saxton:
{{blockquote|Sutro was not exactly a Populist, but he was enormously popular, and especially with workingmen since he was thought to have defended the honest miner of the Comstock against the "interests." More recently he had served San Francisco as philanthropist on the grand scale and especially had endeared himself by fighting the Southern Pacific's grip on the city streetcar system. Sutro would have won on any ticket, and he was in fact elected by a landslide. It is clear however that his victory represented a non-partisan tribute to a very highly esteemed old man rather than a mass conversion to Populist principle: for while Sutro polled 50 percent of the city's vote, the Populist gubernatorial candidate, J. V. Webster, received only 11 percent, considerably less than his state-wide showing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saxton |first=Alexander |date=1965 |title=San Francisco Labor and the Populist and Progressive Insurgencies |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=421–438 |doi=10.2307/3636353 |issn=0030-8684 |jstor=3636353}}</ref>}}

Sutro was quickly considered a failed mayor, ill-suited for political work, and did not provide any popularity boost to the Populist party.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

At the time of his death, in 1898, his fortune was extensive and his legal affairs in disarray. As a result, his heirs fought bitterly over his holdings.

Many of Sutro's gifts to the city of San Francisco still exist and bear his name, such as Mount Sutro, originally Mount Parnassus (a lower hill nearby is the location of the [[Sutro Tower]]), and Sutro Heights and [[Sutro Heights Park]]. [[Sutro Baths]] became a skating rink and then was destroyed by a fire in 1966. The ruins of the baths (mostly the concrete foundations) are just north of the Cliff House. They are part of the [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]].
(1894–1896)

==Family==
In 1854, Sutro married Leah Harris (1832–1893).<ref name="Tahoe-Weekly 2016 Jun 15" /> They had seven children:
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> Emma Laura Sutro, MD (1855–1938), who on March 27, 1883, married George Washington Merritt, MD (1855–1928)</li>
<li> Rose Victoria Sutro (1858–1942), who in 1887 married Count Pio Alberto Morbio (1849–1911). One of their daughters, Marguerite Helen Morbio (1890–1972), had been married from 1916 to 1919 to French Army aviator and nobleman, Count Anselme de Mailly-Châlon (1887–1929), great-grandson of [[Adrien Augustin Almaric]] [[:fr:Adrien-Augustin-Almaric|(fr)]] (1792–1878), [[Count#List of countships|Count]] of [[Mailly-Raineval|Mailly]], Marquis of [[Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais|Haucourt]] and [[Nesle]], prince of [[Principality of Orange|Orange]]
<li> Gustav Emmanuel Sutro (1859–1864)</li>
<li> Kate Sutro (1862–1913), who married Moritz Nussbaum (1850–1915), an [[allopathic physician]], anatomy scholar and Professor of Biology at the University of Bonn</li>
<li> Charles Walter Sutro (1864–1936)</li>
<li> Edgar Ernest Sutro (1866–1922)</li>
<li> Clara Angela Sutro (1867–1924), who, on December 24, 1898, in Los Angeles, married Chicago attorney William John English (1845–1926), divorced him in 1912, and on July 7, 1915, in Paris, married Count Gilbert de Choiseul-Praslin (1882–1926), grandson of the French nobleman, [[Charles de Choiseul-Praslin]] (1805–1847), and son of Marie Elizabeth Forbes (1850–1932) – sister of [[Henry de Courcy Forbes]] (1849–1920). Clara and Gilbert divorced in 1921.<ref name="holmes 1895" /><ref name="Hountalas 2009" /><ref name="New-Fillmore 2016 Jun 28" /><ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1898 Dec 25" /><ref name="NYTs 1936 Apr 27" /><ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1907 Mar 5" /></ol>
{{div col end}}
Leah filed for divorce from Adolph in 1879 and the two officially separated on July 3, 1880. Shortly after Adolph's death in 1898, Clara Louisa Kluge (1863–1943) claimed to be his widow by way of common law marriage. She retained attorney [[Van R. Paterson]] (1849–1902) and prevailed in securing financial support for her two children that she claimed Adolph had fathered:
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
<ol type="i" start="8">
<li> Adolph Newton Sutro (1891–1981), who, in January 1926 in San Bernardino, married Olive Woodward Waibel (1901–1979) 
<li> Adolphine Charlotte Sutro (1892–1974), who married Elliott Lazier Fullerton (1885–1932)<ref name="SF-Examiner 1901 Apr 25" /></ol>
{{div col end}}
A brother of Adolph, [[Otto Sutro]] (1833–1896), was an organist, conductor, and minor composer who was prominent in music in Baltimore, Maryland.<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1896 Jan 20" /> Otto's daughters, [[Rose Laura Sutro]] (1870–1957) and [[Rose and Ottilie Sutro|Ottilie Sutro]] (1872–1970), were an internationally acclaimed piano-duo team.

