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{{Short description|Northwest Caucasian language}} {{use British English|date=May 2022}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Infobox language | name = Adyghe | altname = West Circassian | nativename = {{lang|ady|Адыгабзэ}} | states = [[Adygea]]<br />[[Krasnodar Krai]] | ethnicity = [[Circassians]], [[Cherkesogai]] | speakers = {{sigfig|605,400|2}} | date = 2010–2020 | ref = e25 | familycolor = Caucasian | fam1 = [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] | fam2 = [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />[[Latin script|Latin]]<br />[[Perso-Arabic script]] | nation = {{flag|Russia}} * {{flag|Adygea}} | iso2 = ady | iso3 = ady | map = Adyghe in Adygea (2002).png | mapcaption = Distribution of the Adyghe language in Adygea, Russia (2002){{image reference needed|date=November 2022}} | notice = IPA | glotto = adyg1241 | glottorefname = Adyghe | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Adyghe is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/adyghe |title=Adyghe in Russian Federation |work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625213131/https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/adyghe |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}} | minority = {{flagcountry|Jordan}}<br />{{flagcountry|Syria|1932}}<br />{{Flagcountry|Israel}} *[[Kfar Kama]] *[[Rehaniya]] {{flagcountry|Rojava}} | dia11 = [[Makhosh]] ({{extinct}}) | dia12 = [[Ademey]] ({{extinct}}) | dia5 = [[Natukhajs|Natukhaj]] ({{extinct}}) | dia9 = [[Hakuchi Adyghe dialect|Hakuchi]] | dia8 = [[Yegeruqwai]] | dia7 = '''[[Chemirgoys|Temirgoy]]''' (standard dialect) | dia6 = [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] | dia2 = [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] | dia4 = [[Mamkhegh]] | dia3 = [[Hatuqwai]] | dia1 = [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abdzakh]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Circassian language|Proto-Circassian]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Northwest Caucasian language|Proto-Northwest Caucasian]] | dia10 = [[Zhaney]]{{extinct}} | image = Adyghe in Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic.png | imagecaption = Ādəɣābză (Adyghe) written in the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] script, the [[Adyghe_language#Latin_Alphabet_in_Turkey_(ABX_Alphabet)|ABX Latin script]] and the now-defunct [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] variant }} {{Circassians}} [[File:WIKITONGUES- Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.webm|thumb|Yinal speaking Adyghe.]] '''Adyghe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|d|ɪ|ɡ|eɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|d|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|eɪ}};<ref>{{OED|Adyghe}}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|ady|Адыгабзэ|Ādəɣābză|link=no}}, {{IPA|ady|aːdɘɣaːbzɜ|}}}} also known as '''West Circassian''') is a [[Northwest Caucasian language]] spoken by the western subgroups of [[Circassians]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0 Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527174302/https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0 |date=27 May 2020 }} {{ISBN|978-605-65691-1-1}}</ref> It is spoken mainly in [[Russia]], as well as in [[Turkey]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Iraq]] and [[Israel]], where [[Circassia]]ns settled after the [[Circassian genocide]] ({{Circa|1864}}–1870) by the [[Russian Empire]]. It is closely related to the [[Kabardian language|Kabardian (East Circassian) language]], though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being [[dialect]]s of a unitary [[Circassian languages|Circassian language]]. The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its [[Temirgoy]] dialect. Adyghe and [[Russian language|Russian]] are the two official languages of the [[Adygea|Republic of Adygea]] in the [[Russian Federation]]. In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in [[Turkey]], spoken by the [[diaspora]] from the [[Russo-Circassian War|Russian–Circassian War]] ({{circa|1763}}–1864). In addition, the Adyghe language is spoken by the [[Cherkesogai]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]]. Adyghe belongs to the family of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]]. [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching [[Circassian language]]. [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] and [[Abaza language|Abaza]] are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe. == Dialects == [[File:WestCircassianFamilyTree.png|thumb|300 px|The West Circassian (Adyghe) dialects family tree]] === The [[Black Sea]] coast dialects === *[[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Шапсыгъабзэ}}) **North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs ({{lang|ady|Шапсыгъэ шху}}) dialect ***[[Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect|Kfar Kama dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ}}) **Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent ({{lang|ady|Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ}}) **South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs, Black Sea Shapsugs ({{lang|ady|Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу}}) dialect **[[Hakuchi Adyghe dialect|Hakuchi dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Хьакӏуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ}}) *[[Natukhai#Language|Natukhai dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ}}) *[[Zhaney]] dialect === The [[Kuban River]] dialects === *[[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Бжъэдыгъубзэ}}): spoken by Circassians in the [[Republic of Adygea]] and the [[Biga, Çanakkale|Biga]] district of the city of [[Çanakkale]] in [[Turkey]] *[[Temirgoy]] ({{langx|ady|Кӏэмыгуябзэ, Кӏэмгуибзэ}}): [[Literary language|literary]] standard of Adyghe. Also spoken by Circassians in the [[Republic of Adygea]] *[[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh dialect]] ({{lang|ady|Aбдзэхабзэ}}): spoken by Circassians in the village of [[Rehaniya]] in [[Israel]] and Circassians in Syria from the [[Golan Heights]] *[[Mamkhegh]] dialect *[[Yegeruqwai|Yegeruqay]] dialect *[[Hatuqwai]] dialect *[[Makhosh|Mequash]] dialect == Phonology == {{Main|Adyghe phonology}} Adyghe exhibits between 50 and 60 [[consonant]]s depending on the dialect. All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized [[glottal stop]]s. A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to the [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh dialect]] of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, [[labialized]] and [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] [[glottal stop]]s (although a palatalized glottal stop is also found in [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and a labialized one in [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]). The [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug (Black Sea) dialect]] of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a [[voiceless bidental fricative]] {{IPAblink|h̪͆}}, which corresponds to the [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|x}} found in other varieties of Adyghe. This sound is only known to be used in the Black Sea dialect. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Bidental consonant|Bidental]] ! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]] ! colspan="2" | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br />palatal]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] ! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] ! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} ! {{small|plain}} !{{small|[[Sibilant consonant|sib.]]}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} !{{small|plain}} !{{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}} |- ! colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|mʷ}} | | {{IPA link|n}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! {{small|[[ejective consonant|ejective]]}} | {{IPA link|pʼ}} | {{IPA link|pʷʼ}} | | {{IPA link|tʼ}} |{{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʷʼ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} | | | |{{IPA link|t͡ʂʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʷʼ}} | | | | | |- ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|p}} | | | {{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡sʷ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}<sup>2</sup> |{{IPA link|t͡ɕʷ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʂ}} | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷ}} | {{IPA link|q}} | {{IPA link|qʷ}} | | {{IPA link|ʔ}} | {{IPA link|ʔʷ}} |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|b}} | | | {{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|d͡z}} |{{IPA link|d͡zʷ}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | |{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}<sup>2</sup> |{{IPA link|d͡ʑʷ}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʐ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}}<sup>1</sup> | {{IPA link|ɡʷ}} | | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! {{small|[[ejective consonant|ejective]]}} | | | |{{IPA link|ɬʼ}} | | | {{IPA link|ʃʼ}} | {{IPA link|ʃʷʼ}} |{{IPA link|ɕʼ}} |{{IPA link|ɕʷʼ}} | | | | | | | | |- ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|f}} | |{{IPA link|h̪͆}}<sup>2</sup> | {{IPA link|ɬ}} |{{IPA link|s}} | | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|ʃʷ}} | {{IPA link|ɕ}} |{{IPA link|ɕʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʂ}} | {{IPA link|x}} | {{IPA link|xʷ}} | {{IPA link|χ}} | {{IPA link|χʷ}} | {{IPA link|ħ}} | | |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|v}}<sup>1</sup> | | | {{IPA link|ɮ}} |{{IPA link|z}} | | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʒʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʑ}} |{{IPA link|ʑʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʐ}} | {{IPA link|ɣ}} | | {{IPA link|ʁ}} | {{IPA link|ʁʷ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | {{IPA link|w}} | | | | | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | | | | {{IPA link|w}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |} # These consonants exist only in [[Loanword|borrowed words]]. # Note: Adyghe has many consonants that appear across its dialects, and thus has a complex system of consonant [[Allophone|allophony]]. More information on those can be found at [[Adyghe phonology]]. In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a [[vertical vowel system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/809/592|website=Berkeley Linguistics Society|last1=Applebaum|first1=Ayla|last2=Gordon|first2=Matthew|title=A Comparative Phonetic Study of the Circassian Languages|year=2013|publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628233340/https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/809/592|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! ! [[Central vowel|Central]] |- ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | {{IPA link|ə}} |- ! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | {{IPA link|ɐ}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | {{IPA link|aː}} |} == Grammar == {{Main|Adyghe grammar}} Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic [[subject–object–verb]] typology and is characterised by the [[ergative–absolutive language|ergative]] construction of sentences. == Orthography == The official alphabet for Adyghe is the [[Cyrillic script]], which has been used since 1936. Before that, the [[Perso-Arabic script]] was used. A new Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet is designed in Turkey with the motivation to make Adyghe and Kabardian education in Turkey easier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ADIGE DİL DERNEĞİ'NDEN ÇAĞRI! |url=http://www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=355814&/D%C3%9CNYA%E2%80%99DA-YA%C5%9EAYAN-B%C3%9CT%C3%9CN-ADIGE-HALKININ-ORTAK-KULLANAB%C4%B0LECE%C4%9E%C4%B0-STANDART-B%C4%B0R-LAT%C4%B0N-ALFABES%C4%B0-OLU%C5%9ETURULMASI-%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N-ADIGE-D%C4%B0L-DERNE%C4%9E%C4%B0N%C4%B0N-(ADDER)-ADIGE-HALKINA-%C3%87A%C4%9ERISID |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515213547/https://www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=355814&/D%C3%9CNYA%E2%80%99DA-YA%C5%9EAYAN-B%C3%9CT%C3%9CN-ADIGE-HALKININ-ORTAK-KULLANAB%C4%B0LECE%C4%9E%C4%B0-STANDART-B%C4%B0R-LAT%C4%B0N-ALFABES%C4%B0-OLU%C5%9ETURULMASI-%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N-ADIGE-D%C4%B0L-DERNE%C4%9E%C4%B0N%C4%B0N-(ADDER)-ADIGE-HALKINA-%C3%87A%C4%9ERISID |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.ozgurcerkes.com |language=tr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" | Cyrillic ! scope="col" | Arabic ! scope="col" | Latin<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf |title=ADYGHE (ADYGHIAN) |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621214419/http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ! scope="col" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! scope="col" | Pronunciation ! scope="col" | Examples |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|А а}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ا}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ā ā}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|aː}} | [[File:Adygheа.