Editing Al Kooper

{{Short description|American songwriter, record producer and musician (born 1944)}}
{{Distinguish|Al Cooper|Alice Cooper}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->
| name              = Al Kooper
| image             = Al Kooper 22A.jpg
| caption           = Kooper in 2009
| birth_name        = Alan Peter Kuperschmidt
| alias             = Roosevelt Gook
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1944|02|05}}
| birth_place       = New York City, U.S.<!-- Do not link, per (MOS:OVERLINK)-->
| instrument        = {{hlist|Vocals|keyboards|guitar|bass|percussion|[[mandolin]]}}
| genre             = {{hlist|[[Blues]]|[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Rock music|rock]]}}
| occupation        = {{hlist|Musician|songwriter|producer}}
| years_active      = 1958–2021
| label             = {{hlist|[[ABC Records|ABC]]|Columbia|United Artists}}
| past_member_of    = {{ubl|[[The Blues Project]]|[[Blood, Sweat & Tears]]|[[The Royal Teens]]}}
| website           = {{URL|alkooper.com}}
}}

'''Al Kooper''' (born '''Alan Peter Kuperschmidt'''; February 5, 1944) is an American songwriter, record producer, and musician. Throughout much of the 1960s and 1970s he was a prolific studio musician, including playing organ on the [[Bob Dylan]] song "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]", French horn and piano on [[the Rolling Stones]] song "[[You Can't Always Get What You Want]]", and lead guitar on [[Rita Coolidge]]'s "[[The Lady's Not for Sale]]". He also formed and named [[Blood, Sweat & Tears]], though he did not stay with the group long enough to share in its subsequent popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary James' Interview With Al Kooper |url=http://www.classicbands.com/AlKooperInterview.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.classicbands.com}}</ref> Kooper produced a number of one-off collaboration albums, such as the ''[[Super Session]]'' album that saw him work separately with guitarists [[Mike Bloomfield]] and [[Stephen Stills]].

In the 1970s Kooper was a successful manager and producer, recording [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]'s first three albums. He has had a successful solo career, writing music for film soundtracks, and has lectured in musical composition. Kooper was selected for induction to the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2023.

== Early life ==
Kooper was Alan Peter Kuperschmidt born in [[Brooklyn]], New York City, on February 5, 1944.<ref name="The Great Rock Discography">{{cite book |last=Strong |first=Martin C. |title=The Great Rock Discography |publisher=Mojo Books |location=Edinburgh, UK |edition=5th |year=2000 |pages=543–544 |isbn=1-84195-017-3}}</ref><ref name=UPI02052025>{{cite news|title=UPI Almanac for Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2025|work=UPI|date=February 5, 2025|accessdate=February 6, 2025|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2025/02/05/UPI-Almanac-for-Wednesday-Feb-5-2025/7071738722532/}}</ref>  He grew up in a Jewish family in [[Hollis Hills, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilentz |first=Sean |title=Like a Rolling Stone: Rock legend Al Kooper opens up to Princeton's Sean Wilentz about making music with Bob Dylan, and more |url=http://tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/music/128616/like-a-rolling-stone |website=Tabletmag.com |publisher=Nextbook Inc. |date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=May 10, 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.limusichalloffame.org/inductees/al-kooper/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |title=Al Kooper - Long Island Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame |date=November 6, 2017 }}</ref>

==Career==
===Professional debut===
Kooper's first professional work was as a 14-year-old guitarist in [[the Royal Teens]], best known for their 1958 [[ABC Records]] [[novelty song]] "[[Short Shorts]]" (although Kooper did not play on that recording).<ref>[http://www.furious.com/perfect/alkooper.html Friedman, Tyler, "Al Kooper: An Appreciation"], ''Perfect Sound Forever'', April 2007)</ref> In 1960, he teamed up with songwriters Bob Brass and [[Irwin Levine]] to write and record demos for Sea-Lark Music Publishing. The trio's biggest hits were "[[This Diamond Ring]]", recorded by [[Gary Lewis and the Playboys]], and "[[I Must Be Seeing Things]]", recorded by [[Gene Pitney]] (both 1965). When he was 21, Kooper moved to [[Greenwich Village]] in [[Manhattan]].

