Editing Adolphe Sax

{{Short description|Belgian musical instrument inventor (1814–1894)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Expand French|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Adolphe Sax
| image       = Adolphe Sax 4a.jpg
| alt         = Adolphe Sax
| caption     = Sax in the 1850s
| birth_name  = Antoine-Joseph Sax
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1814|11|06}}
| birth_place = [[Dinant]] (present-day Belgium)
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|02|07|1814|11|06}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| burial_place =[[Montmartre Cemetery]] (Cimetière de Montmartre), Paris, France{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|48|53|16|N|2|19|49|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| other_names =
| known_for   = Inventor of the saxophone
| occupation  = Musician, musical instrument designer
| alma_mater  = [[Royal Conservatory of Brussels]]
}}
'''Antoine-Joseph''' "'''Adolphe'''" '''Sax''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃twan ʒozɛf adɔlf saks|lang}}; 6 November 1814 –  7 February 1894){{efn|Other sources give alternative dates for Sax's death, mainly 3 and 7 February, including a sign at Sax's grave in Montmartre that says 7 February. 4 February appears in ''[[Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians]]'' (8th ed., [[Nicolas Slonimsky]]); ''[[The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music]]'' (1996 ed., p. 788); and in both the first and second editions of the ''[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''.}} was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the [[saxophone]] in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. He also invented the [[saxotromba]], [[saxhorn]] and [[saxtuba]], and redesigned the [[bass clarinet]] in a fashion still used in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Albert R. |date=2016 |title=The bass clarinets of Adolphe Sax: his influence and legacy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26623035 |journal=Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap |volume=70 |pages=91–105 |jstor=26623035 |issn=0771-6788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Steiger |first=Adrian |date=2016 |title=Sax figures: can we deduce details of Adolphe Sax's instrument production from the sources? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26623037 |journal=Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap |volume=70 |pages=129–148 |jstor=26623037 |issn=0771-6788}}</ref> He played the flute and clarinet.

==Early life==
Antoine-Joseph Sax was born on 6 November 1814 in [[Dinant]], in what is now Belgium, to [[Charles-Joseph Sax]] and his wife Marie-Joseph (Masson).<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/of-note/2014/ivory-clarinet Fit for a King: An Ivory Clarinet by Charles Joseph Sax].</ref> While his given name was Antoine-Joseph, he was referred to as Adolphe from childhood.<ref name=hubbard-encycl/><ref name="Ingham1998">{{cite book | author=Richard Ingham | title=The Cambridge companion to the saxophone | series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]] | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-59666-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00ingh/page/1 1–2] | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00ingh/page/1 }}</ref> His father and mother were instrument designers themselves, who made several changes to the design of the [[French horn]]. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age, entering two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of 15. He subsequently studied performance on those two instruments as well as voice at the [[Royal Conservatory of Brussels]].<ref name=hubbard-encycl/><ref name="Ingham1998"/> 

Sax faced many brushes with death. As a child, he once fell from a height of three floors, hit his head on a stone and was believed dead. At the age of three, he drank a bowl full of [[pH|acidic]] water, mistaking it for milk,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kochnitzky |first1=L. |title=Adolphe Sax and his Saxophone |year=1949 |publisher=Рипол Классик |isbn=978-5-87233-344-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdMGAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and later swallowed a pin. He received serious burns from a gunpowder explosion and once fell onto a hot cast-iron frying pan, burning his side.
Several times he avoided accidental poisoning and asphyxiation from sleeping in a room where varnished furniture was drying. Another time young Sax was struck on the head by a cobblestone and fell into a river, almost dying.<ref name="Dinant"/>

