Editing Ahmet Adnan Saygun

{{Short description|Turkish composer}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ahmet Adnan Saygun
| image              = Adnan Saygun.jpg
| image_size         = 185px
| alt                = Ahmed Adnan Saygun
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1907|09|07}}
| birth_place        = [[İzmir]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1991|01|06|1907|09|07}}
| death_place        = [[Istanbul]], Turkey
| nationality        = Turkish
| other_names        = 
| occupation         = Composer, musicologist, writer
| years_active       = 
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = 
}}

'''Ahmet Adnan Saygun''' ({{IPA|tr|ahˈmet adˈnan sajˈɡun}}; 7 September 1907 – 6 January 1991) was a Turkish composer, [[musicologist]] and writer on music.

One of a group of composers known as the [[The Turkish Five|Turkish Five]] who pioneered [[Music of Turkey#Western influence on Turkish classical music|western classical music in Turkey]], his works show a mastery of Western musical practice, while also incorporating traditional [[Turkish music#Folk music|Turkish folk songs]] and culture. When alluding to folk elements he tends to spotlight one note of the scale and weave a melody around it, based on a [[Turkish makam|Turkish mode]]. His extensive output includes five symphonies, five operas, two piano concertos, concertos for violin, viola and cello, and a wide range of chamber and choral works.

''[[The Times]]'' called him "the grand old man of Turkish music, who was to his country what [[Jean Sibelius]] is to Finland, what [[Manuel de Falla]] is to Spain, and what [[Béla Bartók]] is to Hungary".<ref>"Ahmet Adnan Saygun", ''The Times'', 15 January 1991. p. 12</ref> Saygun was growing up in Turkey when he witnessed radical changes in his country's politics and culture as the [[Atatürk's Reforms|reforms]] of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] had replaced the [[Ottoman Empire]]—which had ruled for nearly 600 years—with a new secular republic based on Western models and traditions. As Atatürk had created a new cultural identity for his people and newly founded nation, Saygun found his role in developing what Atatürk had begun.

==Biography==
[[File:Adnan Ahmet Saygun (young).jpg|thumb|Saygun in his youth]]
Ahmet Adnan Saygun was born in 1907 in İzmir, then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] – in today's Turkey. There were frequent concerts given by the [[Ottoman military band]]s, and performances of Western works by [[chamber music]] ensembles at the time and this influenced Saygun to start his first music lessons in elementary school. He started playing the piano, the Ottoman short-necked lute and the [[oud]] at an early age and quickly found his passion writing music at the age of fourteen. His father who was a mathematics teacher and scholar of religions and literature taught him English and French as well as world religions at an early age. Through rigorous study Saygun was able to translate the music section of the French ''[[Grande Encyclopédie]]'' into a music encyclopedia in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. While in high school, he continued his music lessons with lessons in school as well as from a private teacher and through a theory book which he was given at an early age. In 1926, only two years after his graduation from high school he was appointed as teacher of music at a high school in his native city of İzmir.
[[File:Statue of Ahmet Adnan Saygun at AASSM.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ahmet Adnan Saygun at [[Ahmed Adnan Saygun Arts Center]]]]

In 1928 he was recognized nationally and received a grant to study in France by the Turkish state. He attended the [[Schola Cantorum de Paris]] where he studied composition with [[Vincent d'Indy]], theory  and counterpoint with [[Eugène Borrel]], organ with [[Édouard Souberbielle]] and [[Gregorian chant]] with [[Amédée Gastoué]]. He was further introduced to late-romantic music and French impressionism. During this time his imagination flourished, enabling him to write his first large work for orchestra: ''Divertimento''. This piece won him an award in 1931 in Paris and was performed with great success the same year in Poland and former USSR. In 1931 he returned to Turkey as a music teacher for a new establishment found by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk that aimed to train music teachers with respect to the new law of arts. This suggested that previous training standards had to be changed to meet Western musical standards. Musical education adopted Western musical practices as part of this new era in Turkey.

