Editing Agra Fort

{{Short description|Historical Mughal fort in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Agra Fort
| image = Agra 03-2016 10 Agra Fort.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption = Agra Fort
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| area = {{convert|94|acre|ha|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| owner = * [[Lodi Dynasty]]  (1504–1526)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1540)
*[[Sur Empire]] (1540–1555)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1556–1761)
*[[Bharatpur State]] (1761–1774)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1774–1785)
*[[Maratha Confederacy]] (1785–1803)
*[[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] (1803–1858)
*[[British Raj]] (1858–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present day)
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child         = yes
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)}}(iii)
| ID            = 251
| coordinates   = {{Coord|27.179542|N|78.021101|E|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| year          = 1984
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=shape|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=27.179542|frame-longitude=78.021101}} Map of Agra Fort
}}
}}

The '''Agra Fort''' (''Qila Agra'') is a historical [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[fort]] in the city of [[Agra]], also known as ''' Agra's Red Fort'''. Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] was crowned at this fort in 1530. It was later renovated by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] from 1565 and the present-day structure was completed in 1573. It served as the main residence of the rulers of the [[Mughal dynasty]] until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to [[Delhi]]. It was also known as the "Lal-Qila" or "Qila-i-Akbari".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agra Fort|url=http://www.tajmahal.gov.in/agrafort.aspx|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.tajmahal.gov.in}}</ref> Before being captured by the British, the last Indian rulers to have occupied it were the Marathas. In 1983, the Agra fort was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] because of its importance during Mughal rule.<ref>{{cite web|title= Agra Fort - World HeritageCentre|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251|website= UNESCO.ORG|access-date= 26 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/|archive-date= 17 July 2010|url-status= live}}</ref> It is about {{Convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of its more famous sister monument, the [[Taj Mahal]]. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. It was later [[Renovation|renovated]] by [[Shah Jahan]].

Like the rest of Agra, the history of Agra Fort prior to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion is unclear. However, in the 15th century, the Chauhan [[Rajput]]s occupied it. Soon after, Agra assumed the status of capital when [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]] (1487–1517&nbsp;CE) shifted his capital from Delhi and constructed a few buildings in the preexisting fort at Agra. After the first battle of Panipat (1526&nbsp;CE), Mughals captured the fort and ruled from it. In 1530&nbsp;CE, [[Humayun]] was crowned in it. The fort was given its present appearance during the reign of Akbar (1556&ndash;1605&nbsp;CE). Later, this fort was under the rule of [[Jats]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] for 13&nbsp;years.

==History==
[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|thumb|left|Agra Fort captured by [[Hemu]] before the [[Battle of Delhi (1556)]]]]
[[File:The Fort Delhi Gate dli A136 cor.jpg|left|thumb|Samuel Bourne, "[https://library.nga.gov/permalink/01NGA_INST/1cl1g8d/alma991734193504896 The Fort. Delhi Gate. Agra]", 1863–1869, photograph mounted on cardboard sheet, [https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections.html Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.]]]
After the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526, [[Babur]] stayed in the fort, in the palace of Ibrahim Lodi. He later built a [[baoli]] (step well) in it. His successor, [[Humayun]], was crowned in the fort in 1530. He was defeated at [[Bilgram]] in 1540 by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The fort remained with the Suris till 1555, when Humayun recaptured it. [[Adil Shah Suri]]'s general, [[Hemu]], recaptured Agra in 1556 and pursued its fleeing governor to Delhi where he met the Mughals in the [[Battle of Tughlaqabad]].<ref name="jnsarkar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longman | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | pages=66–67| isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref>

[[File:Diwan-E-Aam Inside.JPG|thumb|''Diwan-i-Aam'', Hall of Public Audience]]
Realising the importance of its central situation, Akbar made it his capital, and arrived in Agra in 1558. His historian, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], recorded that this was a brick fort known as 'Badalgarh'. It was in a ruined condition and Akbar had it rebuilt with red [[sandstone]] from Barauli area [[Dholpur district|Dhaulpur district]], in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=fort>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=78–80|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> Architects laid the foundation and it was built with bricks in the inner core with sandstone on external surfaces. Some 4,000 builders worked on it daily for eight years, completing it in 1573.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/page/n381/mode/1up | title=The Akbarnama of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 | year=1907 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp |title=Agra Fort (1983), Uttar Pradesh – Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060952/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp |archive-date=3 December 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

It was only during the reign of Akbar's grandson, [[Shah Jahan]], that the site took on its current state. Shah Jahan built the [[Taj Mahal]] in the memory of his wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Unlike his grandfather, Shah Jahan tended to have buildings made from [[white marble]]. When [[Shah Jahan]] suddenly fell ill, a bloody [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|war of succession]] broke out between his sons, where [[Aurangzeb|Aurangazeb]] was victorious. Aurangazeb would go on to place his father under house arrest in Agra fort.

