Editing Ahom language

{{short description|Dead Southwestern Tai language of Northeast India}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ahom
| altname          = Tai-Ahom<ref name="Multitree"/>
| nativename       = {{transliteration|aho|khwám tái ahüm}}(𑜁𑜪𑜨 𑜄𑜩 𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨) 
| revived          = Teaching under educational institutions such as [[Dibrugarh University]] and [[AHSEC]]<ref name="dibru.ac.in">{{cite web |title=Centre for Studies in Languages - Dibrugarh University |url=http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |website=dibru.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
| era = 
| script           = [[Ahom script]]
| image            = Shukla Ahom.svg
| imagecaption     = The word "Ahom" in [[Ahom script]]
| imagescale       = 0.6
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Assam]]
| ethnicity        = [[Ahom people]]
| extinct          = 18th or 19th century AD
| speakers2        = used in religious chants and literary materials
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Kradai
| fam2             = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam3             = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]] (Thai)
| fam4             = Northwestern
| iso3             = aho
| glotto           = ahom1240
| glottorefname    = Ahom
| map              = Taikadai-en1.png
| mapcaption       = '''Tai languages''' Ahom language belongs to Southwestern Tai in north east India
| map2             = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Ahom is classified as Extinct language by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=43–47}}</ref>}}
}}
{{contain special characters | Uncommon Unicode}}
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'''Ahom''' or '''Tai-Ahom'''<ref name="Multitree">{{cite web|title=Ahom|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2012|publisher=[[Linguist List|LINGUIST List]]|access-date=23 December 2024|url=http://multitree.org/codes/aho.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918114402/http://multitree.org/codes/aho.html}}</ref> (Ahom:𑜁𑜪𑜨 𑜄𑜩 𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨 or 𑜁𑜨𑜉𑜫 𑜄𑜩 𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨; {{transliteration|aho|khwám tái ahüm}}) is a [[dormant language|dormant]],<ref>"Linguists and historians are generally united in the view that the Ahom language has been dead for about two hundred years, and that all Ahom use Assamese as their mother tongue." {{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|p=283}}</ref> [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai language]] formerly spoken by the [[Ahom people]]. It's currently undergoing a revival and mainly used in religious and educational purposes.<ref>{{harvcol|Marwah|2020|p=76}}</ref>   Ahom language was the state language of [[Ahom kingdom]]. It was relatively free of both [[Mon-Khmer languages|Mon-Khmer]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] influences and has a written tradition dating back to the 13th century.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The Ahom people established the [[Ahom kingdom]] and ruled parts of the [[Brahmaputra]] river valley in the present day [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The language was the court language of the kingdom, until it began to be replaced by the [[Assamese language]] in the 17th century. Since the early 18th century, there have been no native speakers of the language, though extensive manuscripts in the language still exist today. The tonal system of the language is entirely lost. The language was only partially known by a small group of traditional priests of the [[Ahom religion]], and it was being used only for ceremonial or ritualistic purposes.

There has been efforts to revive the language in recent times.  A reconstructed version is taught in various educational institutions in [[Assam]] by [[AHSEC]] and [[Dibrugarh University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assam Higher Secondary Education Council official Notification |url=https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Notification-Regarding-New-Elective-Subject-Tai-Language-from-the-academic-session-2023-24.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwirm8_1t9mDAxXGUGwGHXQFAxQQFnoECCIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0vUtpiy_ZaIY89aU131O7n|website= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dibru.ac.in">{{cite web |title=Centre for Studies in Languages - Dibrugarh University |url=http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |website=dibru.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Classification==
Tai-Ahom is classified in a Northwestern subgrouping of [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai]] owing to close affinities with [[Shan language|Shan]], [[Khamti language|Khamti]] and, more distantly, [[Thai language|Thai]]. The immediate parent language from which Ahom is descended has been reconstructed as [[Proto-Tai language|Proto-Tai]], a language from 2000 years ago,<ref name="French">French, M. A. (1994). Tai Languages. In ''The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'' (Vol. 4, pp. 4520–4521). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.</ref><ref name="Hongladarom" /> in the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] family (unrelated to Chinese, but possibly related to the [[Austronesian languages]]),<ref name="Blake" /> within the (proposed but debated) subgroup of [[Kam–Tai languages|Kam–Tai]],<ref name="Hongladarom" /> although some say that Tai languages are a discrete family, and are not part of Kra–Dai.<ref name="French" /> Ahom is distinct from but closely related to [[Aiton language|Aiton]],{{sfn|Gogoi|Morey|Pittayaporn|2020|pp=14–42}} which is still spoken in [[Assam]] to this day.