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ачъэ|āčă|goat}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|апчъы|āpčə|they count}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Б б}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ب}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|B b}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|b}} | [[File:Adygheб.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|баджэ|bāǯʼă|fox}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|бэ|bă|a lot}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|В в}}{{efn|name=loan|Only in loanwords.}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ڤ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|V v}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|v}} | [[File:Adygheв.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|жъвэ|ẑvă|oar}}, {{langx|ady|label=none|лавэ|lāvă|lava}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Г г}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ݝ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ɣ ɣ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}} | [[File:Adygheг.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|гыны|ɣənə|powder}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|чъыгы|čəɣə|tree}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Гу гу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|گو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|G˚ g˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ɡʷ}} | [[File:Adygheгу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|гу|g˚|heart}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|гущыӏ|g˚šʼəʾ|word}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Гъ гъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|غ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ġ ġ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʁ}} | [[File:Adygheгъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|гъатхэ|ġātxă|spring}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|гъэмаф|ġămāf|summer}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Гъу гъу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|غو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ġ˚ ġ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʁʷ}} | [[File:Adygheгъу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|гъунэгъу|ġ˚năġ˚|neighbour}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|гъунджэ|ġ˚nǯʼă|mirror}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Д д}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|د}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|D d}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|d}} | [[File:Adygheд.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|дыджы|dəǯʼə|bitter}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|дахэ|dāxă|pretty}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Дж дж}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ج}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ǯʼ ǯʼ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} | [[File:Adygheдж.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|джан|ǯʼān|shirt}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|лъэмыдж|łăməǯʼ|bridge}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Дз дз}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ذ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ʒ ʒ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|d͡z}} | [[File:Adygheдз.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|дзыо|ʒəo|bag}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|дзын|ʒən|to throw}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Дзу дзу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ذو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ʒ˚ ʒ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|d͡zʷ}} | [[File:Adygheдзу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|хьандзу|ḥānʒ˚|rick}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|хьандзуачӏ|ḥānʒ˚āč̣|lower rick}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Е е}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئە / ەي}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|E e}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|e|ɜj}} {{IPAblink|j|jɜ}} | [[File:Adygheе.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ешэн|ešăn|to catch}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|еплъын|epłən|to look at}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ё ё}}{{efn|name=loan}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Jo jo}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|o|jo}} | [[File:Adygheё.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ёлк|jolk|Christmas tree}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ж ж}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ڒ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ž ž}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}} | [[File:Adygheж.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|жэ|žă|mouth}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|жакӏэ|žāč̣ʼă|beard}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Жъ жъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ظ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ẑ ẑ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}} | [[File:Adygheжъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|жъы|ẑə|old}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|жъажъэ|ẑāẑă|slow}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Жъу жъу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ظو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ẑ˚ ẑ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʒʷ}} | [[File:Adygheжъу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|жъун|ẑ˚n|to melt}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|жъуагъо|ẑ˚āġo|star}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Жь жь}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ژ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Žʼ žʼ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʑ}} | [[File:Adygheжь.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|жьыбгъэ|žʼəbġă|wind}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|жьао|žʼāo|shadow}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|З з}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ز}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Z z}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | [[File:Adygheз.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|занкӏэ|zānč̣ʼă|straight}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|зандэ|zāndă|steep}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|И и}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئي / ي}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|I i}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|i|ɘj}} {{IPAblink|j|jɘ}} | [[File:Adygheи.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ихьан|iḥān|to enter}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|икӏыпӏ|ič̣ʼəṗ|exit}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Й й}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ي}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|J j}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|j}} | [[File:Adygheй.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|йод|jod|iodine}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|бай|bāj|rich}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|К к}}{{efn|name=loan}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ك}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|K k}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|k}} | [[File:Adygheк.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|кнопк|knopk|button}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|команд|komānd|team, command}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ку ку}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|کو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|K˚ k˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|kʷ}} | [[File:Adygheку.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|кушъэ|k˚ŝă|cradle}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ку|k˚|cart}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Къ къ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ق}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Q q}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|q}} | [[File:Adygheкъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|къалэ|qālă|city}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|къэкӏон|qăč̣ʼon|to come}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Къу къу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|قو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Q˚ q˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|qʷ}} | [[File:Adygheкъу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|къухьэ|q˚ḥă|ship}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|къушъхьэ|q˚ŝḥă|mountain}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Кӏ кӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ڃ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|kʼ}} {{IPAblink|tʃʼ}} | [[File:Adygheкӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|кӏымаф|č̣ʼəmāf|winter}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|кӏыхьэ|č̣ʼəḥă|long}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|кӏэ|č̣ʼă|tail}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шкӏэ|šč̣ʼă|calf}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Кӏу кӏу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ࢰو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ḳ˚ ḳ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|kʷʼ}} | [[File:Adygheкӏу.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|кӏон|č̣ʼon|to walk}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|кӏуакӏэ|ḳ˚āč̣ʼă|walking manner}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Л л}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ل}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|L l}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|l}} | [[File:Adygheл.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|лагъэ|lāġă|painted}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|лы|lə|meat}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Лъ лъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ݪ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ł ł}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɬ}} | [[File:Adygheлъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|лъэбэкъу|łăbăq˚|step}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|лъащэ|łāšʼă|lame}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Лӏ лӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ࢦ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ḷ ḷ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} | [[File:Adygheлӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|лӏы|ḷə|man}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|лӏыгъэ|ḷəġă|bravery}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|М м}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|م}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|M m}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|m}} | [[File:Adygheм.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|мазэ|māză|moon}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|мэлы|mălə|sheep}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Н н}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ن}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|N n}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|n}} | [[File:Adygheн.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|нэ|nă|eye}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ны|nə|mother}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|О о}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئۆ / ۆ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|O o}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɜw}} {{IPAblink|w|wɜ}} | [[File:Adygheо.