Another brother, Theodore Sutro (1845–1927), a New York City lawyer, married [[Florence Sutro]] (née Florence Edith Clinton; 1865–1906), a musician, painter, and founding president of [[National Federation of Women's Music Clubs]] on September 18, 1884, in Manhattan.

In New York City in 1874, two brothers of Adolph Sutro, Ludwig and Hugo Sutro, established Sutro Brothers, an enterprise for the manufacture of braids and similar articles, which in time grew to large proportions. Upon the incorporation, in 1888, the firm was renamed Sutro Brothers Braid Company.<ref>{{cite book |title=American Biography, A New Cyclopedia |volume=5 |year=1919| page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2UUAAAAYAAJ&q=sutro%20brothers |access-date=November 4, 2022|last1=Cutter |first1=William Richard }}</ref>

Cousins of Adolph Sutro, Charles and Gustav Sutro, founded Sutro & Company, a stockbroking company, in San Francisco in 1858. Sutro & Co. stayed independent until 1986 when it was bought by [[John Hancock Financial|John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.]] There it was merged with [[Tucker Anthony]] to form Tucker Anthony Sutro, which in turn was bought by [[Royal Bank of Canada]] in 2001.<ref>[https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC18970313.2.162&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 LIFE AND DEATH OF GUSTAV SUTRO, San Francisco Call, Volume 81, Number 103, 13 March 1897]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sinton|first=Peter|title=Fading Glory / Venerable name in finance is about to disappear as Sutro & Co. is bought by Canadian bank|date=October 14, 2001 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Fading-Glory-Venerable-name-in-finance-is-about-2870019.php|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

== Portrayal on TV ==
The actor Robert Argent played Sutro in the 1957 episode (season 5, episode 17), "The Man Who Was Never Licked" of the TV show ''[[Death Valley Days]]'', hosted by [[Stanley Andrews]]. [[William Hudson (actor)|William Hudson]] was cast in the same episode as [[Lucky Baldwin]], a powerful, 19th-century California businessman.<ref name="Movie-Data-Base tt0556842" />

==See also==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
*[[Luis Abadiano]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Cutter 1919 Vol. 5">''American Biography: A New Cyclopedia'' (Vol. 5), [[William Richard Cutter]] (1847–1918) (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=x2UUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA98-IA25 "Sutro, Frederick Charles,"] American Historical Society, Inc. (1919), pps. 91–94; {{OCLC|29656824}}</ref>

<ref name="American-Jerusalem Adolph-Sutro 2013">''American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco'' (transcribed text from a DVD), [http://www.americanjerusalem.com/characters/adolph-sutro-1830-ae-1898/19 "Adolph Sutro (1830–1898),"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618151828/http://www.americanjerusalem.com/characters/adolph-sutro-1830-ae-1898/19 |date=June 18, 2015 }} [[National Center for Jewish Film]] (2013); {{OCLC|1001900907}} (retrieved June 19, 2015)</ref>

<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1898 Aug 9">[https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18980809.2.141&srpos=3&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-adolph+sutro+one+term-------1 Death Claims Adolph Sutro, Philanthropist,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225941/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18980809.2.141&srpos=3&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-adolph+sutro+one+term-------1 |date=August 17, 2018 }} ''[[San Francisco Call]],'' August 9, 1898 (retrieved August 17, 2018, ''via'' the [[California Digital Newspaper Collection]] at {{URL|https://cdnc.ucr.edu/}})</ref>