===With Bob Dylan===
He first performed with [[Bob Dylan]] playing the [[Hammond organ]] riffs on "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luhrssen |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phsIDgAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Classic Rock |last2=Larson |first2=Michael |date=2017-02-24 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3514-8 |language=en}}</ref> He had been invited to watch the recording by producer [[Tom Wilson (producer)|Tom Wilson]]. In those recording sessions, Kooper met and befriended [[Mike Bloomfield]], whose guitar playing he admired. He worked with Bloomfield for several years. In 1965, Kooper played with Dylan in concert and played Hammond organ with Dylan at the [[Newport Folk Festival]] and in the recording studio in 1965 and 1966. He played organ once again with Dylan during his 1981 world tour.

===The Blues Project and Blood, Sweat & Tears===
[[File:Al Kooper organist circa 1966.jpg|thumb|Kooper with the Blues Project, {{circa|1966}}]]
Kooper joined [[the Blues Project]] as their keyboardist in 1965. He left the band shortly before their [[concert|gig]] at the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967, although he did play a solo set, as evidenced by [[The Criterion Collection]] Blu-ray extended edition of the event.<ref name = "Criterion Collection Outakes">
{{cite web
 | first1      = D.A.
 | last1       = Pennebaker
 | title       = MONTEREY POP Outtakes: Al Kooper
 | website     = The Criterion Collection
 | url         = https://www.criterionchannel.com/videos/outtakes-al-kooper
 | access-date = 14 January 2024
 | location    = New York
 | date        = 2017
 }}</ref> He formed [[Blood, Sweat & Tears]] in 1967, leaving due to creative differences in 1968, after the release of the group's first album, ''[[Child Is Father to the Man]]''.<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years 2">{{cite book |last=Tobler |first=John |title=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years |publisher=[[Reed International Books Ltd]] |location=London |edition=1st |year=1992 |page=232 |id=CN 5585}}</ref> He recorded ''[[Super Session]]'' with Bloomfield and [[Stephen Stills]] in 1968,<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years 3">{{cite book |last=Tobler |first=John |title=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years |publisher=Reed International Books Ltd |location=London |edition=1st |year=1992 |page=259 |id=CN 5585}}</ref> and in 1969 he collaborated with 15-year-old guitarist [[Shuggie Otis]] on the album ''[[Kooper Session]]''. In 1972, he rejoined The Blues Project at a charity concert promoted by [[Bruce Blakeman]] at [[Valley Stream Central High School]].

===Other work===
====As musician====
Kooper has played on hundreds of [[Gramophone record|records]], including ones by [[the Rolling Stones]], [[B.B. King]], [[the Who]], [[the Jimi Hendrix Experience]], [[Alice Cooper]], and [[Cream (band)|Cream]]. On occasion he overdubbed his own efforts, as on ''[[The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper]]'' and other albums, under the pseudonym "Roosevelt Gook".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Rush's "Take a Little Walk with Me" Liner Notes |url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/takealittle.html |url-status=live |website=Richieunterberger.com |access-date=November 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128120655/http://richieunterberger.com/takealittle.html |archive-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>

====As record producer====
In 1969, Kooper produced, arranged, and conducted the album ''Appaloosa'', a "folk-baroque" style of music that combined rock and classical. Among other artists who were all arranging folk-oriented material with classical-influenced orchestration were [[Judy Collins]], [[Donovan]], [[Tim Hardin]], and [[Tom Rush]]. Kooper was joined by Boston musicians John Parker Compton, singer and acoustic guitarist, Robin Batteau on violin, Eugene Rosov on cello, and David Reiser on electric bass. Contributing to the album was saxophonist [[Fred Lipsius]] and Blood, Sweat & Tears drummer [[Bobby Colomby]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Liner Notes for Appaloosa's "Appaloosa" |url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/appaloosa.html |website=Richieunterberger.com |access-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> After moving to [[Atlanta]] in 1972, he discovered the band [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], and produced and performed on their first three albums, including the [[singles (music)|singles]] "[[Sweet Home Alabama (song)|Sweet Home Alabama]]" and "[[Free Bird]]". In 1975 he produced the debut album of [[the Tubes]].

====TV scores====
Kooper wrote the scores for the TV series ''[[Crime Story (U.S. TV series)|Crime Story]]'' and the film ''[[The Landlord]]'', as well as several made-for-television movies. He was the musical force behind many pop tunes, including "You're the Lovin' End", for ''[[The Banana Splits]]'', a children's television program.