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|мощ|mošʼ|that}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|коны|konə|bin}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|о|o|you}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|осы|osə|snow}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ощхы|ošʼxə|rain}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|П п}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|پ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|P p}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|p}} | [[File:Adygheп.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|пэ|pă|nose}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|сапэ|sāpă|dust}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Пӏ пӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ࢠ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṗ ṗ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|pʼ}} | [[File:Adygheпӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|пӏэ|ṗă|bed}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|пӏэшъхьагъ|ṗăŝḥāġ|pillow}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Пӏу пӏу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ࢠو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṗ˚ ṗ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|pʷʼ}} | [[File:Adygheпӏу.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|пӏун|ṗ˚n|to rise; to adopt}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|пӏур|ṗ˚r|pupil; apprentice}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Р р}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ر}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|R r}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|r}} | [[File:Adygheр.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|рикӏэн|rič̣ʼăn|to pour}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|риӏон|riʾon|to tell}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|С с}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|س}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|S s}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | [[File:Adygheс.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|сэ|să|I, me}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|сэшхо|săšxo|sabre}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Т т}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ت}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|T t}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t}} | [[File:Adygheт.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|тэтэжъ|tătăẑ|grandfather}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|тэ|tă|we, us}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Тӏ тӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ط}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṭ ṭ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|tʼ}} | [[File:Adygheтӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|тӏы|ṭə|ram}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ятӏэ|jāṭă|dirt}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Тӏу тӏу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|طو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṭ˚ ṭ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|tʷʼ}} | [[File:Adygheтӏу.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|тӏурыс|ṭ˚rəs|old}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|тӏурытӏу|ṭ˚rəṭ˚|pair}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|У у}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|و}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|U u / W w}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|u|ɘw}} {{IPAblink|w|wɘ}} | [[File:Adygheу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ушхун|ušx˚n|to straighten}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|убэн|ubăn|to tamp; to smoothen}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ф ф}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ف}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|F f}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|f}} | [[File:Adygheф.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|фыжьы|fəžʼə|white}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|фэен|făen|to want}} |- ݗ | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Х х}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ݗ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|X x}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|x}} | [[File:Adygheх.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|хы|xə|sea; six}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|хасэ|xāsă|council}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Хъ хъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|خ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ꭓ ꭓ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|χ}} | [[File:Adygheхъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|хъыен|ꭓəen|to move}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|пхъэн|pꭓăn|to sow}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Хъу хъу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|خو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ꭓ˚ ꭓ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|χʷ}} | [[File:Adygheхъу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|хъун|ꭓ˚n|to happen}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|хъурай|ꭓ˚rāj|circle}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Хь хь}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ح}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ḥ ḥ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ħ}} | [[File:Adygheхь.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|хьэ|ḥă|dog}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|хьаку|ḥāk˚|oven}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ц ц}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ث}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|C c}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}} | [[File:Adygheц.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|цагэ|cāɣă|rib}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|цы|cə|body hair}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Цу цу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ثو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|C˚ c˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|t͡sʷ}} | [[File:Adygheцу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|цуакъэ|c˚āqă|shoe}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|цу|c˚|ox}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Цӏ цӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ڗ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|C̣ c̣}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} | [[File:Adygheцӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|цӏынэ|c̣ənă|wet}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|цӏыфы|c̣əfə|person}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ч ч}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|چ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Čʼ čʼ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} | [[File:Adygheч.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|чэфы|čʼăfə|cheerful}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|чэты|čʼătə|chicken}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Чъ чъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[file:Hah with inverted damma below.png|x15px]] | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Č č}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʂ}} | [[File:Adygheчъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|чъыгай|čəɣāj|oak}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|чъыӏэ|čəʾă|cold}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Чӏ чӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[file:Hah with small v below.png|x15px]] | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Č̣ č̣}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʂʼ}} | [[File:Adygheчӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|чӏыпӏэ|č̣əṗă|area}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|чӏыфэ|č̣əfă|debt}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ш ш}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[file:Seen with two dots above.png|x18px]] | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Š š}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}} | [[File:Adygheш.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|шы|šə|brother}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шыблэ|šəblă|thunder}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Шъ шъ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ص}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ŝ ŝ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}} | [[File:Adygheшъ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|шъэ|ŝă|hundred}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шъабэ|ŝābă|soft}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Шъу шъу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|صو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ŝ˚ ŝ˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʃʷ}} || [[File:Adygheшъу.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|шъугъуалэ|ŝ˚ġ˚ālă|envious}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шъукъакӏу|ŝ˚qāḳ˚|to come}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Шӏ шӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ض}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṣ̂ ṣ̂}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Palato-alveolar ejective fricative|[ʃʼ]]] | | [[File:Adygheшӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|шӏын|ṣ̂ən|to do}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шӏэныгъ|ṣ̂ănəġ|knowledge}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Шӏу шӏу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ضو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ṣ̂˚ ṣ̂˚}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʃʷʼ}} | [[File:Adygheшӏу.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|шӏуцӏэ|ṣ̂˚c̣ă|black}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|шӏуфэс|ṣ̂˚făs|greetings}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Щ щ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ش}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Šʼ šʼ}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɕ}} | [[File:Adygheщ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|щагу|šʼāg˚|yard}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|щатэ|šʼātă|sour cream}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|(Ъ ъ)}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | | |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ы ы}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئہـ / ہ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ə ə}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɘ}} | [[File:Adygheы.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ыкӏи|əč̣ʼi|and also}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|зы|zə|one}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|(Ь ь)}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | – | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA blink|[ʲ]}} | | |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Э э}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئە / ە}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ă ă}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ɜ}} | [[File:Adygheэ.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ӏэтаж|ʾătāž|floor}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|нэнэжъ|nănăẑ|grandmother}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ю ю}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|یو}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ju ju}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|u|ju}} | [[File:Adygheю.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|Юсыф|Jusəf|Joseph}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|Юныс|Junəs|Jonah}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Я я}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|یا}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Jā jā}} | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|a|jaː}} | [[File:Adygheя.ogg]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|яй|jāj|theirs}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ябгэ|jābɣă|evil}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ӏ ӏ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ئ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | ʾ | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}} | [[File:Adygheӏ.