== Description ==
Ahom has characteristics typical of Tai languages, such as:

* Subject Verb Object (SVO) word order<ref name="Diller" /><ref name="Blake" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Buragohain|first=Dipima|date=2011|title=Issues of Language Contact and Shift in Tai Ahom |work=International Conference of South East Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 21) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311770517}}</ref>
* Tonality<ref name="Diller" /><ref name="Blake" /><ref name="French" /><ref name=":0" />
* Monosyllabic roots<ref name="Diller" /><ref name="Blake" /><ref name="French" /><ref name="Hongladarom">Hongladarom, K. (2005). Thai and Tai Languages. In ''Encyclopedia of linguistics'' (Vol. 2, pp. 1098–1101). New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn.</ref>
* Each syllable is tonal, and begins with a consonant or consonant cluster. A vowel or diphthong follows. A final consonant may be added, but is not necessary.<ref name="Hongladarom" />
* Lack of inflection<ref name="Diller" /><ref name="French" />
* Analytic syntax<ref name="Blake">Blake, B. J. (1994). Language Classification. In ''The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'' (Vol. 4, pp. 1952–1957). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.</ref>
When speaking and writing Ahom, much is dependent upon context and the audience interpretation. Multiple parts of the sentence can be left out; verb and adjectives will remain, but other parts of speech, especially pronouns, can be dropped. Verbs do not have tenses, and nouns do not have plurals. Time periods can be identified by adverbs, strings of verbs, or auxiliaries placed before the verb.<ref name="Hongladarom" />
Ahom, like other Tai languages, uses classifiers to identify categories, and repetitions of words to express idiomatic expressions. However, the expressions, classifiers, pronouns, and other sentence particles vary between the Tai languages descended from Proto-Tai, making Tai languages mutually unintelligible.<ref name="Hongladarom" />

It has its own script, the [[Ahom script]].

== History ==
{{main|Ahom people}}
The [[Ahom people]] and their language originated in [[Yunnan]] in south-west [[China]]. They migrated from the border between northern Vietnam and the Guangxi province of China,<ref name="French"/> to the [[Hukawng Valley]], along the upper reaches of the [[Chindwin river]], northern [[Burma]]. In the 13th century, they crossed the [[Patkai Range]].<ref name="auto1">{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|p=276}}</ref> and settled in the [[Brahmaputra River]] valley, in Northeast India.<ref name="Diller">Diller, A. (1993). Tai Languages. In ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'' (Vol. 4, pp. 128–131). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</ref> After increasing their power in Upper Assam, the Ahom people extended their power to the south of the river Brahmaputra and east of the river Dikho, which corresponds to the modern day districts of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar, Assam, where the Ahom still reside today.<ref name="auto1"/> Tai-Ahom was the exclusive court language of the [[Ahom kingdom]], where it was used to write state-histories or '[[Buranji]]s'.<ref>{{harvcol|Terwiel|1992|p=8}}</ref>

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the small Ahom community expanded their rule dramatically toward the west and they successfully saw off challenges from the [[Mughal Empire]] and other invaders.<ref name="auto1"/> The rapid expansion resulted in the Ahom people becoming a small minority in their own kingdom, of which they kept control. During the 17th century, the [[Assamese language]] entered the Ahom court and co-existed with the Tai-Ahom for some time before finally replacing it.<ref>"In (the 17th) century of Ahom-Mughal conflicts, (the Tai) language first coexisted with and then was progressively replaced by Assamese (Asamiya) at and outside the Court." {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11 | date = December 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/report/The_Ahom_Political_System_an_Enquiry_into_the_State_Formation_Process_in_Medieval_Assam_1228-1714/26443978/1/files/48186778.pdf |page=9}}</ref> Eventually the Ahom peasants too adopted the [[Assamese language]] over the Ahom language for secular purposes, while Ahom was restricted to religious use by Ahom priests.<ref name="auto1"/> The everyday usage of Ahom language ceased completely by the early 19th century.<ref>"It seems that by early in the 19th century, everyday usage of Ahom language had ceased and that Ahom people all spoke the [[Assamese language]] as their mother tongue." {{harvcol|Morey|2014|p=50}}</ref><ref name="Hongladarom" /> Although the language is no longer spoken, the exhaustive 1795 Ahom-Assamese lexicon known as the ''Bar Amra'' preserves the lexical forms of the language towards the end of the [[Ahom Kingdom]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The language today is used chiefly for liturgical purposes, and is no longer used in daily life. While the written language (and ritualistic chants) survive in a vast number of written manuscripts, Ahom is therefore usually regarded as a dead language.<ref>{{harvcol|Morey|2014|p=50}}</ref> It retains cultural significance and is used for religious chants and to read literature.<ref name="Diller" /> This is complicated however by the fact that the phonology with its tone system has been completely lost, because the [[Ahom script]] does not mark tone and under-specifies vowel contrasts,<ref name="auto">{{harvcol|Morey|2014|p=55}}</ref> which obscures the meaning of words as tones are important to distinguish the meaning of words in tonal languages.<ref>Dipima Buragohain. ''Issues of Language Contact and Shift in Tai Ahom''</ref>