====Studio====
In the late 1980s, Kooper had his own dedicated keyboard studio in the historic Sound Emporium recording studio in Nashville, next to [[RCA Studio B|Studio B]].

====Rock Bottom Remainders====
Kooper's status as a published author enabled him to join (and act as musical director of) the [[Rock Bottom Remainders]], a band made up of writers including [[Dave Barry]], [[Barbara Kingsolver]], [[Stephen King]], [[Amy Tan]], and [[Matt Groening]].

====New Music For Old People====
Kooper wrote a column called "New Music For Old People" for the online publication The Morton Report<ref>{{cite web | last=Sigman | first=Michael | title=Amazing Playlists From A Legend Who Worked With Dylan And The Stones | website=HuffPost | date=2012-06-25 | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/for-al-kooper-everything_b_1621242 | access-date=2024-12-28}}</ref> from April 2014 to April 2015. This later led to a radio show by the same name, which began in October 2018, for Martha's Vineyard community radio station [[WVVY-LP]]. The first 11 editions can be found online.

====Magazine writer====
Kooper profiled [[Steve Martin]] for [[Crawdaddy (magazine)|Crawdaddy]] Magazine in 1977.

====Kooperkast====

Kooper's podcast, ''Kooperkast'', started in late 2020. Hosted by webmaster Jon Sachs, Kooper discusses his experiences in his more than 60 years in the music industry, including his solo albums, Bob Dylan and Lynyrd Skynyrd. He answers questions that can be submitted on the Kooperkast page on his website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Website of Al Kooper |url=https://alkooper.com/kooperkast.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=alkooper.com}}</ref>

===Honors, awards, and legacy===
[[File:Kooper at keyboards 2013.jpg|thumb|240px|Kooper celebrating his 68th birthday at the Regatta Bar in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on February 4, 2012]]
In May 2001, Kooper was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from [[Berklee College of Music]] in Boston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixonline.com/news/profiles/elvin-jones-al-kooper-receive-honorary-doctorates/375416|title=Elvin Jones, Al Kooper Receive Honorary Doctorates - Mixonline|website=Mixonline.com|date=October 8, 2001 |access-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> He taught songwriting and recording production there. He plays weekend concerts with his bands the ReKooperators and the Funky Faculty. In 2008, he participated in the production of the album ''Psalngs'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Music of John Lefebvre |url=https://johnlefebvre.com/music/ |url-status=dead |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307044235/http://www.psalngs.com/press/releases/psalngs-pr.html |archive-date=March 7, 2010}}</ref> the debut release of Canadian musician [[John Lefebvre]].

Kooper was inducted into the [[Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum]], in [[Nashville]], in 2008.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |title=Kid Rock, Keith Richards Help Induct Crickets, Muscle Shoals into Musicians Hall of Fame |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kid-rock-keith-richards-help-induct-crickets-muscle-shoals-into-musicians-hall-of-fame-20081029 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=October 29, 2008 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008041851/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kid-rock-keith-richards-help-induct-crickets-muscle-shoals-into-musicians-hall-of-fame-20081029 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2005, [[Martin Scorsese]] produced a documentary titled ''[[No Direction Home: Bob Dylan]]'' for the PBS American Masters Series, in which Kooper's contributions are recognized.

In 2023, Kooper was selected for induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in the Award for Musical Excellence category.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Graff |first1=Gary |title=Al Kooper Is 'Quite Surprised and Amused' by 2023 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Induction |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/al-kooper-2023-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-2023-induction-1235320768/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=8 May 2023 |date=3 May 2023}}</ref>

==Memoir==
Kooper published a memoir, ''Backstage Passes: Rock 'n' Roll Life in the Sixties'' (1977), which was revised and published as ''[[Backstage Passes and Backstabbing Bastards|Backstage Passes and Backstabbing Bastards: Memoirs of a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor]]'' (1998). The revised edition includes indictments of "manipulators" in the [[music industry]], including his one-time business manager, [[Stan Polley]]. An updated edition, including supplementary material, was published by [[Backbeat Books]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Backstage Passes & Backstabbing Bastards: Memoirs of a Rock 'N' Roll Survivor|url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781617745362/Backstage-Passes-and-Backstabbing-Bastards-Memoirs-of-a-Rock-'N'-Roll-Survivor |website=rowman.com}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Solo===
====Studio albums====
* ''[[I Stand Alone (Al Kooper album)|I Stand Alone]]'' (February 1969)
* ''[[You Never Know Who Your Friends Are]]'' (October 1969)
* ''[[Easy Does It (Al Kooper album)|Easy Does It]]'' (September 1970)
* ''[[New York City (You're a Woman)]]'' (June 1971)
* ''[[A Possible Projection of the Future / Childhood's End]]'' (April 1972)
* ''[[Naked Songs (Al Kooper album)|Naked Songs]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Act Like Nothing's Wrong]]'' (January 1977)
* ''Championship Wrestling'' (featuring [[Jeff "Skunk" Baxter]]) (1982)
* ''Rekooperation'' (June 1994)
* ''Black Coffee'' (August 2005)
* ''White Chocolate'' (2008)