<ref name="Daily-Alta-California 1866 Jul 16">[https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18660716.2.15&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 "The Sutro Tunnel Bill,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225948/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18660716.2.15&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |date=August 17, 2018 }} ''[[Daily Alta California]],'' July 16, 1866 (retrieved August 17, 2018, ''via'' the [[California Digital Newspaper Collection]] at {{URL|https://cdnc.ucr.edu/}})</ref>

<ref name="Dickson 1947">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y0P_E4drEB8C&q=ralston Tales of San Francisco],'' by Samuel Dickson ''(né'' Samuel Benjamin Dinkelspiel; 1889–1974), Stanford University Press (©1947, 1949, 1955; © renewed 1975, 1977, 1983, 1992); {{OCLC|1069286963}}, {{ISBN|0-8047-2097-5|978-0-8047-2097-7}} (re: "Bill Ralston")
<div style="margin-left:2em">
Book I: "San Francisco is Your Home"<div style="margin-left:2em">
{{Hanging indent |text=Part 2: "The Comstock, the Railroad, and Champaign" }}<div style="margin-left:2em">
{{Hanging indent |text=Chapter 11: [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0P_E4drEB8C&pg=PA85 "Adolph Sutro,"] pps. 85–92 ("Ralson on p. 87) }}</div></div>
Book II: "San Francisco Kaleidoscope"<div style="margin-left:2em">
Part 2: "The Adolescent City"<div style="margin-left:2em">
{{Hanging indent |text=Chapter 10: [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0P_E4drEB8C&pg=PA349 "Ralston and the Subtreasury,"] pps. 349–358}}
Chapter 11: [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0P_E4drEB8C&pg=PA359 "Asbury Harpending,"] p. 359</div></div></div></ref>

<ref name="Tahoe-Weekly 2016 Jun 15">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Mark |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Crazy Sutro: Engineer with tunnel vision |url=https://thetahoeweekly.com/2016/06/crazy-sutro-engineer-tunnel-vision |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035147/https://thetahoeweekly.com/2016/06/crazy-sutro-engineer-tunnel-vision/ |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |website=Tahoe Weekly}}</ref>

<ref name="holmes 1895">{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Eugenia Kellogg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFaNYof3eyAC&q=Moritz+Nussbaum+sutro&pg=PA22 |title=Adolph Sutro: A Brief Story of a Brilliant Life |date=August 18, 2017 |publisher=Andesite Press |isbn=9781375435864 |page=22 |access-date=April 6, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hountalas 2009">{{Cite book |last=Hountalas |first=Mary Germain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lePnQ8oOLK4C&q=Pio+Alberto+de+Morbio&pg=PA58 |title=The San Francisco Cliff House |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=9781580089951 |page=59}}</ref>

<ref name="New-Fillmore 2016 Jun 28">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2016 |title=Moved from Union Square |url=http://newfillmore.com/2016/06/28/moved-from-union-square/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035744/http://newfillmore.com/2016/06/28/moved-from-union-square/ |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |publisher=The New Fillmore |quote=Emma Sutro Merritt was the daughter of Adolph Sutro, San Francisco's 24th mayor...There she met her future husband, George Washington Merritt. After spending time in Paris at the Ecole des Medicin, the couple was married in London in 1883.}}</ref>

<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1898 Dec 25">{{Cite web |date=December 25, 1898 |title=Miss Clara Sutro Will Be Married Today |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18981225.2.232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035822/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18981225.2.232 |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |publisher=San Francisco Call |quote=The wedding of Miss Clara Sutro, daughter of the late Adolph Sutro, to William J. English, will be solemnized at Los Angeles this afternoon by Bishop Montgomery of the Roman Catholic Church.}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1936 Apr 27">{{Cite news |date=April 27, 1936 |title=Charles W. Sutro, 71, Financier, Is Dead; Son of Ex-San Francisco Mayor and Owner of Cliff House-Last Head of Family |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/27/archives/charles-w-sutro-71-financier-is-dead-son-of-exsan-francisco-mayor.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035402/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/27/archives/charles-w-sutro-71-financier-is-dead-son-of-exsan-francisco-mayor.html |archive-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1907 Mar 5">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 1907 |title=Edgar Sutro Secretly Weds a Beautiful Cloak Model |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070305.2.135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506104009/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070305.2.135 |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |publisher=San Francisco Call}}</ref>