=== Translation efforts ===
[[File:Tai Script of Ahom Kingdom.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An Ahom manuscript preserved in the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati.]]
Fabricated samples of the Ahom script delayed translation of legitimate Ahom texts. Several publications were created based on the fabricated samples, leading to incorrect grammatical analysis and dictionary resources that acted as a barrier to future researchers. A later translation of ''Ahom Buranji'', a major Ahom script was provided by Golap Chandra Barua, the same man responsible for fabricating samples of translated Ahom script. It was discovered years later, by Professor [[Prasert na Nagara]], that the translation was unreliable. Despite these difficulties, along with the lack of native speakers and specific text, studies in Ahom have prevailed, and certain available scripts have been translated and transliterated, using known words, characters and context.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|pp=283–284}}</ref>

=== Revitalization efforts ===
In 1954, at a meeting of [[Ahom people]] at Patsaku, Sibsagar District, the Tai Historical and Cultural Society of Assam was founded.{{sfn|Terwiel|1992}} Since the late 1960s, Ahom culture and traditions have witnessed a revival. In 1981 the Eastern Tai Literary Organization has been founded in Dhemaji, which produced language text books and publications in the Ahom script. Schools in Dibrugarh and Sibsagar districts started offering Tai language classes, teaching a mix of Tai Ahom, Phakey, Khamti and Central Thai.<ref>{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|p=279}}</ref> The scholar Terwiel notes that the view of the Ahom language being a dead language is hotly contested by Ahom priests and spokesmen of the revival movement. According to them, the language did not die out because Ahom priests still use the language for religious purposes. Some even claim that the priestly class speaks Ahom as their mother tongue. Upon further investigation, it was determined that the priests could decipher the Ahom script and read the words aloud. However, because they did not know any tones, they did not have any idea of the meaning of the words except for the simplest expressions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

According to Terwiel, there are great differences between the old Ahom language of the manuscripts, which is easily recognizable as a Tai language, and what the revivalists call Ahom, which does not follow the rules of Tai grammar. It has also changed greatly regarding semantics, literally translating Assamese into Tai words, which leads to sentences which do not make sense to any Tai speaker. Terwiel therefore calls this revived language 'pseudo-Ahom'. Nevertheless, this revived language has been used passionately by revitalists and many neologisms have been created.<ref>{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|pp=284–285}}</ref> The demand for translation into Tai-Ahom led to the creation of the first adequate modern dictionary by Nomal Chandra Gogoi in 1987, titled ''The Assamese-English-Tai Dictionary''. This dictionary allowed a reader to find the translation of 9,000 Assamese words into English and Tai. This dictionary filled in missing gaps of the Ahom vocabulary with Aiton and Khamti words and if those were not available, Lanna and Thai words were used. The result was a hodgepodge of multiple Tai languages, that was only linked to the Ahom language by the Ahom script in which the dictionary entries were written. The scholar Terwiel recommended in 1992 to base neo-Ahom on the grammar and tones of the very closely related Aiton language, which is still spoken in Assam.{{sfn|Terwiel|1992|pp=6–7}} Summarizing, the revivalists use a language consisting of a mixture of Tai words from multiple Tai languages, overlaid on an Assamese grammatical base.<ref>{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|pp=286}}</ref>