His mother once said that "he's a child condemned to misfortune; he won't live". His neighbors called him "little Sax, the ghost".<ref name="Dinant">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinant.be/en/inheritance/adolphe-sax|title=Adolphe Sax|access-date=6 November 2015|website=Ville de Dinant|last=Rémy|first=Albert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117230219/http://www.dinant.be/en/inheritance/adolphe-sax|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career and later life==
After leaving the Royal Conservatory of Brussels, Sax began to experiment with new instrument designs, while his parents continued their business of making conventional instruments. Sax's first important invention was an improvement in [[bass clarinet]] design, which he patented at the age of 24.{{sfn|Cottrell|2013|pp=12–13}} He relocated permanently to Paris in 1842 and began working on a new set of valved [[bugle]]s. While he did not invent this instrument, his examples were much more successful than those of his rivals and became known as [[saxhorn]]s. [[Hector Berlioz]] was so enamoured of these that he arranged in February 1844 for one of his pieces to be played entirely on saxhorns.{{sfn|Cottrell|2013|p=18}} They were made in seven different sizes and paved the way for the creation of the [[flugelhorn]]. Today saxhorns are sometimes used in [[concert band]]s, marching bands, and orchestras. The saxhorn also laid the groundwork for the modern [[euphonium]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-12-03/meet-dangerous-belgian-who-invented-sax |title=Meet the 'dangerous Belgian' who invented the sax |last=Boyd |first=Clark |date=3 December 2013 |work=The World|publisher=Public Radio International |access-date=3 February 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sax also developed the ''[[saxotromba]]'' family, valved brass instruments with narrower bore than the saxhorns, in 1845, though they survived only briefly.<ref name=hubbard-encycl>{{Cite book
| last = Hubbard | first = W. L.
| title = The American History and Encyclopedia of Music
| publisher = Squire Cooley
| location = Toledo, Ohio
| year = 1910
| page = 454
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN1417902000
| isbn=1-4179-0200-0}}</ref>

The use of saxhorns spread rapidly. The saxhorn valves were accepted as state-of-the-art in their time and remain largely unchanged today. The advances made by Adolphe Sax were soon followed by the [[British brass band]] movement, which exclusively adopted the saxhorn family of instruments.<ref name=Herbert2000>T. Herbert, ''The British Brass Band: a Musical and Social History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 4–5.</ref> A decade after saxhorns became available, the Jedforest Instrumental Band (1854)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jedforestinstrumentalband.org.uk/band-time-line | title=Band Time Line }}</ref> and The Hawick Saxhorn Band (1855)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hawicksaxhornband.com/history/ | title=Hawick Saxhorn Band - Welcome to Hawick Saxhorn Band; our band was formed in 1855 and we are based in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. We are part of a tradition of music making dating back to 1809 wh - History }}</ref> were formed in the [[Scottish Borders]].

The period around 1840 saw Sax inventing the {{lang|fr|clarinette-bourdon}}, an early unsuccessful design of [[contrabass clarinet]]. On 28 June 1846 he patented the saxophone, intended for use in orchestras and military bands.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/06/0628saxophone-patent |title=June 28, 1846: Parisian Inventor Patents Saxophone |last=Hart |first=Hugh |date=28 June 2010 |magazine=Wired |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> By 1846 Sax had designed saxophones ranging from [[Sopranino saxophone|sopranino]] to [[Subcontrabass saxophone|subcontrabass]], although not all were built. Composer [[Hector Berlioz]] wrote approvingly of the new instrument in 1842, but despite his support, saxophones did not become a standard part of the orchestra. Their ability to play technical passages easily like [[woodwind instrument|woodwinds]] yet project loudly like [[brass instrument]]s led to their inclusion in [[military band]]s in France and elsewhere.<ref name=hemke>[[Frederick Hemke|Fred L. Hemke]], ''The Early History of the Saxophone'', ([[Doctor of Musical Arts|DMA]] dissertation), [[University of Wisconsin]], 1975, 249–250. {{OCLC|19033726|show=all}}, {{OCLC|65652818|show=all}}.</ref>

During the [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856), Sax made two more inventions, though neither was ever actually built: First, he designed the "Saxotonnerre", a massive, [[locomotive]]-powered [[Organ (music)|organ]] which was supposed to be so loud as to be heard across all of Paris at once.{{sfn|Williams|2019|p=xliii}} The second was developed in response to the Crimean War's [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|Siege of Sevastopol]] where the [[French Armed Forces|French military]] and its allies were locked in a destructive conflict. As a potential solution to such lengthy sieges, Sax thus designed the "Saxocannon", a [[Large-calibre artillery|giant cannon]] whose half-ton [[round shot]]s would be powerful enough to completely destroy an "average-sized city".{{sfn|Williams|2019|pp=xliv–xlv}}