====Live albums====
* ''Soul of a Man'' (February 1995)

====Soundtracks====
* ''The Landlord: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'' (with [[the Staple Singers]] and [[Lorraine Ellison]])

====Compilation albums====
* ''[[Al's Big Deal – Unclaimed Freight]] (An Al Kooper Anthology)'' (1975)
* ''Rare and Well Done: The Greatest and Most Obscure Recordings 1964–2001'' (2001)
* ''50/50 (50 Tracks/50 Years)'' (2008)

===Collaborations===
* ''[[Super Session]]'' (with [[Stephen Stills]] and [[Mike Bloomfield]]) (1968)
* ''[[The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper]]'' (February 1969)
* ''Fillmore East: The Lost Concert Tapes 12/13/68'' (with Mike Bloomfield, recorded 1968, issued April 2003)
* ''[[Kooper Session]]: Super Session Vol. 2'' (with [[Shuggie Otis]]) (1969)
* ''Johnnie B. Live'' (with [[Johnnie Johnson (musician)|Johnnie Johnson]]) (1997)

===Other appearances===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Artist
!Album name
!Role(s)
|-
|1965||rowspan ="2"| [[Bob Dylan]]||''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]''||Piano, organ
|-
|rowspan ="4"| 1966||''[[Blonde on Blonde]]''||Organ, guitar
|-
|[[Tom Rush]]||''Take a Little Walk with Me''||Electric guitar, celesta, liner notes
|-
|rowspan ="3"| [[The Blues Project]]||''[[Live at The Cafe Au Go Go]]''||Organ, vocals
|-
|''[[Projections (The Blues Project album)|Projections]]''||Keyboards, vocals
|-
|rowspan ="2"| 1967||''The Blues Project Live at Town Hall''||Keyboards
|-
||[[The Who]]||''[[The Who Sell Out]]''||Organ
|-
|rowspan ="3"|1968||[[Blood, Sweat And Tears|Blood, Sweat and Tears]]||''[[Child Is Father to the Man|Child is Father to the Man]]''||Organ, piano, vocals, [[ondioline]]
|-
||[[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]||''[[Electric Ladyland]]''||Piano
|-
|rowspan ="2"|[[Don Ellis]]||''[[Autumn (Don Ellis album)|Autumn]]''||rowspan ="2"| Producer
|-
|rowspan ="3"|1969||''[[The New Don Ellis Band Goes Underground]]''
|-
|[[The Rolling Stones]]||''[[Let It Bleed]]''||piano, French horn and organ
|-
|[[B.B. King]]||''[[Live & Well (B.B. King album)|Live & Well]]''||Piano
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1970||rowspan ="2"|Bob Dylan||''[[Self Portrait (Bob Dylan album)|Self Portrait]]''||Guitar, horn, keyboards
|-
||''[[New Morning (album)|New Morning]]''||Organ, piano, electric guitar, French horn
|-
|rowspan ="3"|1971||The Who||''[[Who's Next]]''||Hammond organ
|-
||[[Bo Diddley]]||''[[Another Dimension]]''||Keyboards, guitar
|-
|rowspan ="2"|[[Rita Coolidge]]||''[[Nice Feelin']]''||Organ
|-
|1972||''[[The Lady's Not for Sale]]''||Lead guitar
|-
|rowspan ="4"|1973|| [[Betty Wright]]||''Hard To Stop''||Arranger, composer, keyboards, main personnel
|-
|Frankie & Johnny{{efn|Al Kooper, Frank Ruby and John Paul Fetta.}}||''The Sweetheart Sampler''||Producer
|-
||[[Atlanta Rhythm Section]]||''[[Back Up Against the Wall]]''||Synthesiser, ARP
|-
|rowspan ="2"|[[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]||''[[Pronounced Leh-Nerd Skin-Nerd]]''||Producer, engineer, bass, Mellotron, back-up harmony, mandolin, bass drum, organ
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1974||''[[Second Helping]]''||Producer, backing vocals, piano
|-
|[[Roger McGuinn]]||''[[Peace on You]]''||Guitar, piano, clavinet, arrangements, conductor
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1975||Lynyrd Skynyrd||''[[Nuthin' Fancy]]''||rowspan ="2"|Producer
|-
||[[The Tubes]]||''[[The Tubes (album)|The Tubes]]''
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1979||[[Leo Sayer]]||''[[Here (Leo Sayer album)|Here]]''||Organ, synthesizer, keyboards, performer
|-
|4 on the Floor||''4 on the Floor''||Producer
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1981||[[George Harrison]]||''[[Somewhere in England]]''||Keyboards, synthesisers
|-
||[[Ringo Starr]]||''[[Stop and Smell the Roses (Ringo Starr album)|Stop and Smell the Roses]]''||Piano, electric guitar
|-
|1985||rowspan ="2"|Bob Dylan||''[[Empire Burlesque]]''||Rhythm guitar
|-
|1986||''[[Knocked Out Loaded]]''|| Keyboards
|-
|1989||[[Roy Orbison]]||''[[Mystery Girl]]''||Organ
|-
|1990||Bob Dylan||''[[Under the Red Sky]]''||Hammond organ, keyboards
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1991||[[Dave Sharp]]||''Hard Traveling''||Guest artist
|-
||[[Green On Red]]||''Scapegoats''||Producer
|-
||1996||[[Neil Diamond]]||''[[Tennessee Moon]]''||Hammond organ
|-
|1998||[[Phoebe Snow]]||''I Can't Complain''||Guest artist, Hammond organ
|-
|2000||[[Dan Penn]]||''Blue Nite Lounge''||Keyboards
|-
|2000||[[Peter Parcek]]||''Evolution''||Keyboards<ref name="AMG">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/peter-parcek-mn0000713167/biography|title=Peter Parcek &#124; Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2003||[[Chris Catena]]||''Freak Out''||Guest artist, Keyboards
|-
|2010||[[Peter Parcek]]||''The Mathematics of Love''||Keyboards<ref name="AMG"/>
|}