In 1999, the scholar Morey reported that Ahom priests have resorted to compounding words to differentiate between words that are homophones in the revived language, since Ahom lost its tone system. For example in old Ahom, the word ''su'' for tiger and ''su'' for shirt would have sounded differently by pronouncing them with a different tone. In revived Ahom, they are now differentiated by compounding them with another word: ''tu'' for animal and ''pha'' for cloth respectively. Subsequently, ''tu su'' and ''pha su'' can be differentiated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Morey |chapter=Tai languages of Assam, a progress report — Does anything remain of the Tai Ahom language? |year= 2002 |editor1-first= David |editor1-last=Bradley|editor2-first=Maya |editor2-last=Bradley |title= Language Maintenance for Endangered Languages: An Active Approach |location= London |publisher= Curzon Press |pages= 98–113 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34802388 |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

An effort has been made to revive the language by following the phonology of existing sister languages, especially [[Tai Aiton language|Tai-Aiton]] and [[Tai Phake language|Tai-Phake]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The [[Institute of Tai Studies and Research]] (ITSAR), is a Tai-Ahom language teaching institute in [[Moranhat|Moran]], [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]], India, established in 2001 and affiliated to [[Dibrugarh University]]. It offers a one-year Tai-Ahom language diploma course and a three-month certificate course in spoken Tai-Ahom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gogoi |first1=Chao Medini Mohan |title=Revitalization of Endangered Language and Culture of the Ahoms: The Background, Problems and Prospects |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Studies in Languages – Dibrugarh University |url=http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |website=dibru.ac.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2020-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723154536/http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |archive-date=2019-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other initiatives have been taken, such as workshops and language classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/language-route-to-roots-16-sign-up-for-tai-ahom-course-in-guwahati-school/cid/807743 |title=Language route to roots – 16 sign up for Tai Ahom course in Guwahati school |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/workshop-on-tai-ahom-language-organized-at-doomdooma-assam/ |title=Workshop on Tai-Ahom Language Organized at Doomdooma, Assam |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the 'Tai Ahom Yuva Chatra Sanmilan, Assam' (TAYCSA), demanded that the Tai-Ahom language be included in the school curriculum of the state of Assam. They also demanded the creation of a two-year diploma course in Mahdavdeva University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/include-language-in-curriculum-demands-tai-ahom-organization/ |title=Include Language in Curriculum, Demands Tai-Ahom Organization |date=29 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/clamour-for-introduction-tai-language-in-assam-schools.html |title=Clamour for introduction of Tai language in Assam schools |date=28 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>

An online dictionary containing nearly 5,000 entries (see External links) has been created by analyzing old manuscripts, especially the Bar Amra. A descriptive grammar of Ahom, based on the grammar found in old manuscripts, is being worked on. A sketch has been released, titled “A Sketch of Tai Ahom” by Stephen Morey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morey |first1=Stephen |chapter=Metadata and endangered archives: lessons from the Ahom Manuscripts Project |title=In From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme |editor-last= Kominko |editor-first=Maja |location= Cambridge, UK |publisher=Open Book Publishers |date=2015 |pages=31–66 |jstor=j.ctt15m7nhp.13 |isbn=9781783740628 }}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
The Tai Ahom consonants have been reconstructed as the following, by analyzing old texts:{{sfn|Gogoi|Morey|Pittayaporn|2020|pp=14–42}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- class=small
! voiceless
! voiced
! voiceless
! voiced
! voiceless
! voiced
! voiceless
! voiced
! voiceless
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|c}} || || {{IPA link|k}} || || {{IPA link|ʔ}} 
|-
! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} || || {{IPA link|tʰ}} || || || || {{IPA link|kʰ}} || || 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
||| {{IPA link|m}} || || {{IPA link|n}} || || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative]]
| || || {{IPA link|s}} || || || ||  || || {{IPA link|h}} 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || || {{IPA link|l}} || || || || || 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || || || {{IPA link|r}} || || || || || 
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Semi-vowel]]
| || || ||  || || {{IPA link|j}} || || || 
|-
|}

The semi-vowel /w/ is missing from the system, however it is an allophone of /b/ that occurs only in the word final position. Consonants found in the word final position are: /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, j, b [w]/.<ref name=duangthip>{{cite book |last1=Duangthip |last2=Rungkarn |title=Tai-Ahom and standard Thai: a descriptive-comparative study |date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