In 1934 he was appointed as the conductor of the prestigious Presidential Symphony Orchestra. That very same year Atatürk approached Saygun, asking him to write the first Turkish opera. As Saygun was a huge follower of Atatürk he accepted his offer with great warmth and in two months time finished writing the first Turkish opera, ''[[Özsoy (opera)|Özsoy]]''. The opera's theme was the historical friendship between the peoples of Turkey and Iran. Following ''[[Özsoy (opera)|Özsoy]]'''s success Atatürk asked Saygun to write another opera suggesting the heroism of the Turks and Atatürk's devotion to his country and people.

Saygun quickly finished his second opera ''Taşbebek'' in that very same year. This was the year that marked Saygun's career as the musical "voice" of the newly founded republic of Turkey. He now was the musical symbol of his country and had dedicated his works and life for the people and his country, like his great admirer Atatürk.

Following the operas he was neglected in Ankara State Conservatory by its founder [[Paul Hindemith]]. He moved to Istanbul as part of the theory faculty at the Istanbul Municipal Conservatory. In 1936 [[Béla Bartók]] visited Turkey to research the native folk music. Saygun accompanied Bartók on his travels around the country, collecting and transcribing folk songs all through the [[Anatolia]] and [[Osmaniye]] (a region of [[Adana]]), Turkey. Saygun gained immense knowledge of Bartók's style of writing during this trip and learned a great deal about string quartets: they became great friends.

In 1939 he was invited back to [[Ankara]] to further promote Western musical activities and practices. A year later he formed his own organization, ''Ses ve Tel Birliği'', which showcased recitals and concerts throughout the country, further developing public knowledge of Western classical music.

Saygun's international acclaim flourished with his [[oratorio]] [[Yunus Emre (Oratorio)|Yunus Emre]] in 1946. This is an hour-long work written for four vocal soloists, a full chorus and full orchestra that sets a number of poems by the 13th century Anatolian mystic poet [[Yunus Emre]]. This work captures ''Yunus Emre'''s  legacy with the use of Turkish modes and folk melodies, although it is written in the post-romantic style. Since its premiere in Ankara in 1947, the oratorio has been translated into five languages and performed worldwide, including a performance in English at the [[United Nations]] led by conductor [[Leopold Stokowski]] with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] in 1958. This same year he won the [[Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity|Stella della solidarietà]]<ref>[http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=28466 Account of the event]</ref> and the [[Jean Sibelius]] composition awards.

The success of ''Yunus Emre'' encouraged Saygun to compose further large-scale works. In the 1950s he wrote three new operas, his first two symphonies, a piano concerto, and several pieces of chamber music pieces, of which a Paris premiere of the first string quartet (1954) and a premiere of the second string quartet (1958) in [[New York City]] performed by the [[Juilliard String Quartet]] gained him further international exposure. There followed, amongst other works, three more symphonies, concertos for violin and viola and a second piano concerto, and a third string quartet. A fourth quartet remained unfinished at his death.

Saygun was known not only as a composer but also as a scholar as he wrote and published many books on the teaching of music. He was also an ethnomusicologist and a teacher. He greatly influenced the development of western music in Turkey and helped to establish several new music conservatories, and was also a member of the National Education Council and the board of the [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]]. Starting in 1972, he taught composition and ethnomusicology at the Istanbul State Conservatory (later connected to the [[Mimar Sinan University]] and named "Mimar Sinan State Conservatory" in 1986).<ref>Araci, Emre. Ahmed Adnan Saygun: Doğu Batı Arası Müzik Köprüsü: YKY, Istanbul, 2001, p. 177, 210.</ref> Following his death, the Ahmet Adnan Saygun Center for Music Research at [[Bilkent University]] in Ankara, Turkey, was founded where his original manuscripts and archives are also kept.

His works were played by orchestras such as [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], [[Vienna Philharmonic]], [[Vienna Symphony Orchestra]], [[Berliner Symphoniker|Berlin Symphony Orchestra]], [[Munich Philharmonic]], [[Bavarian Radio Orchestra]], [[NDR Radiophilharmonie]] Hannover and numerous others.

The German label [[Classic Produktion Osnabrück|CPO]] has launched a series of works in memoriam of the 100th birthday of the composer in 2007. The records are including Symphonies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Piano Concertos 1, 2, Violin Concerto, Viola Concerto, Cello Concerto, Anatolian Suite and String Quartets 1, 2, 3, 4.