Sax's reputation eventually helped secure him a job teaching at the [[Conservatoire de Paris|Paris Conservatory]] in 1857.<ref name=hemke/> He continued to make instruments later in life and presided over the new saxophone course at the Paris Conservatory. Legal troubles involving patents continued for over 20 years, with rival instrument makers attacking the legitimacy of his patents and Sax suing them for patent infringement. He was driven into bankruptcy three times: in 1852, 1873 and 1877.<ref name="Dinant"/>

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. In 1894 he died of pneumonia in Paris, in poverty,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adolphe Sax Obituary |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3568998/adolphe_sax_obituary/ |access-date=6 November 2015 |work=New-York Tribune |date=10 February 1894 |page=12 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> and was interred in section&nbsp;5 (Avenue de Montebello) at the [[Montmartre Cemetery|Cimetière de Montmartre]] in Paris.

<gallery caption="Other invented instruments" class="center" classes="center">
File:Saxtromba sopran.jpg|[[Saxotromba]]
File:MHS Saxhorn.jpg|[[Saxhorn]]
File:Saxtuba1867.jpg|[[Saxtuba]]
File:Trombone a six pistons-IMG 0853-black.jpg|6-piston trombone
File:Bass saxhorn, 1863.jpg|A bass saxhorn, 1863
</gallery>

== Honors and awards ==
In his birthplace [[Dinant]] in Belgium, [[Mr Sax's House]] is dedicated to his life and saxophones.
* 1849: Awarded the Chevalier rank of the [[Legion of Honour]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2013|p=33}}
* 1867: {{lang|fr|1<sup>e</sup> Grand Prix de la Facture Instrumentale}} at the 1867 Paris [[International Exposition (1867)|International Exposition]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2013|p=33}}
* 1995: In 1995, his likeness was featured on the front of [[Belgium]]'s 200 [[Belgian franc]]s banknote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbanknotescoins.com/2015/04/200-belgian-francs-banknote-1995-adolphe-sax.html|title=200 Belgian Francs banknote 1995 Adolphe Sax}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Google Doodle]] commemorated his 201st birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/adolphe-saxs-201st-birthday/ |title=Adolphe Sax's 201st Birthday }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp43075 ''Adolphe Sax and His Saxophone'']. KOCHNITZKY, Leon. New York, Belgian Government Information Center, 1949.
* [http://www.saxrevolutions.com ''SAX REVOLUTIONS: Adolphe Sax’s life'']. DIAGO, José-Modesto (dir. and prod.); Spain, [EnFin Producciones] 2014, 64 min: son. col.
* {{citation |title=Adolphe Sax |editor=Haine, Malou |publisher=Bruxelles University |year=1980}}
* {{citation |title=Sax, Mule & Co |author=Thiollet, Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Thiollet |location=Paris |publisher=H & D |year=2004 |isbn=2-914266-03-0}}
* {{citation |title=Adolphe Sax 1814–1894 — His Life and Legacy |year=1983 |editor=Horwood, Wally |publisher=Egon Publishers Ltd. |isbn=0-905858-18-2}}
* {{citation |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Saxophone |editor=Ingham, Richard |editor-link=Richard Ingham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-59666-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00ingh }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cottrell|first1=Stephen|title=The Saxophone|date=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19095-3|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOGePkUyKPAC&pg=PA33}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Gavin |year=2019 |chapter=Introduction: Sound Unmade |editor-last= Williams |editor-first=Gavin |title=Hearing the Crimean War: Wartime Sound and the Unmaking of Sense |pages=xv–1|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0190916756 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Adolphe Sax}}
* [https://emuseum.nmmusd.org/search/adolphe Pictures of brass instruments made by Adolphe and Adolphe Edouard Sax]

{{Saxophone}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sax, Adolphe}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Belgian inventors]]
[[Category:Belgian musical instrument makers]]
[[Category:Belgian saxophonists]]
[[Category:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris]]
[[Category:Inventors of musical instruments]]
[[Category:People from Dinant]]