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ӏэ|ʾă|hand}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|кӏасэ|č̣ʼāsă|like}} |- | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady|Ӏу ӏу}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{lang|ady-Arab|ؤ}} | style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | ʾ˚ | style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʔʷ}} | [[File:Adygheӏу.oga]] | {{langx|ady|label=none|ӏукӏэн|ʾ˚č̣ʼăn|to meet}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ӏусын|ʾ˚sən|to be near sitting}}{{pb}}{{langx|ady|label=none|ӏудан|ʾ˚dān|thread}} |} === Orthography rules === * The letter {{angle bracket|ы}} {{IPA|[ə]}} is not written after a {{angle bracket|у}} {{IPA|[w]}}, {{angle bracket|й}} {{IPA|[j]}} or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ {{IPA|[wənɐ]}} "house" instead of у<u>ы</u>нэ<!--; илъэс {{IPA|[jəɬɐs]}} "year" instead of йылъэс; шӏу {{IPA|[ʃʷʼə]}} "well" instead of шӏуы; цумпэ {{IPA|[t͡sʷəmpɐ]}} "strawberry" instead of цуымпэ-->. * In case the letter {{angle bracket|у}} is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as {{IPA|[wə]}} {{angle bracket|уы}}. For example: унэ instead of у<u>ы</u>нэ<!--, урыс {{IPA|[wərəs]}} "Russian" instead of уырыс, куу {{IPA|[kʷəwə]}} "deep" instead of кууы-->. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as {{IPA|[əw~u]}} {{angle bracket|ыу}}. For example: чэту {{IPA|[t͡ʃɐtəw]}} "cat" instead of чэт<u>ы</u>у<!--, бзу {{IPA|[bzəw]}} "bird" instead of бзыу, дунай {{IPA|[dəwnaːj]}} "world" instead of дыуней-->. * In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel {{angle bracket|э}} {{IPA|[ɐ]}}, instead of the letter {{angle bracket|у}} there is a {{angle bracket|о}}. For example: гъ<u>о</u>гу {{IPA|[ʁʷɐɡʷ]}} "road" instead of гъ<u>уэ</u>гу<!--, машӏо {{IPA|[maːʃʷʼɐ]}} "fire" instead of машӏуэ, шъо {{IPA|[ʃʷɐ]}} "you (pl.)" instead of шъуэ-->. * In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel {{angle bracket|а}} {{IPA|[aː]}} or {{angle bracket|и}} {{IPA|[əj~i]}}, the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ {{IPA|[t͡sʷaːqɐ]}} "shoes"<!--, гуащэ {{IPA|[ɡʷaɕɐ]}} "princes", шъуи {{IPA|[ʃʷəj]}} "yours" (pl.)-->. * In case the letter {{angle bracket|о}} is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wɐ] {{angle bracket|уэ}}. For example, о {{IPA|[wɐ]}} "you" instead of уэ<!--, орэд {{IPA|[wɐrɐd]}} "song" instead of уэрэд, онтэгъу {{IPA|[wɐntɐʁʷ]}} "heavy" instead of уэнтэгъу, зао {{IPA|[zaːwɐ]}} "war" instead of зауэ, ныо {{IPA|[nəwɐ]}} "old lady" instead of ныуэ-->. * In case the letter {{angle bracket|е}} is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as {{IPA|[jɐ]}} {{angle bracket|йэ}}. For example: <u>е</u>ӏо {{IPA|[jɐʔʷɐ]}} "he says" instead of <u>йэ</u>ӏо<!--, еплъы {{IPA|[jɐpɬə]}} "he sees" instead of йэплъы, мые {{IPA|[məjɐ]}} "apple" instead of мыйэ, бае {{IPA|[baːjɐ]}} "rich" instead of байэ, шъэжъые {{IPA|[ʂɐʐəjɐ]}} "knife" instead of шъэжъыйэ-->. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as {{IPA|[ɐj~e]}} {{angle bracket|эй}}. For example: делэ {{IPA|[dɐjlɐ]}} "fool" instead of д<u>эй</u>лэ<!--, къедж {{IPA|[qɐjd͡ʒ]}} "read" instead of къэйдж, непэ {{IPA|[nɐjpɐ]}} "today" instead of нэйпэ-->. * In case the letter {{angle bracket|и}} is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as {{IPA|[jə]}} {{angle bracket|йы}}. For example: <u>и</u>лъэс {{IPA|[jəɬɐs]}} "year" instead of <u>йы</u>лъэс<!--, иунэ {{IPA|[jəwənɐ]}} "his house" instead of йыуын, шӏои {{IPA|[ʃʷʼɐjə]}} "dirty" instead of шӏойы, дэи {{IPA|[dɐjə]}} "bad" instead of дэйы-->. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as {{IPA|[əj~i]}} {{angle bracket|ый}}. For example: с<u>и</u>ӏ {{IPA|[səjʔ]}} "I have" instead of с<u>ый</u>ӏ<!--, уиунэ {{IPA|[wəjwənɐ]}} "your house" instead of уыйуынэ, къины {{IPA|[qəjnə]}} "hard" instead of къыйны-->. === Vowels === The vowels are written {{angle bracket|ы}} {{IPA|[ə]}}, {{angle bracket|э}} {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and {{angle bracket|а}} {{IPA|[aː]}}. Other letters represent [[diphthong]]s: {{angle bracket|я}} represents {{IPA|[jaː]}}, {{angle bracket|и}} {{IPA|[jə]}} or {{IPA|[əj]}}, {{angle bracket|о}} {{IPA|[wɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɐw]}}, {{angle bracket|у}} represent {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[əw]}}, and {{angle bracket|е}} represents {{IPA|[jɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɐj]}}. === Other writing systems === The language of Adyghe is officially written in the Cyrillic script, and is also unofficially written in the Latin script. Before 1927, Adyghe was written in a version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]]; after the [[Latinisation (USSR)|Soviet Latinisation campaign]], an older variant of the Latin alphabet had been in use in the [[Soviet Union]] until 1938, when all Soviet languages transitioned into the Cyrillic alphabet. Prior to the mid-19th century, Adyghe had no writing system. Starting from 1853, the process of creating an orthography for Adyghe was started. In [[Tbilisi]] in 1853, a document titled "[https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/199244/1/Bukvar_Cherkesskago_Iazika.pdf Primer of the Circassian Language]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230504134145/https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/199244/1/Bukvar_Cherkesskago_Iazika.pdf Archive]) was published, in which an Perso-Arabic-based orthography influenced by the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]] was developed. This document became the first ever publication in Adyghe. In this document, several new letters were introduced to represent the consonants that exist in Adyghe language. This proposed orthography, although with many shortcomings, received widespread approval and usage. And thus, Perso-Arabic script became the accepted orthography for Adyghe.<ref name="isaev">{{Cite book|author=M. I. Isaev|title=Language construction in the USSR (Языковое строительство в СССР)|location=Мoscow|publisher="Nauka" «Наука»|year=1979|pages=180–191, 352}}</ref> Over the following decades, several authors attempted to further improve the Adyghe Arabic orthography. The most successful attempt was the alphabet created by [[Akhmetov Bekukh]]. In this version, letters were designated for vowel sounds, and the orthography was transformed from an "[[Abjad|Impure abjads]] to a [[true alphabet]]. In 1918, on the initiative of the [[Kuban Soviet Republic|Kuban Revolutionary Committee]], a primer was published in [[Yekaterinodar]]. This official endorsement resulted in a literary boom in Adyghe and the publication of various newspapers, textbooks and other literature, including the ''[[Adyghe Maq]]'', the main Adyghe language newspaper established in 1923.<ref name="isaev"/> During the abovementioned decades, parallel with this process, the Perso-Arabic orthography had also been standardized for the sister Circassian language of [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]. Although very similar in many aspects, there were minor variations, in which letters were included based on each respective phonology, and there were minor differences in presentation of a few consonants as well.<ref name="isaev"/><ref name="urys">{{cite book|author=H. Sh. Urys|section=Adygebzem and tkhide |script-section=ru:Адыгэбзэм и тхыдэ |url=http://lib.kbsu.ru/Elib/4/14/1/index.htm|location=Nalshyk|title=Elburs|year=2000|isbn=5-7860-1439|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111214952/http://lib.kbsu.ru/Elib/4/14/1/index.htm}}</ref> ====Adyghe Arabic alphabet==== Below table shows the Adyghe Perso-Arabic alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1918 and 1927.<ref name="isaev"/><ref>{{cite book | language = en | first1 = Ilya | last1 = Yevlampiev | first2 = Karl | last2 = Pentzlin | first3 = Nurlan | last3 = Joomagueldinov | title= Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Adyghe and Chechen languages | date = 19 July 2011 | url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11277-adyghe-chechen.pdf |pages=4 and 10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="4" | Forms ! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! rowspan=2 | Adyghe Cyrillic equivalent ! rowspan=2 | Adyghe Latin equivalent (1927–1938) ! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] ! rowspan=2 | Notes |- ! Isolated ! Final ! Medial ! Initial |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ا]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| آ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|aː}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| А а }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ᴀ }} | [[:wiktionary: آ|U+0622]]<br />[[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ئ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـئ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـئـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ӏ ӏ }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| h }} | [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]] | # This letter plays another role as well. It proceeds a vowel letter at the beginning of a word, with the exception of {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| آ }} (equivalent to Cyrillic А а) |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ؤ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـؤ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔʷ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ӏу ӏу }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| hv }} | [[:wiktionary: ؤ|U+0624]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ە]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـە }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئە }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|a}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Э э }}<br />{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Е е }}<sup>1</sup> | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| e }} | [[:wiktionary: ە|U+06D5]] | # The sound equivalent to Cyrillic letter "{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Е е }}" is represented by a digraph {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئەیـ / ئەی / ـەی / ەی }}. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|[[ہ|ہ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـہ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـہـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئہـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ə}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ы ы }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| ə }} | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]<br />and<br />[[:wiktionary: %E2%80%8D|U+200D]]<sup>1</sup> | # The main character consists of [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use of ''[[Zero-width joiner]]'' ([[:wiktionary: %E2%80%8D|U+200D]]) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios: #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| صہص }} #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| دہص }} #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| صہ }} #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| دہ }} |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ب]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـب }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـبـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| بـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|b}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Б б }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ʙ }} | [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ت]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـت }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـتـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| تـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Т т }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| t }} | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ث]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـث }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـثـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ثـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ц ц }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| c }} | [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[پ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـپ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـپـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| پـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|p}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| П п }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ᴘ }} | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ࢠ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢠ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢠـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢠـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|pʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Пӏ пӏ }} | [[file:Latin letter small capital P with bottom hook.svg|x13px]] | [[:wiktionary: ࢠ|U+08A0]] | #Equivalent to {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ٮ }} ([[:wiktionary: ٮ|U+066E]]) in [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] Arabic alphabet. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ن]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـن }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـنـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| نـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|n}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Н н }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| n }} | [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ح]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـح }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـحـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| حـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ħ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Хь хь }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ɦ }} | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ج]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـج }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـجـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| جـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Дж дж }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ǥ }} | [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[خ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـخ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـخـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| خـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|χ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Хъ хъ }} | [[file:Latin small letter broad X.svg|x9px]] | [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ݗ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݗ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݗـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ݗـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|x}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Х х }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| x }} | [[:wiktionary: ݗ|U+0757]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ڃ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڃ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڃـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ڃـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|kʼ}}{{IPAblink|tʃʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏ кӏ }}<sup>1</sup> | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ⱪ }} | [[:wiktionary: ڃ|U+0683]] | # When the following letter is a {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| و }} (Equivalent to Cyrillic {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏу кӏу }}), instead of the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ڃ }}, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢰ }} is used. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[چ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـچ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـچـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| چـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ч ч }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ꝁ }} | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with small v below.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with small v below-fina.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with small v below-medi.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with small v below-init.png|x15px]] | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʂ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Чъ чъ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| đ }} | - <sup>1</sup> | # Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ح }} ([[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]) and the symbol ''combining caron below'' ◌̬ ([[:wiktionary: ◌̬|U+032C]]), thus resulting in #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ح̬ـ / ـح̬ـ / ـح̬ / ح̬ }} |- | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with inverted damma below.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with inverted damma below-fina.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with inverted damma below-medi.png|x15px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Hah with inverted damma below-init.png|x15px]] | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| ЧI чI }} | [[file:Latin small letter D with descender.svg|x16px]] | - <sup>1</sup> | # Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ح }} ([[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]) and the diacritic ''inverted damma below'' ◌ࣣ ([[:wiktionary: ◌ࣣ|U+08E3]]), thus resulting in #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| حࣣـ / ـحࣣـ / ـحࣣ / حࣣ }} |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[د]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـد }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Д д }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| d }} | [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ذ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـذ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡z}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Дз дз }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ᴣ }} | [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ر]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـر }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|r}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Р р }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| r }} | [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ز]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـز }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| З з }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| z }} | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ژ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـژ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʑ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Жь жь }} | [[file:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low right hook.svg|x13px]] | [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ڗ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڗ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Цӏ цӏ }} | [[file:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|x11px]] | [[:wiktionary: ڗ|U+0697]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ڒ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڒ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ж ж }} | [[file:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|x13px]] | [[:wiktionary: ڒ|U+0692]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[س]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـس }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـسـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| سـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| С с }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| s }} | [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Seen with two dots above.png|x18px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Seen with two dots above-fina.png|x18px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Seen with two dots above-medi.png|x18px]] | style="font-size:120%;" | [[file:Seen with two dots above-init.png|x18px]] | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ш ш }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ħ }} | - <sup>1</sup> | # Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| س }} ([[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]]) and the diacritic ''combining diaeresis'' ◌̈ ([[:wiktionary: ◌̈|U+0308]]), thus resulting in #* {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| س̈ـ / ـس̈ـ / ـس̈ / س̈ }} |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ش]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـش }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـشـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| شـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɕ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Щ щ }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ʃ }} | [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ص]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـص }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـصـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| صـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Шъ шъ }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| š }} | [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ض]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـض }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـضـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ضـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Шӏ шӏ }} | [[file:Latin small letter low turned C with ascender.svg|x13px]] | [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ط]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـط }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـطـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| طـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|tʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Тӏ тӏ }} | [[file:Latin small letter bashkir Th.svg|x13px]] | [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ظ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـظ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـظـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ظـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Жъ жъ }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ⱬ }} | [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[غ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـغ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـغـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| غـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʁ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Гъ гъ }} | [[file:Latin small letter Ghe.svg|x8px]] | [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ݝ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݝ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݝـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ݝـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Г г }}<sup>1</sup> | [[file:Latin small letter Ghe with caron.svg|x12px]] | [[:wiktionary: ݝ|U+075D]] | # When the following letter is a {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| و }} (Equivalent to Cyrillic {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Гу гу }}), instead of the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ݝ }}, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| گ }} is used. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ف]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـف }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـفـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| فـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|f}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ф ф }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| f }} | [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ق]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـق }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـقـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| قـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|q}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Къ къ }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| q }} | [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ڤ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڤ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـڤـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ڤـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|v}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| В в }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| w }} | [[:wiktionary: ڤ|U+06A4]] | #Equivalent to {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ۋ }} ([[:wiktionary: ۋ|U+06CB]]) in [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] Arabic alphabet. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ک]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـک }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـکـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| کـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|k}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| К к }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| k }} | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[گ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـگ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـگـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| گـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|g}} ({{IPAblink|gʷ}})<sup>1</sup> | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Г г }}<br />({{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Гу гу }}) | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| g }} | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] | # When the following letter is a {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| و }} (Equivalent to Cyrillic {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Гу гу }}), the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| گ }} is used. In all other cases, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ݝ }} is used for this specific [[homophone]]. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ࢰ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢰ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢰـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢰـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|kʼ}} ({{IPAblink|kʷʼ}})<sup>1</sup> | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏ кӏ }}<br />({{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏу кӏу }}) | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| ⱪ }} | [[:wiktionary: ࢰ|U+08B0]] | # When the following letter is a {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| و }} (Equivalent to Cyrillic {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏу кӏу }}), the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢰ }} is used. In all other cases, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ڃ }} is used for this specific [[homophone]]. |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ل]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـل }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـلـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| لـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|l}}/{{IPAblink|ɮ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Л л }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| l }} | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ݪ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݪ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـݪـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ݪـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɬ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Лъ лъ }} | [[file:Latin small letter L with bottom bar.svg|x15px]] | [[:wiktionary: ݪ|U+076A]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ࢦ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢦ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـࢦـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢦـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Лӏ лӏ }} | [[file:Latin small letter L with deferred descender.svg|x18px]] | [[:wiktionary: ࢦ|U+08A6]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[م]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـم }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـمـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| مـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|m}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| М м }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| m }} | [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[و]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـو }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئو / و }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|u|ɘw}} {{IPAblink|w|wɘ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| У у }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| v }} | [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ی]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـی }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـیـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئیـ / یـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|i}} / {{IPAblink|j}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| И и }}<br />{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Й й }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| i }} / {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| j }} | [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] | |- | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab|[[ۆ]]}} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ـۆ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئۆ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɜw}} {{IPAblink|w|wɜ}} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| О о }} | {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| o }} | [[:wiktionary: ۆ|U+06C6]] | |} ====Adyghe Latin alphabet==== The Adyghe orthography was officially switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927. The Adyghe Latin alphabet was compiled and finalized a year prior, in 1926. This alphabet was the sole official script in the [[Soviet Union]]. The Adyghe Latin alphabet consisted of 50 letters, many of them newly created, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of the Adyghe Latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case.<ref name="isaev"/> Below table shows Adyghe Latin alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1927 and 1938.<ref name="isaev"/> {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, serif, Universalia; font-size:1.4em; text-align:center;" ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Letter | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ᴀ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ʙ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[c]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|x11px|link=C with descender]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[d]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ᴣ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[e]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ə]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[f]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter reflected F.svg|x15px]] |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |{{IPAblink|a|aː}} |{{IPAblink|b}} |{{IPAblink|t͡s}} |{{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} |{{IPAblink|d}} |{{IPAblink|d͡z}} |{{IPAblink|e}} |{{IPAblink|ə}} | colspan="2" |{{IPAblink|f}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Letter | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[g]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ǥ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ɦ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[i]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[y]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[k]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ꝁ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ʀ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ⱪ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[l]] |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|ɡ}} |{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPAblink|ħ}} |{{IPAblink|i}} |{{IPAblink|j}} |{{IPAblink|k}} |{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPAblink|kʼ|ʲ}} |{{IPAblink|kʼ}} |{{IPAblink|l}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Letter | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter L with bottom bar.svg|x15px]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter L with deferred descender.svg|x18px]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[m]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[n]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[o]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[P|ᴘ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin letter small capital P with bottom hook.svg|x13px|]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[q]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[r]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[s]] |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|ɬ}} |{{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} |{{IPAblink|m}} |{{IPAblink|n}} |{{IPAblink|o}} |{{IPAblink|p}} |{{IPAblink|pʼ}} |{{IPAblink|q}} |{{IPAblink|r}} |{{IPAblink|s}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Letter | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[š]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ʖ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ʃ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ħ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[t]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ƀ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[u]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[v]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[x]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter broad X.svg|x9px]] |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|ʂ}} |{{IPAblink|ʃʼ}} |{{IPAblink|ɕ}} |{{IPAblink|ʃ}} |{{IPAblink|t}} |{{IPAblink|tʼ}} |{{IPAblink|u}} |{{IPAblink|w}} |{{IPAblink|x}} |{{IPAblink|χ}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Letter | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[z]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[ⱬ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low right hook.svg|x13px]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|x13px]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[г]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[г̌]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[đ]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[File:Latin small letter D with descender.svg|x16px]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[h]] | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | [[w]] |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|z}} |{{IPAblink|ʐ}} |{{IPAblink|ʑ}} |{{IPAblink|ʒ}} |{{IPAblink|ʁ}} |{{IPAblink|ɣ}} |{{IPAblink|t͡ʂ}} |{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} |{{IPAblink|ʔ}} |{{IPAblink|v}} |} ==== Latin Alphabet in Turkey (ABX Alphabet) ==== In 2012, the Circassian Language Association ({{langx|ady|Адыге Бзэ Хасэ|link=no}} or Adıǵe Bze Xase, abbreviated as ABX; {{langx|tr|Adıge Dil Derneği}}; [https://Danef.com danef.com]) in Turkey has issued a call for the Circassian people for the creation of a standard Latin script to be used by all Circassian people on the globe.<ref name=":0" /> Their main motivation for the creation of this alphabet was that the majority of Circassian people live in Turkey and use the Latin alphabet in their daily life because they know Turkish. However, when trying to teach the language to the younger generation, teaching them a new alphabet takes time and makes the process more laborsome. ABX has created a Latin script based on the Turkish alphabet and chose the Abzakh dialect as their base because it is the dialect with the most speakers in Turkey. However, the alphabet employed by the Circassian Language Association has been criticized by others. Some suggested that they created the alphabet without a good understanding of the Circassian phonology and have not even considered former Latin alphabets used to write Circassian<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=Hapi Cevdet Yıldız {{!