Turkish music historian [[Emre Araci]] published a comprehensive biography and catalogue of Adnan Saygun in 2001 (Yapı Kredi Yayınları, in Turkish), based on his 1999 PhD thesis from the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Araci |first=Emre |date=1999-07-16 |title=Life and works of Ahmed Adnan Saygun |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7680 |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==

===Operas===
*Op. 9  ''[[Özsoy]]'' (one act), 1934
*Op. 11 ''[[Taşbebek]]'' (one act), 1934
*Op. 28 ''[[Kerem (opera)|Kerem]]'' (three acts), 1947–52
*Op. 52 ''[[Köroğlu (opera)|Köroğlu]]'' (three acts, based on the [[Epic of Koroghlu]]), 1973
*Op. 65 ''[[Gilgamesh (Saygun opera)|Gılgameş]]'', 1964–1983

===Ballets===
*Op.17 ''Bir Orman Masalı'' (''A Forest Tale''), 1939–43
*Op.75 ''Kumru Efsanesi'' (''Legend of Kumru''), 1986–89

===Orchestral===
*Op.1 Divertimento, (large orchestra with saxophone and darbuka), 1930
*Op.10/b ''İnci's Book'' (Symphonic arrangement), 1944
*Op.13 ''Magic Dance'', 1934
*Op.14 Suite for Orchestra, 1936
*Op.24 ''Halay'', 1943
*Op.29 Symphony No. 1, 1953
*Op.30 Symphony No. 2, 1958
*Op.39 Symphony No. 3, 1960
*Op.53 Symphony No. 4, 1974
*Op.57 ''Ritual Dance'', 1975
*Op.70 Symphony No. 5, 1985
*Op.72 Variations for Orchestra, 1985

===Vocal/choral-orchestral===
*Op.3 ''Laments'' (tenor solo and male choir), 1932
*Op.6 ''Kızılırmak Türküsü'' (folk song for soprano), 1933
*Op.16 ''Masal Lied'' (baritone solo), 1940
*Op.19 ''Cantata in the Old Style'' (soloists and chorus), 1941
*Op.21 ''Geçen Dakikalarım'' (baritone solo), 1941
*Op.23 Four Folk Songs, 1945
*Op.26 [[Yunus Emre Oratorio|'Yunus Emre' Oratorio]], oratorio (soloists, choir, orchestra), 1942
*Op.41 Ten Folk Songs, 1968
*Op.54 ''Laments - Book II'' (tenor solo, male voices), 1974
*Op.60 ''Mediations on Men I'', 1977
*Op.61 ''Mediations on Men II'', 1977
*Op.63 ''Mediations on Men III'', 1983
*Op.64 ''Mediations on Men IV'', 1978
*Op.66 ''Mediations on Men V'', 1978
*Op.67 ''Epics on Atatürk and Anatolia'', 1981
*Op.69 ''Mediations on Men VI'', 1984

===Concertante===
*Op.34 Piano Concerto No. 1, 1952–58
*Op.44 Violin Concerto, 1967
*Op.59 Viola Concerto, 1977
*Op.71 Piano Concerto No. 2, 1985
*Op.74 Cello Concerto, 1987

===Chamber===
*Op.4 ''Intuitions'' ( two clarinets), 1933
*Op.8 Percussion Quartet (clarinet, saxophone, piano, percussion), 1933
*Op.12 Sonata (piano-cello), 1935
*Op.20 Sonata (piano- violin), 1941
*Op.27 String Quartet No.1, 1947
*Op.33 ''Demet'', Suite for violin and piano,1955
*Op.35 String Quartet No.2, 1957
*Op.37 Trio (oboe, clarinet, harp), 1966
*Op.43 String Quartet No.3, 1966
*Op.46 Wind Quintet, 1968
*Op.49 Deyiş "Dictum" (strings), 1970
*Op.50 Three Preludes (two harps), 1971
*Op.55 Trio (oboe, clarinet, piano), 1975
*Op.62 Concerto da Camera (strings), 1978
*Op.68 Three Folk Songs for Four Harps, 1983
*Op.78 String Quartet No.4-two movements, 1990