The fort was under the [[Jat people|Jat]] rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] for 13 years. In the fort, they built the 'Ratan Singh ki Haveli'. The fort was invaded and captured by the [[Maratha Empire]] in the early 18th century. Thereafter, it changed hands between the Marathas and their foes many times. After their catastrophic defeat at [[Third Battle of Panipat]] by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] in 1761, Marathas remained out of the region for the next decade. Finally [[Mahadji Shinde]] took the fort in 1785. It was lost by the Marathas to the [[East India Company|British]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803.<ref name=fort/> The fort was the site of a battle during the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] which caused the end of the [[British East India Company]]'s rule in India and led to a century of direct rule in India by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]].<ref name=fort/><ref>{{cite book|title=Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri: Monuments, Cities and Connected Histories|year=2021|first=Shashank Shekhar |last=Sinha|isbn=9789389104097|publisher=Pan Macmillan|page=88}}</ref>

[[File:Scene of the gunpowder explosion at Agra Fort, 29 November 1871.jpg|thumb|Scene of the gunpowder explosion at Agra Fort, 29 November 1871]]
On 30 November 1871, thirty six people died when a cartridge factory located inside the fort exploded.<ref name="ILN 1872">{{cite news |title=The Explosion at Agra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cdGU9T66vUC&pg=PA10 |access-date=28 December 2020 |volume=6 |publisher=The Illustrated London News |date=6 January 1872 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Plan du fort d'Agra (1901).jpg|thumb|Plan of the Red Fort, Agra, from [[Murray's Handbooks for Travellers]] 1911]]
The {{convert|380000|m2|acre|adj=on|abbr=on}} fort has a semicircular plan, its chord lies parallel to the river Yamuna and its walls are seventy feet high. Double ramparts have massive circular bastions at intervals, with [[battlements]], [[embrasures]], [[machicolations]] and string courses. Four gates were provided on its four sides, one Khizri gate opening on to the river. Two of the fort's gates are notable: the "Delhi Gate" and the "Lahore Gate". The Lahore Gate is also popularly also known as the "Amar Singh Gate," for [[Amar Singh Rathore]].<ref name=fort/>

The monumental Delhi Gate, which faces the city on the western side of the fort, is considered the grandest of the four gates and a masterpiece of [[Akbar]]'s time. It was built circa 1568 both to enhance security and as the king's formal gate, and includes features related to both. It is embellished with intricate inlay work in [[white marble]]. A wooden [[drawbridge]] was used to cross the moat and reach the gate from the mainland; inside, an inner gateway called Hathi Pol ("Elephant Gate") – guarded by two life-sized stone [[elephants]] with their riders – added another layer of security. The drawbridge, slight ascent, and 90-degree turn between the outer and inner gates make the entrance impregnable. During a siege, attackers would employ elephants to crush a fort's gates. Without a level, straight run-up to gather speed, however, that is prevented by this layout.<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural Stone and World Heritage: Delhi-Agra, India|first1=Gurmeet |last1=Kaur|first2= Sakoon N. |last2=Singh|first3= Anuvinder |last3=Ahuja|first4= Noor Dasmesh |last4=Singh |date=24 May 2020 |pages=84|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781000040692}}</ref>

The northern portion of the fort is still used by the Indian military (the Parachute Brigade in particular), so the Delhi Gate cannot be used by the public. Tourists enter via the Amar Singh Gate.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The site is very important in terms of architectural history. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal]] recorded that five hundred buildings in the designs of [[Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]] were built in the fort. Some of them were demolished by [[Shah Jahan]] to make way for his white marble palaces. Most of the others were destroyed by the British troops of East India Company between 1803 and 1862 for raising barracks. Hardly thirty Mughal buildings have survived on the south-eastern side, facing the river, such as the Delhi Gate and Akbar Gate and one palace – "Bengali Mahal".

Akbar Darwazza (Akbar Gate) was renamed Amar Singh Gate by Shah Jahan.  The gate is similar in design to the Delhi Gate. Both are built of red sandstone.<ref name=fort/>