}} Anadili Eğitimi ve Alfabe Sorunu |url=http://cherkessia.net/author_article_detail.php?article_id=3743 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Cherkessia.net |language=TR}}</ref> and that the use of the Latin script would sever the ties with the homeland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez |url=http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/yorum/nh/264-adder-2.htm |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.circassiancenter.com}}</ref> Despite the criticism, the CLA has obtained a €40,000 funding from the [[European Union]] for the recording of the Circassian language with a Latin script and the preparation of multi-media learning materials for the language,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Adıǵe Dili (Çerkes Dili) Latin alfabesine uyarlanıyor |url=https://www.pusulahaber.com.tr/adige-dili-cerkes-dili-latin-alfabesine-uyarlaniyor-82281h.htm |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Pusula Haber |language=tr}}</ref> and the materials created by ABX were accepted by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in Secondary Schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı |url=http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=1169 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=mufredat.meb.gov.tr}}</ref> This decision was protested and legally objected by the Federation of Caucasian Associations ({{langx|tr|Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu|link=no}}; KAFFED) who created the materials for Circassian and Abaza languages with the Cyrillic script;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-16 |title=Kaffed'den Kiril eylemi |url=https://ajanskafkas.com/diaspora/kaffedden-kiril-eylemi/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Ajans Kafkas |language=tr}}</ref> however, the court ruled in favour of the Latin alphabet created by the CLA and continued the use of their alphabet in Circassian courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAFFED'İN LATİN ALFABESİ İLE EĞİTİM KONUSUNDAKİ DAVASI RED EDİLDİ. – ÇERKES-FED |date=August 2021 |url=https://cerkesfed.org/yazarlar/yilmaz-donmez/kaffedin-latin-alfabesi-ile-egitim-konusundaki-davasi-red-edildi/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |language=tr}}</ref> Some glyphs in the Temirgoy-based Cyrillic alphabet have no equivalent in the Abzakh-based Latin alphabet because of dialectal differences. The most notable of these differences is the lack of differentiation between post-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex sounds. Though there are some additional letters in the alphabet for Kabardian, the materials in the CLA website are primarily in Adyghe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DANEF |title=DANEF |url=https://www.danef.com/dosyalar.php?id=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124222857/https://www.danef.com/dosyalar.php?id=5 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=DANEF |language=tr-TR}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, serif, Universalia; font-size:1.4em; text-align:center;" ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Latin | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Aa | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Bb | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Cc | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ćć <sup>(1)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Çç <sup>(2)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Dd | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ee | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Éé <sup>(3)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ff |- !Cyrillic |{{lang|ady|А а}} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Б б }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Дж дж }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| ЧI чI }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ч ч }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Д д }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Э э }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Е е }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ф ф }} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |{{IPAblink|a|aː}} |{{IPAblink|b}} |{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} |{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPAblink|d͡z}} |{{IPAblink|ɜ}} |{{IPAblink|e}} |{{IPAblink|f}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Latin | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Gg | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ǵǵ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğğ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Hh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ḣḣ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Iı | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İi <sup>(3)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Jj | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Kk |- !Cyrillic |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Г г }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Г г }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Гъ гъ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Хь хь }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Хъ хъ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ы ы }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| И и }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ж ж }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Къ къ }} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|ɡ}} |{{IPAblink|ɣ}} |{{IPAblink|ʁ}} |{{IPAblink|ħ}} |{{IPAblink|χ}} |{{IPAblink|ə}} |{{IPAblink|i}} |{{IPAblink|ʒ}} |{{IPAblink|q}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Latin | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ḱḱ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ll | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ĺĺ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Mm | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Nn | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Oo <sup>(4)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Öö <sup>(4)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Pp | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ṕṕ |- !Cyrillic |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| К к }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Л л }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Лъ лъ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| М м }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Н н }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| О о }} | |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| П п }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Пӏ пӏ }} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|k}} |{{IPAblink|l}} |{{IPAblink|ɬ}} |{{IPAblink|m}} |{{IPAblink|n}} |{{IPAblink|o}} | |{{IPAblink|p}} |{{IPAblink|pʼ}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Latin | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Qq <sup>(1)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Rr | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ss | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Śś | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Šš | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Şş | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Tt | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ṫṫ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Uu (4) |- !Cyrillic |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Кӏ кӏ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Р р }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| С с }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ц ц }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Цӏ цӏ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ш ш }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Т т }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Тӏ тӏ }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| У у }} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA |{{IPAblink|kʼ}} |{{IPAblink|r}} |{{IPAblink|s}} |{{IPAblink|t͡s}} |{{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} |{{IPAblink|ʃ}} |{{IPAblink|t}} |{{IPAblink|tʼ}} |{{IPAblink|u}} |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | Latin | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Üü <sup>(4)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ww | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Xx | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Yy | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Zz | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Źź | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | ` <sup>(5)</sup> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Áá* | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | |- !Cyrillic | |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| У у }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Х х }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Й й }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| З з }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Дз дз }} |{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Ӏ ӏ }} | | |- ! style="font-family:sans-serif;" | IPA | |{{IPAblink|w}} |{{IPAblink|x}} |{{IPAblink|j}} |{{IPAblink|z}} |{{IPAblink|ɣ}} |(varies) |{{IPAblink|a|aː}} | |} 1) Ć is the equivalent of both Кӏ and Чӏ and shows the ejective potalveolar affricate. Qq, on the other hand, only corresponds to Кӏ and shows an ejective velar plosive. 2) Ç normally stands for Ч but when it is followed by Ü and Ö, it is equivalent to Цу in the Cyrillic script. 3) É and İ are not direct equivalents of Е and И. The Cyrillic letters denote the [jɜ] and [jə] sounds at the beginning of syllables and [e] and [i] sounds at the end. The Latin letters are only used for the sounds [e] and [i]. The diphthongs are written as "Ye" and "Yi", respectively. 4) Circassian languages do not have phonemic rounded vowels but the labialized consonants affect the vowels around them to create allophonic rounded vowels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=John D. |date=June 1991 |title=An acoustic study of Kabardian vowels |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/an-acoustic-study-of-kabardian-vowels/F303B442CE201E97D4F29D1A9567033F |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=4–12 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005958 |issn=1475-3502|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The letters O, Ö, U and Ü are used to show these allophonic rounded vowels. O/Ö and U/Ü works similar to the vowel use О and У in the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet with O/Ö showing labialized consonant+[ɜ] combinations and U/Ü the labialized consonant+[ə] combinations. However, Ö and Ü are used when these combinations occur next to postalveolar sounds (Ş, J, Ç). The diphthongal uses of О and У, i.e. [wɜ] and [wə], are written as "We" and "Wı". Another use of Ö and Ü is writing Turkish loanwords containing these letters. 5) Wıçüpe (уцупэ; the place of stopping) is written with a ` (accent grave) or ' (apostrophe) and has a complicated use. It is equivalent to Ӏ (palochka) in its use an ejective marker but not as the glottal stop. The glottal stop is not written as a letter but is implied through the use of consecutive vowels like in "mıerıs" (мыӀэрыс; apple). As many ejective sounds have their own letters (Ć, Ṕ, Q, Š, Ṫ), only some ejective sounds are written with the wıçüpe (ş`, ĺ`). Another use of wıçüpe is to show that an U at the end of a word represents a labialized consonant and not a labialized consonant + [ə] combination. For example, джэгу in Cyrillic is written cegu` to make sure that it is pronounced [d͡ʒɜgʷ] as a single syllable but wıçüpe is removed when the word takes a suffix and the allophonic [u] is audible, as in cegum [d͡ʒɜgum]. <gallery> File:Adyghe arabic alphabet.JPG|Adyghe [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] used before 1927 File:Adyge alphabet 1927 (1).JPG|Adyghe [[Latinisation (USSR)|Latin alphabet]] used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1) File:Adyge alphabet 1927 (2).JPG|Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2) File:Adyghe alphabet cyrillic-latin.JPG|Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets File:Adige arab alphabet.JPG|Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters File:Adyghe latin alphabet (1927).svg|Adyghe Latin alphabet letters </gallery> == Examples of literary Adyghe == === Native vocabulary === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! Cyrillic ! Latin ! IPA ! Translation |- |{{lang|ady|сэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|să}} |{{IPA|ady|sɐ|}} |I |- |{{lang|ady|пшъашъэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|pŝāŝă}} |{{IPA|ady|p͡ʂaːʂɐ|}} |girl |- |{{lang|ady|тӏыс}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|ṭəs}} |{{IPA|ady|tʼəs|}} |to sit |- |{{lang|ady|тэдж}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|tăǯʼ}} |{{IPA|ady|tɐd͡ʒ|}} |to stand |- |{{lang|ady|Тэу ущыт?}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Tăw ušʼət?}} |{{IPA|ady|tɐw‿wəʃət|}} |How are you? |- |{{lang|ady|Сышӏу.}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Səṣ̂˚.