===Instrumental===
*Op. 31 Partita for Cello, 1954
*Op. 36 Partita for Violin, 1961

===Piano===
*Op.2 Suite for Piano, 1931
*Op.10/a ''İnci's Book'', 1934
*Op.15 Piano Sonatina, 1938
*Op.25 ''From Anatolia'', 1945
*Op.38 Ten Etudes on "Aksak" Rhythms, 1964
*Op.45 Twelve Preludes on "Aksak" Rhythms,1967
*Op.47 Fifteen Pieces on "Aksak" Rhythms, 1967
*Op.58 Ten Sketches on "Aksak" Rhythms, 1976
*Op.51 ''Short Things'', 1950–52
*Op.56 Ballade (two pianos), 1975
*Op.73 Poem for Three Pianos, 1986
*Op.76 Piano Sonata, 1990

===Choral===
*Op.5 Folk Song, 1933
*Op.7 ''Çoban Armağanı'', 1933
*Op.18 ''Dağlardan Ovalardan'', 1939
*Op.22 ''Bir Tutam Kekik'', 1943, last section variations on [[Kâtibim]]
*Op.42 ''Impressions'' (three female voices), 1935

===Vocal===
*Op.32 Three Ballades, 1955
*Op.48 Four Melodies, 1977

==See also==
*[[Turkish State Opera and Ballet]]
*[[Ahmet Adnan Saygun Arts Center]]
* ''[https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-i-elementary-digital-sheet-music/20132757 Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. I]'' (Sheet Music)
* ''[https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-ii-intermediate-digital-sheet-music/20137157 Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. II]'' (Sheet Music)
* ''[https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-iii-advanced-digital-sheet-music/20189113 Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. III]'' (Sheet Music)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Anon. [n.d.]. "[http://mssf.bilkent.edu.tr/eng/adnan.htm Ahmed Adnan Saygun]" (Bilkent University Faculty of Music and Performing Arts)
* Burton, Anthony. 2002. "Saygun, A. Adnan." In ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', edited by Alison Latham. ''[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e5917 Oxford Music Online]'',  (accessed February 26, 2009). (Subscription access)
* Orga, Ateş. [2006]. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502200731/http://www.musicweb.uk.net/classrev/2006/Apr06/Saygun_Quartets_9999232.htm Ahmed Adnan SAYGUN (1907-1991): Complete String Quartets]}}" (review). ''Music Web International''.

==Further reading==
* Araci, Emre. 1997. "Reforming Zeal". ''The Musical Times'' 138, no. 1855 (September): 12–15.
* Aydin, Yilmaz (2002). ''Die Werke der 'Türkischen Fünf' im Lichte der Musikalischen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Türkei und Europa.'' Europäische Hochshculschriften, Peter Lang Publisher.
* Miller, Philip L., and Franklin B. Zimmerman. 1959. "Current Chronicle: United States: New York". ''The Musical Quarterly'' 45, no. 1 (January): 88–95.
* Weldon, George. 1951. "Music in Turkey". ''Tempo'', New Series, no. 20 (Summer): 29–30.
* Woodard, Kathryn. 2007. “[https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184119/http://www.soniccrossroads.com/research Music Mediating Politics in Turkey: The Case of Ahmed Adnan Saygun]” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East Vol. 27, No. 3, 552-562.
* Zimmerman, Franklin B. 1959. "Reports from Abroad: New York". ''The Musical Times'' 100, no. 1392 (February): 99.

==External links==
*[http://www.jpc.de/jpcng/home/search?fastsearch=saygun&pd_orderby=score Catalog] from JPC
*[https://www.albanyrecords.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=AR&Product_Code=TROY1168&Category_Code=a-Instru Saygun Piano Music] from Albany Records

{{The Turkish Five}}
{{Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism Special Award}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saygun, Ahmed Adnan}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from İzmir]]
[[Category:The Turkish Five]]
[[Category:Turkish opera composers]]
[[Category:Ballet composers]]
[[Category:State Artists of Turkey]]
[[Category:20th-century Turkish classical composers]]
[[Category:Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Turkish male classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Turkish male musicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ankara State Conservatory]]