The Bengali Mahal is built of red sandstone and is now split into Akbari Mahal and [[Jahangiri Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adfagra.org/monuments-of-agra/agra-fort/92-2/ |title=The Bengali-Mahal, adfagra.org |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410164020/https://www.adfagra.org/monuments-of-agra/agra-fort/92-2/ |archive-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Historical sites  ==
[[File:Hauz i Jahangiri.jpg|thumb|Jahangir's Hauz, 1916–18]]
* '''[[Jahangir]]'s Hauz''' (tank) (1610 AD): this monolithic tank (hauz) was used for bathing. It is 5 feet high, 8 feet in diameter and 25 feet in circumference. On the external side of the rim there is an inscription in [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] which mentions it as '''Hauz-e-Jahangir'''. It was first discovered near the [[courtyard]] of Akbar's palace. In 1843 AD and later it was placed in front of Diwan-e-Am. In 1862, it was shifted to public garden (Company Bagh) where it suffered much damage. Later, Sir John Marshall brought it back to Agra Fort and placed there. Due to this hauz, the palace became famous as Jahangiri Mahal though it is part of Akbar's Bengali mahal.
* '''[[Shah Jahani Mahal|Shahjahani Mahal]]''' (1628–35 AD): it is situated in between the white marble Khas Mahal and the red stone Jahangiri Mahal and is set transitionally in between these two residential complexes of two different ages. It is the earliest attempt of the Mughal emperor Shahjahan to convert an existing red stone building in accordance with his taste and it was his earliest palace in Agra Fort. It has a large hall, side rooms and an octagonal tower on the riverside. The skeletal construction of brick and red stone was all redone with a thick white stucco plaster and colourfully painted in floral designs. The whole palace once glistened white like white marble. On the face towards the Khas Mahal, is a large spacious white marble dalan, composed of five arches, supported on double pillars and protected externally by a chhajja. Its closed western bay houses, the Ghaznin gate, Babur's baoli and a well are situated beneath it.
[[File:Red Fort, Ghazni gate (photographic restoration).jpg|thumb|The Ghaznin Gate, taken in 1842 from the tomb of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]]]]
*'''Ghaznin Gate''' (1030 AD): the gate originally belonged to the tomb of [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]] at Ghazni. It was brought from there by the British in 1842. Lord Ellenborough, the Governor General, in historic proclamation claimed, that these were the sandalwood gates of Somnath which Mahmud had taken to Ghazni in 1025, and the British had thus avenged an insult of 800 years back. This false claim was made just to win the goodwill of the Indian people. The gate is, in fact, made of local deodar wood of Ghazni and not of sandalwood. The style of decoration bears no resemblance to ancient Gujrati woodwork. There is also an Arabic inscription carved on the upper part. It mentions Mahmud with his epithets. Sir John Marshall had placed here a notice-board which described the whole episode about this gate. It is 16.5 feet high and 13.5 feet broad and its weight is about half a ton. It is made up of geometrical, hexagonal and octagonal panels which have been fixed, one with the help of the other into the frame without rivets. The idea to restore it at Somnath was ultimately given up and the gate was abandoned. Since then, it is stored in a room.<ref>[[:File:Ghaznin Gate description, Agra Fort.jpg|Agra Museum notice]]</ref> 
*'''Jahangir's Chain of Justice''' (c. 1605 AD): this is the spot where Mughal king Jahangir instituted his 'chain of justice'(Zanjir-i-Adl) in c. 1605 AD. He records in his memoir that after his accession, the first order he gave, "was for the fastening up of the chain of justice so that if those engaged in the administration of justice should delay or practice hypocrisy, the aggrieved might come to this chain and shake it so that its noise might attract my attention". It was made of pure gold. It was 80' in length and had 60 bells. Its weight was 1 Quintal. One end was fastened to the battlements of the Shah-Burj and the other end to a stone post on the bank of the river. This is not a myth. Contemporary foreign travellers like William Hawkins personally saw it. It has also been depicted in a contemporary painting made in 1620 AD. This was a way to redress the grievances of the people who could approach the king, the highest judicial authority of the empire, directly, without fee, fear or formality for immediate relief. There was no distinction of caste or creed or between poor and rich. Jahangir's administration of justice 'Adl-i-Jahangir' became a legend in Indian history.
*'''The Muthamman Burj''' (Shah-Burj) & '''Jharokha''' (1632–1640 AD): this palace surmounts the largest bastion of Agra Fort on the riverside, facing the East. It was originally built of red stone by Akbar who used it for jharokha darshan, as well as for sun worship, every day at sunrise. Jehangir also used it as jharokha, as is faithfully shown in his painting made in 1620. He also instituted his 'Adl-i-Janjir'(the chain of justice) on its south side. Owing to its octagonal plan, it was called 'Muthamman Burj'. It has also been mentioned as 'Shah-Burj'(the imperial or king's tower) by Persian historians and foreign travellers. Its name jasmine tower or 'Samman-Burj' as recorded by the contemporary historian Lahauri is a misnomer. It was rebuilt with white marble by Shah Jehan around 1632–1640 AD. He also used it for jharokha darshan which was an indispensable a Mughal institution as was 'Durbar'. It is an octagonal building, five external sides of which make a dalan overlooking the river. Each side has pillar and bracket openings, the easternmost side projects forward and accommodates a jharokha majestically. On the western side of this palace is a spacious dalan with Shah-Nasin (alcoves). A shallow water-basin (kunda) is sunk in its pavement. It is profusely inlaid. This dalan opens on a court which has a [[chabutara]] projected by a jali screen, on its northern side, a series of rooms leading to Shish Mahal on its western side; and a colonnade (dalan) with a room attached to its on the southern side. It is, thus, a large complex entirely built of white marble. It has deep niches on the walls, to break the monotony. Dados have repetitive stylized creepers inlaid on borders and carved plants on the centre pillars, brackets and lintels also bear exquisitely inlaid designs and it is one of the most ornamented buildings of Shah Jehan. This palace is directly connected to the Diwan-i-Khas, Shish Mahal, Khas Mahal, and other palaces. and it was from here that the Mughal emperor governed the whole country. This burj offers full and majestic view of Taj Mahal and Shah Jehan spent eight years (1658–1666 AD) of his imprisonment in this complex, and it is said that he died here. His body was taken by boat to the Taj Mahal and buried.
*[[File:Shish Mahal 17.JPG|thumb|Shish Mahal]]'''Shish Mahal''' (1631–40 AD): it was built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan as a part of summer palace. Its most distinctive feature is glass mosaic work done on its walls and ceiling. These glass pieces have high mirror quality which glittered and twinkled in thousand ways in semi-dark interior. The glass was imported from Haleb of Syria. Shahjahan built glass palace also at [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)|Lahore]] and Delhi.