===Vowels===
Vowels can occur in syllable medial and final positions only. The following vowel inventory has been reconstructed:{{sfn|Gogoi|Morey|Pittayaporn|2020|pp=14–42}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɯ}}
| 
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| 
| 
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| 
| {{IPA link|a}}
| {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

===Tones===
The language had a tone system, but because the Ahom script did not spell out any tones, the tones are now unknown.<ref name=duangthip/><ref name="auto"/>

==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
The Ahom language has the following pronouns:{{sfn|Morey|2010|p=?}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || /kau/ (𑜀𑜧) || /rau/ (𑜍𑜧)
|-
| 2nd || /maɯ/ (𑜉𑜧) || /su/ (𑜏𑜤)
|-
| 3rd || /man/ (𑜉𑜃𑜫) || /kʰau/ (𑜁𑜧)
|}

===Demonstratives===
Ahom uses the proximal demonstrative ''nai'' meaning 'this' and the distal demonstrative ''nan'' meaning 'that'.{{sfn|Morey|2010}}

===Syntax===
Tai-Ahom mainly used an SVO word order, but an SOV word order has also been attested.<ref name=diller>{{cite book |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |chapter=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=22 |editor1-first=Carol J. |editor1-last=Compton |editor2-first= John F. |editor2-last=Hartmann |title=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures |location=DeKalb, IL |publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University}}</ref>

===Nouns===
Classifiers are used when forming plurals, counting entities and when specifically referring to one single entity. Some classifiers are: 'kun' (used for persons), 'tu' (used for animals) and 'an' (general). For example 'khai song tu' means two buffalo, where 'khai' means buffalo, 'song' means two and 'tu' is the classifier for animals.{{sfn|Morey|2010}}

===Interrogatives===
The following interrogatives are found:{{sfn|Morey|2010}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Phonemic !! Meaning
|-
| sang || What
|-
| naɯ/daɯ || What
|-
| rɯ || Why
|-
| ki || How many
|-
| phaɯ || Who
|-
| thaɯ || Where
|}

==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
Ahom has the following basic numerals:<ref name=duangthip/>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" | Cardinal
| /lɯŋ/ || /sɔ:ŋ/ || /sam/ || /si:/ || /ha/ || /ruk/ || /cit/ || /pit/ || /kaw/ || /sip/ || /kawsip/
|-
| 𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 || 𑜏𑜨𑜂𑜫 || 𑜏𑜪 || 𑜏𑜣 || 𑜑𑜡 || 𑜍𑜤𑜀𑜫 || 𑜋𑜢𑜄𑜫 || 𑜆𑜦𑜄𑜫 || 𑜀𑜟𑜨 || 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫 || 𑜀𑜟𑜨 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
|-
| 𑜱 || 𑜲 || 𑜳 || 𑜴 || 𑜵 || 𑜶 || 𑜷 || 𑜸 || 𑜹 || 𑜺 || 𑜻
|-
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 20
|-
! rowspan="3" | Ordinal
| /ʔaj/ || /ŋi:/ || /sam/ || /saj/ || /ŋu:/ || /luk/ || /cit/ || /pit/ || /kaw/ || /sip/ || /kawsip/
|-
| 𑜒𑜊𑜫 || 𑜂𑜣 || 𑜏𑜪 || 𑜏𑜊𑜫 || 𑜂𑜥 || 𑜎𑜤𑜀𑜫 || 𑜋𑜢𑜄𑜫 || 𑜆𑜦𑜄𑜫 || 𑜀𑜟𑜨 || 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫 || 𑜀𑜟𑜨 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
|-
| 1st || 2nd || 3rd || 4th || 5th || 6th || 7th || 8th || 9th || 10th || 20th
|}
0 in Ahom script is "𑜰".