<ref name="San-Francisco-Call 1896 Jan 20">{{Cite web |date=January 20, 1896 |title=Death of Otto Sutro |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18960120.2.106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035633/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18960120.2.106 |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |publisher=San Francisco Call}}</ref> His nieces (Otto's daughters) were [[Rose and Ottilie Sutro]], the first recognized piano-duo team.

<ref name="Movie-Data-Base tt0556842">{{Cite web |title=The Man Who Was Never Licked on ''Death Valley Days'' |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556842/?ref_=ttep_ep9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155908/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556842/?ref_=ttep_ep9 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Internet Movie Data Base}}</ref>

<ref name="SF-Examiner 1901 Apr 25">"Mrs. Clara Kluge-Sutro Secures Recognition of Her Children's Claim to Part of the Estate," ''San Francisco Examiner,'' Vol. 72, No. 115, April 25, 1901, p. 1 (accessible ''via'' {{URL|https://www.newspapers.com/image/459259896|newspapers.com}}; subscription required)</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
*Samuel Dickson, ''Tales of San Francisco'' (Stanford University Press, 1957)

==Further reading==
* Robert E. Stewart, Jr. and M.F. Stewart: ''Adolph Sutro: A Biography'', Howell-North Books, 1962
* The [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614001255/http://magnes.org/collections/wjhc.html Western Jewish History Center] of the [[Judah L. Magnes Museum]] in Berkeley, California has a large collection of papers relating to Adolph Sutro and the Sutro Tunnel.
* The [https://www.library.ca.gov/sutro/ Sutro Library] in J. Paul Leonard Library at San Francisco State University in San Francisco, houses Adolph Sutro's impressive [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064025/http://www.library.ca.gov/collections/adolphsutro.html rare book collection], as well as local history resources and the largest genealogical collection west of Salt Lake City.

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Adolph Sutro}}
*[https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8w66q3z/ Finding aid for the Adolph Sutro collection located at the Sutro Library, San Francisco, California]
* [http://www.sfmuseum.net/sutro/bio.html Adolph Sutro's story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813063506/http://www.sfmuseum.net/sutro/bio.html |date=August 13, 2004 }} (written about the time of his death)
*{{Cite web |last=Newitz |first=Annalee |date=January 13, 1999 |title=In search of Adolph Sutro |url=http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/33/15/sutro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427203943/http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/33/15/sutro.html |archive-date=27 April 1999 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=San Francisco Bay Guardian |location=San Francisco}}
<!-- * [http://www.knpb.org/productions/sutro/ Sutro's efforts to tunnel to the Comstock Lode] - dead link November 29, 2009 -->
* [http://www.outsidelands.org/sutro.html Adolph Sutro bio @ Western Neighborhoods Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204080245/http://www.outsidelands.org/sutro.html |date=February 4, 2012 }}
* [http://www.outsidelands.org/forest-fires.html Farms, Fire and Forest: Adolph Sutro and Development "West of Twin Peaks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204080254/http://www.outsidelands.org/forest-fires.html |date=February 4, 2012 }}
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3c6007c3/ Photographs of Sutro Heights, Adolph Sutro's estate, taken by I.W. Taber, 1886], [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2p3002p0/ Guide to the Adolph Sutro Papers] at The Bancroft Library
* [http://www.greenspun.com/bboard/q-and-a.tcl?topic=Sutro%20History Sutro-related discussions on greenspun.com]
* [http://www.cliffhouseproject.com/ Cliff House Historical information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208081730/http://magnes.org/collections/wjhc.html Magnes Western Jewish History Center, Berkeley, California]
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Sutro, Adolph Heinrich Joseph|year=1889 |short=x |notaref=x}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutro, Adolph}}
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