==In popular culture==
*The Agra Fort won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 2004. [[India Post]] issued a stamp to commemorate this event.
*The Agra Fort plays a key role in the [[Sherlock Holmes]] mystery ''[[The Sign of the Four]]'', by Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]].
*The Agra Fort was featured in the music video for [[Habibi Dah (Nari Narain)|Habibi Dah]], a hit song of Egyptian [[Celebrity|pop star]] [[Hisham Abbas]].
*[[Shivaji]] came to Agra in 1666 as per the "[[Treaty of Purandar (1665)]]" entered into with [[Jai Singh I]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]. In the audience, he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank. Insulted, he stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Singh's quarters on 12 May 1666.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Map of Agra Fort.jpg|Plan of Agra Fort on display at the fort, 2012
File:Diwan-E-Aam (Hall of Public Audience).jpg|Exterior of Diwan-i-Am or Hall of Public Audience
File:Diwan-i-Aam Hallways.jpg|Interior of Diwan I Am (Hall of Public Audience)
File:Agra castle India persian poem.jpg|[[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] [[Nastaliq|Calligraphy]] in Agra Fort
File:Diwan-i-Am-1.jpg|Agra Fort Diwan I Am (Hall of Public Audience)
File:Amar Singh Gate, Agra.jpg|Amar Singh Gate, Agra
File:Agra Fort 13.JPG|Jahangir Palace
File:Agra Fort 20.jpg|Diwan-i-Khas
File:Delhi gate 6.jpg|Delhi gate, by Seeta Ram, 1814–15
File:Agrafortushnish2.jpg|Agra Fort insides
File:AgraFortColumn.jpg|Decorated column
File:Agrafortushnish3.jpg|Decorations on the ceiling
File:Weeks Edwin Gate Of The Fortress At Agra India.jpg|Weeks Edwin Gate of the Fortress at Agra India
File:Inside Red Fort, Agra.jpg|Inside the Fort's extensive compound
File:Agra Fort Rempart.jpg|Rampart of Agra Fort
File:Bathtub of Jahangir.jpg|Bathtub of Jahangir
File:Taj and jamuna river from Agra Fort.jpg|[[Taj Mahal]] and Yamuna river
File:Agra fort, Agra, India.jpg|[[Musamman Burj]] inside
File:Agra Fort Anguri Bagh (side view)-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-b.jpg|Anguri Bagh, the garden in the courtyard
File:Agra Fort Shish Mahal-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-y.jpg|Agra Fort: Shish Mahal
File:Agra Fort John Russell Colvin's Tomb-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-i.jpg|Agra Fort: Hon'ble John Russell Colvin's Tomb
File:Agra India persian poem.jpg|[[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] [[Nastaliq|calligraphy]] in Agra Fort
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Architecture}}}}
* [[Badshahi mosque]]
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Forts in India]]
* [[Humayun's tomb]]
* [[Jama Masjid, Agra|Jama Masjid]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
** [[List of forts in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra circle]]
* [[Taj Mahal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Agra|Agra Fort}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060952/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp Agra Fort (1983), Uttar Pradesh – Archaeological Survey of India]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/agrafort/maps/maps.html Agra Fort map] (from Murray's travel guide, 1909)

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Agra district}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Forts in Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Agra Fort| ]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Mughal fortifications]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]