}} |{{IPA|ady|səʃʷʼ|}} |I'm fine. |- |{{lang|ady|шы}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|šə}} |{{IPA|ady|ʃə|}} |horse |- |{{lang|ady|щы}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|šʼə}} |{{IPA|ady|ɕə|}} |three |- |{{lang|ady|жъуагъо}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|ẑ˚āġo}} |{{IPA|ady|ʐʷaːʁʷɐ|}} |star |- |{{lang|ady|тыгъэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|təġă}} |{{IPA|ady|təʁɐ|}} |sun |- |{{lang|ady|мазэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|māză}} |{{IPA|ady|maːzɐ|}} |moon |- |{{lang|ady|цуакъэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|c˚āqă}} |{{IPA|ady|t͡sʷaːqɐ|}} |shoe |- |{{lang|ady|шъукъеблагъ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|ŝ˚qeblāġ}} |{{IPA|ady|ʂʷəqɐjblaːʁ|}} |welcome |- |{{lang|ady|лъэхъуамбэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|łăꭓ˚āmbă}} |{{IPA|ady|ɬɐχʷaːmbɐ|}} |toe |- |{{lang|ady|хьамлыу}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|ḥāmləw}} |{{IPA|ady|ħaːmləw|}} |worm |- |{{lang|ady|кӏэнкӏэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|č̣ʼănč̣ʼă}} |{{IPA|ady|kʼɐŋkʼɐ|}} |egg |- |{{lang|ady|хьампӏырашъу}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|ḥāmṗərāŝ˚}} |{{IPA|ady|ħaːmpʼəraːʂʷ|}} |butterfly |- |{{lang|ady|мэшӏоку}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|măṣ̂ok˚}} |{{IPA|ady|mɐʃʷʼɐkʷ|}} |train |- |{{lang|ady|пхъэтӏэкӏу}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|pꭓăṭăḳ˚}} |{{IPA|ady|p͡χɐtʼɐkʷʼ|}} |chair |- |{{lang|ady|тхьалъыкӏо}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|tḥāłəč̣ʼo}} |{{IPA|ady|t͡ħaːɬəkʷʼɐ|}} |prophet |- |{{lang|ady|къамзэгу}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|qāmzăg˚}} |{{IPA|ady|qaːmzɐɡʷ|}} |ant |- |{{lang|ady|псычэт}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|psəčʼăt}} |{{IPA|ady|p͡sət͡ʃɐt|}} |duck |- |} === Loanwords === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! Cyrillic ! Latin ! IPA ! Translation ! Etymology |- |{{lang|ady|республикэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|respublikă}} |{{IPA|ady|rʲespublʲikɐ|}} |republic |From [[Latin]] {{lang|la|rēs pūblica}} ("public concern") via Russian {{lang|ru|республика|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|компутер}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|komputer}} |{{IPA|ady|komputʲer|}} |computer |From Latin {{lang|la|computāre}} ("to settle together") via Russian {{lang|ru|компьютер|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|математикэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|mātemātikă}} |{{IPA|ady|maːtʲemaːtʲikɐ|}} |mathematics |From [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc-Grek|μάθημα|italic=no}} {{lang|grc-latn|máthēma}} ("study, knowledge") via Russian {{lang|ru|математика|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|спорт}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|sport}} |{{IPA|ady|sport|}} |sports |From [[English language|English]] ''sport'' via Russian {{lang|ru|спорт|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|быракъ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|byraq}} |{{IPA|ady|bəraːq|}} |flag |Ultimately from [[Proto-Turkic]] ''*badrak'' ("spear, stick"). |- |{{lang|ady|къартӏоф}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|qārṭof}} |{{IPA|ady|qaːrtʷʼɐf|}} |potato |From [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Kartoffel}} ("potato") via Russian {{lang|ru|картофель|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|томат}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|tomāt}} |{{IPA|ady|tomaːt|}} |tomato |From [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|tomate}}, which in turn derives from [[Nahuan languages|Nahuan]] {{lang|nah|tomatl}}, via Russian {{lang|ru|томат|italic=no}}. |- |{{lang|ady|орэндж}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|orănǯʼ}} |{{IPA|ady|wɐrɐnd͡ʒ|}} |orange |From [[Persian language|Persian]] [[wikt:نارنگ|نارنگ]] {{lang|fa-latn|nârang}} or [[wikt:نارنج|نارنج]] {{lang|fa-latn|nâranj}}. |- |{{lang|ady|нэмаз}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|nămāz}} |{{IPA|ady|nɐmaːz|}} |[[salah]] (Islamic praying) |From [[Persian language|Persian]] [[wikt:نماز|نماز]] {{lang|fa-latn|namâz}}. |- |{{lang|ady|къалэ}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|qālă}} |{{IPA|ady|qaːlɐ|}} |city |[[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] {{lang|akk-latn|kalakku}} ("fort"). |- |{{lang|ady|дунай}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|dunāj}} |{{IPA|ady|dəwnaːj|}} |earth |From [[Arabic]] [[wikt:دنيا|دنيا]] {{lang|ar-latn|dunyā}} ("world"). |- |} * There are thirteen [[Labialization|labialised]] consonants; however, in some dialects, there are three additional ones: {{lang|ady|Кхъу}} {{IPA|[q͡χʷ]}}, {{lang|ady|Ху}} {{IPA|[xʷ]}} and {{lang|ady|Чъу}} {{IPA|[t͡ɕʷ]}}. == Adyghe outside Circassia == Adyghe is taught outside [[Circassia]] in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Adyghes in [[Jordan]]'s capital city of [[Amman]]. This school, established by the Jordanian Adyghes with support from the late [[king of Jordan|king]] [[Hussein of Jordan]], is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations.<ref>{{cite video |title=Circassians bid to save ancient language |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bmh1Ehyq0o |date=14 May 2010 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bmh1Ehyq0o |url-status=live }}</ref> Adyghe is spoken by [[Circassians in Iraq]] and by [[Circassians in Israel]], where it is taught in schools in their villages. It is also spoken by many [[Circassians in Syria]], although the majority of Syrian Circassians speak [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} == Publications == There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. An Adyghe translation of the Quran by [[Iskhak Mashbash|Ishak Mashbash]] is available.<ref>{{cite web |title=Circassian Quran Website |url=https://circassianquran.adigabze.net/index.php?go=kuran&t1=circassian_west&t2=english_ahmet_ali&sure=1&ayet=1#f |website=Circassian Quran |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by the [[Institute for Bible Translation]] in Moscow. == Vitality == According to the [[UNESCO]] 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified as [[Vulnerable language|vulnerable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cms01.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/CLT/pdf/UNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf |title=UNESCO Map of World's language in Danger |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303180031/http://cms01.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/CLT/pdf/UNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref> == Sample texts == === Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ) === {|class="wikitable" ![[Al-Fatiha]] in Adyghe!!Transliteration!!English translation!!Arabic original |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;" |<poem>{{lang|ady|1. Алахьэу гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъым ыцӏэкӏэ! 2. Зэрэдунае и Тхьэу Алахьым щытхъур ыдэжь, 3. Гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъэу, 4. Пщынэжь мафэр зиӏэмырым! 5. Шъхьащэ тэ къыпфэтэшӏы, тыолъэӏу О ӏэпыӏэгъу укъытфэхъунэу! 6. Гъогу занкӏэм О тырыщ, 7. Шӏу О зыфэпшӏагъэхэм ягъогу нахь, губж лъэш зыфэпшӏыгъэхэр зытетхэр арэп, гъощагъэхэр зытетхэри арэп.}}</poem> |<poem>{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|1. Ālāḥăw g°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъǝm ǝc̣ăč̣′ă! 2. Zărădwnāe i Tḥăw Ālāḥǝm šʹǝtx°r ǝdăž′, 3. G°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъăw, 4. Pšʹǝnăž′ māfăr ziʾămǝrǝm! 5. Ŝḥāšʹă tă qǝpfătăṣ̂ǝ, tǝolъăʾ° O ʾăpǝʾăġ° wqǝtfăx°năw! 6. Ġog° zānč̣′ăm O tǝrǝšʹ, 7. Ṣ̂° O zǝfăpṣ̂āġăxăm jāġog° nāḥ, g°bž lъăš zǝfăpṣ̂ǝġăxăr zǝtetxăr ārăp, ġošʹāġăxăr zǝtetxări ārăp.}}</poem> |<poem>1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds, 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense! 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help! 6. Guide us to the straight path, 7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.</poem> |<poem>{{lang|ar|١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٦-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ٧-صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ}}</poem> |} === John 1:1-5 === {|class="wikitable" ![[John 1:1]]-[[John 1:5|5]] in Adyghe!!Transliteration!!English translation |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;" |<poem>{{lang|ady|Ублапӏэм ыдэжь Гущыӏэр щыӏагъ. Ар Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ, а Гущыӏэри Тхьэу арыгъэ. Ублапӏэм щегъэжьагъэу а Гущыӏэр Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ. Тхьэм а Гущыӏэм зэкӏэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ. Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми ащыщэу а Гущыӏэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыӏэп. Мыкӏодыжьын щыӏэныгъэ а Гущыӏэм хэлъыгъ, а щыӏэныгъэри цӏыфхэм нэфынэ афэхъугъ. Нэфынэр шӏункӏыгъэм щэнэфы, шӏункӏыгъэри нэфынэм текӏуагъэп.}}</poem> |<poem>{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|Ublāṗăm ədăžʼ G˚šʼəʾăr šʼəʾāġ. Ār Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ, ā G˚šʼəʾări Tḥăw ārəġă. Ublāṗăm šʼeġăžʼāġăw ā G˚šʼəʾăr Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ. Tḥăm ā G˚šʼəʾăm zăč̣ʼări qəriġăġăꭓ˚ġ. Tḥăm qəġăꭓ˚ġă pstăwmi āšʼəšʼăw ā G˚šʼəʾăm qəriməġġăꭓ˚ġă zi šʼəʾăp. Məč̣ʼodəžʼən šʼəʾănəġă ā G˚šʼəʾăm xăłəġ, ā šʼəʾănəġări c̣əfxăm năfənă āfăꭓ˚ġ. Năfənăr ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġăm šʼănăfə, ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġări năfənăm teḳ˚āġăp.}}</poem> |<poem>In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it.</poem> |} === Universal Declaration of Human Rights === {|class="wikitable" ![[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]] in Adyghe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady|title=OHCHR ||website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=Nov 15, 2020|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719090535/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady|url-status=live}}</ref>!!Transliteration!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!!English translation |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;" |{{lang|ady|Цӏыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашӏэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае.}} |{{lang|ady-Latn|italic=no|C̣əf pstăwri ŝḥăfităw, jāłətănəġără jāfăŝ˚āšăxămrăč̣ʼă zăfădăw qāłfə. Āqəlră zăxăṣ̂əč̣ʼ ġ˚āzără jāʾăŝə, zər zəm zăqoš zăxāṣ̂ă āzfāg˚ dăłăw zăfəšʼətənxă fāe.}} |[tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja] |All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |} == See also == *''[[Adyghe Maq]]'', the main Adyghe-language newspaper *[[Anthem of the Republic of Adygea]] == Explanatory notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=ady|Adyghe}} * [http://adygheya.dovlet.net/en/the-circassian-language/grammar/ Grammar of the Circassian Language]. Useful site to learn the Adyghe grammar. * {{cite book|author=Louis Loewe|author-link=Louis Loewe|title=A dictionary of the Circassian language, English-Circassian-Turkish|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarycirc01loewgoog|year=1854|publisher=George Bell}} * [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BB5XSDHWGX3U2I3RGPTAF3U6ESJY4LLJ Sample Adyghe document in Arabic Script], 1924, {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| تەزغەو نەخوشتەر-گوبغویش: تەزغەو نەشتەر-گوبغواب }} / {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Тэзгъэу нэхъущтэр-губгъуищ: тэзгъэу нэщтэр-губгъуаб }}. Zubrilin, Aleksey Arsenevich. [[Moscow]] and [[Krasny Vostok]], USSR. * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/adyghe.htm Adyghe alphabet], Omniglot. * {{cite web|url= http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf |title=Adyghe transliteration schemes }}. * [http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/adyghe.php Adyghe sample], Language Museum. * [http://zihia.narod.ru/ing/instead.htm Learning Adyghe resource]. * [http://iccs.synthasite.com/learn-circassian.php Learn Circassian], International Centre for Circassian Studies (ICCS). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111130065831/http://www.rferl.org/howtolisten/KBD/ondemand.html Rferl North Caucasus Radio]. * [http://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/adyghe/ala-lc/ Adyghe transliteration tool]. * [http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/ Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet]. * [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-adyghe/en/ady/ How to count in Adyghe language]. * [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Adyghe_language Adyghe language dictionary]. * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ADY/ady.html Recordings of Adyghe language] {{Northwest Caucasian languages}} {{Languages of the Caucasus}} {{Languages of Russia}} {{Arabic script}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Adyghe language| ]] [[Category:Northwest Caucasian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Jordan]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of European Russia]] [[Category:Languages of Syria]] [[Category:Languages of Turkey]] [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Endangered Caucasian languages]] [[Category:Adygea]] [[Category:Krasnodar Krai]] [[Category:Vertical vowel systems]] [[Category:Languages written in Cyrillic script]] [[Category:Circassian culture]]
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