===Comparative table===
Below is a comparative table of Ahom and other Tai languages.
{| class="wikitable" line-height:1.25em;"
![[English language|English]]
!Proto-Southwestern Tai<!--not Proto-Tai--><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/|title=Thai Lexicography Resources|website=sealang.net}}</ref>
![[Thai language|Thai]]
![[Lao language|Lao]]
![[Northern Thai language|Northern Thai]]
![[Shan language|Shan]]
![[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]
![[Standard Zhuang]]
!Ahom:<ref name=duangthip/>
|-
|'''''wind'''''
|*lom
|{{IPA|/lōm/}}
|{{IPA|/lóm/}}
|{{IPA|/lōm/}}
|{{IPA|/lóm/}}
|{{IPA|/lôm/}}
|{{IPA|/ɣum˧˩/}}
|{{IPA|/lum/}}
|-
|'''''town'''''
|*mɯaŋ
|{{IPA|/mɯ̄aŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/mɯ́aŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/mɯ̄aŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/mɤ́ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/mɤ̂ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/mɯŋ˧/}}
|{{IPA|/mɯng/}}
|-
|'''''earth'''''
|*ʔdin
|{{IPA|/dīn/}}
|{{IPA|/dìn/}}
|{{IPA|/dīn/}}
|{{IPA|/lǐn/}}
|{{IPA|/dín/}}
|{{IPA|/dei˧/}}
|{{IPA|/nin/}}
|-
|'''''fire'''''
|*vai/aɯ
|{{IPA|/fāj/}}
|{{IPA|/fáj/}}
|{{IPA|/fāj/}}
|{{IPA|/pʰáj/}} or {{IPA|/fáj/}}
|{{IPA|/fâj/}}
|{{IPA|/fei˧˩/}}
|{{IPA|/pʰaj/}}
|-
|'''''heart'''''
|*čai/aɯ
|{{IPA|/hǔa tɕāj/}}
|{{IPA|/hǔa tɕàj/}}
|{{IPA|/hǔa tɕǎj/}}
|{{IPA|/hǒ tsǎɰ/}}
|{{IPA|/hó tɕáj/}}
|{{IPA|/sim/}}
|{{IPA|/caj/}}
|-
|'''''love'''''
|*rak
|{{IPA|/rák/}}
|{{IPA|/hāk/}}
|{{IPA|/hák/}}
|{{IPA|/hâk/}}
|{{IPA|/hak/}}
|{{IPA|/kʲaj˧˩/}}
|{{IPA|/hak/}}
|-
|'''''water'''''
|*naam
|{{IPA|/náːm/}}
|{{IPA|/nâːm/}}
|{{IPA|/náːm/}}
|{{IPA|/nâm/}}
|{{IPA|/nà̄m/}}
|{{IPA|/ɣaem˦˨/}}
|{{IPA|/nam/}}
|-
|-
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Ahom alphabet]]
*[[Ahom people]]
*[[Ahom Kingdom]]
*[[All Tai Ahom Students Union]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Morey |first=Stephen |url= https://hdl.handle.net/1839/00-0000-0000-0015-4653-8 |quote=A sketch of Tai Ahom, as recorded in original manuscripts to appear in Das, Biswajit and Phukan Basumatary (eds). |date=2010 |isbn=978-93-80454-30-6 |title=Asamīẏā āru Asamara bhāshā |trans-title=Assamese and the languages of Assam |location=Guwāhāṭī |publisher=AANK-Bank. |hdl=1839/00-0000-0000-0015-4653-8 |editor1-last=Das |editor1-first=Biswajit |editor2-last=Basumatary |editor2-first=Phukan Chandra |oclc=757135305}}
* {{citation |last=Morey |first=Stephen |contribution=Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India|editor-last=Cardoso |editor-first=Hugo C. |title=Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia |pages=46–77 |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press|place=Honolulu |year=2014}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gogoi |first1=Poppy |last2=Morey |first2=Stephen |last3=Pittayaporn |first3=Pittayawat |date=2020-09-08 |title=The Tai Ahom Sound System as Reflected by the Texts Recorded in the Bark Manuscripts |url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52468 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=13 |issue=2 |issn=1836-6821}}
* {{cite journal| last = Terwiel| first=B.J.| title = Recreating the Past: Revivalism in Northeastern India.| journal= Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde| volume=152 |number= 2| year=1996| pages= 275–92| jstor=27864746| doi=10.1163/22134379-90003014| doi-access= free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Terwiel |first1=B. J. |title=Tai Ahoms and the Stars: Three Ritual Texts to Ward off Danger |date=1992}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marwah |first1=Reena |title=Reimagining India-thailand Relations: A Multilateral And Bilateral Perspective|date=2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGLcDwAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141227202309/http://tadcassam.org/ tadcassam.org] Tai Ahom Development Council (TADC) Official website.
* [[Paradisec|PARADISEC]] [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/SDM04 open access recording] of a speaker of Ahom reading the book Khon Mu'ng Lum Phai and then explaining the text.
* [http://sealang.net/ahom Tai Ahom Online Dictionary]

{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahom Language}}
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Southwestern Tai languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Language revival]]