====Sources====
* Mike Bloomfield, ''Me and Big Joe'', Re/Search Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|1-889307-05-X}}, {{ISBN|978-1-889307-05-3}}.
* Jan Mark Wolkin and Bill Keenom, ''Michael Bloomfield -- If You Love These Blues: An Oral History'',  Backbeat Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-87930-617-5}} (with CD of unissued music).
* Ken Brooks, ''The Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper with Paul Butterfield and David Clayton Thomas'', Agenda, 1999, {{ISBN|1-899882-90-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-899882-90-8}}.
* Al Kooper, ''Backstage Passes: Rock 'n' Roll Life in the Sixties'', Stein & Day, 1977, {{ISBN|0-8128-2171-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8128-2171-0}}.
* Al Kooper, ''Backstage Passes and Backstabbing Bastards: Memoirs of a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor'' (updated ed.), Billboard Books, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8230-8257-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0823082575}}.
* Al Kooper, ''Backstage Passes and Backstabbing Bastards'' (new ed.), Hal Leonard, 2008, {{ISBN|0-87930-922-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87930-922-0}}.
* Ed Ward, ''Michael Bloomfield: The Rise and Fall of an American Guitar Hero'', Cherry Lane Books,1983, {{ISBN|0-89524-157-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0895241573}}.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.alkooper.com/ Official Al Kooper website]
* [https://www.myspace.com/httpwwwmyspacecomallkooper Al Kooper's Myspace page with Bio]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1625760 Extensive audio interview with Terry Gross on NPR's 'Fresh Air' program, January 3, 2004]

{{Blood, Sweat & Tears}}
{{Al Kooper}}
{{2023 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kooper, Al}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American male organists]]
[[Category:American session musicians]]
[[Category:American multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:Songwriters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music faculty]]
[[Category:Martin Van Buren High School alumni]]
[[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Blood, Sweat & Tears members]]
[[Category:Rock Bottom Remainders members]]
[[Category:ABC Records artists]]
[[Category:Jewish American rock musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American keyboardists]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American organists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:The Blues Project members]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:American male songwriters]]