Editing Alan Watts

{{Short description|Writer and lecturer (1915–1973)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|name             = Alan Watts
|image            = Alan Watts.png
|caption          =
|birth_name       = Alan Wilson Watts
|birth_date       = {{Birth date|1915|01|6|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[Chislehurst]], Kent, England
|death_date       = {{Death date and age|1973|11|16|1915|01|06|df=y}}
|death_place      = [[Marin County, California]], US
|alma_mater       = [[Seabury-Western Theological Seminary]]
|spouse           = {{Unbulleted list | {{marriage|Eleanor Everett|1938|1949|end=div}} | {{marriage|Dorothy DeWitt|1950|1963|end=div}} | {{marriage|Mary Jane Yates King|1964}}}}
|children         = 7
|notable_works    = {{Unbulleted list | ''[[Behold the Spirit]]'' (1947) | ''[[The Way of Zen]]'' (1957) |''Nature, Man and Woman'' (1958) |''[[Tao: The Watercourse Way]]'' (1975)}}
| region           =[[Western philosophy]]
| era              = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Zen]] | [[Taoism]] | [[Hinduism]] | [[perennialism]]<ref name="NR">{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737601/summary|title=Alan Watts – In the Academy: Essays and Lectures ed. by Peter J. Columbus and Donadrian L. Rice (review)|last=Lowe|first=Scott|journal=Nova Religio|date=February 2019|volume=22|issue=3|pages=129–130|doi=10.1525/nr.2019.22.3.129|s2cid=151087402|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}
|institutions     = {{hlist | [[The King's School Canterbury]] | [[California Institute of Integral Studies|American Academy of Asian Studies]] | [[Elsa Gidlow|Society for Comparative Philosophy]] | [[San Jose State University]]}}
|main_interests   = {{hlist | [[Aesthetics]] | [[metaphysics]] | [[mysticism]] | [[philosophy of life]] | [[philosophy of mind]] | [[philosophy of religion]] | [[philosophy of self]] | [[psychology]] | [[theology]]}}
| website = {{URL|alanwatts.org}} 
| signature = Alan Watts signature.svg
}}

'''Alan Wilson Watts''' (6 January 1915 – 16 November 1973) was a British and American writer, speaker, and self-styled "philosophical entertainer",<ref name="furlong">{{cite book |last1=Furlong |first1=Monica |author1-link=Monica Furlong |title=Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts |date= March 2001 |publisher=SkyLight Paths |isbn=1893361322 |page=150 |edition=1  }}</ref> known for interpreting and popularising [[Buddhist]], [[Taoist]], and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] philosophy for a Western audience.<ref>James Craig Holte ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWJoPT3zBK0C&dq=Alan+Watts+american+citizen&pg=PA199 The Conversion Experience in America: A 'Sourcebook on American Religious Conversion Autobiography]'' page 199</ref>

Watts gained a following while working as a volunteer programmer at the [[KPFA]] radio station in [[Berkeley, California]]. He wrote more than 25 books and articles on religion and philosophy, introducing the [[Beat Generation]] and the emerging [[Counterculture of the 1960s| counterculture]] to ''[[The Way of Zen]]'' (1957), one of the first best selling books on Buddhism. In ''Psychotherapy East and West'' (1961), he argued that [[psychotherapy]] could become the West's way of liberation if it discarded [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]], as the Eastern ways do. He considered ''Nature, Man and Woman'' (1958) to be, "from a literary point of view—the best book I have ever written".<ref>{{cite book |last=Watts |first=Alan W. |year=1973 |title=In My Own Way: An Autobiography 1915–1965 |publisher=[[Pantheon Books]] |location=New York |page=280}}</ref> He also explored human consciousness and [[psychedelic]]s in works such as "The New Alchemy" (1958) and ''The Joyous Cosmology'' (1962).

His lectures found posthumous popularity through regular broadcasts on public radio, especially in California and New York, and more recently on the internet, on sites and apps such as [[YouTube]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ozy.com/good-sht/the-dead-philosopher-injecting-spirituality-into-mass-culture-on-youtube/96746 |title=A Dead Philosopher Makes New Connections on YouTube |last=Braswell |first=Sean |date=8 October 2019 |website=www.ozy.com |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015171437/http://www.ozy.com/good-sht/the-dead-philosopher-injecting-spirituality-into-mass-culture-on-youtube/96746 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Spotify]].

==Early years==
[[File:Alan Watts age7.JPG|thumb|upright|Watts aged 7]]

Watts was born to middle-class parents in [[Chislehurst]], Kent on 6 January 1915, living at Rowan Tree Cottage, 3 (now 5) Holbrook Lane.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psou-_umYQE In a 1973 interview, reading from his own autobiography, Watts estimates his time of birth as 6.20 am]</ref> Watts's father, Laurence Wilson Watts, was a representative for the London office of the [[Michelin]] tyre company. His mother, Emily Mary Watts (née Buchan), was a housewife whose father had been a missionary. With little money, they chose to live in the countryside, and Watts, an only child, learned the names of wild flowers and butterflies.<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, Part 1</ref> Probably because of the influence of his mother's religious family<ref>''Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts'', by Monica Furlong, p. 12.</ref> the Buchans, Watts became interested in spirituality. Watts was interested in storybook fables and romantic tales of the mysterious Far East.<ref>''Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts'', by [[Monica Furlong]], p. 22</ref> He attended [[The King's School Canterbury]] where he was a contemporary and friend of [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]].<ref>Patrick Leigh Fermor An Adventure, Artemis Cooper, John Murray 2012, page 23,</ref>

Watts later wrote of a mystical dream he experienced while ill with a fever as a child.<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, p. 322</ref> During this time he was influenced by Far Eastern landscape paintings and embroideries that had been given to his mother by missionaries returning from China. The few Chinese paintings Watts was able to see in England riveted him, and he wrote "I was aesthetically fascinated with a certain clarity, transparency, and spaciousness in Chinese and Japanese art. It seemed to float..."<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, pp. 71–72.</ref> These works of art emphasised the participatory relationship of people in nature, a theme that stood fast throughout his life and one that he often wrote about. (See, for instance, the last chapter in ''[[The Way of Zen]]''.<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1957, Part 2, Chapter 4</ref>)

===Buddhism===

By his own assessment, Watts was imaginative, headstrong, and talkative. He was sent to boarding schools (which included both academic and religious training of the "[[Muscular Christianity|Muscular Christian]]" sort) from early years. Of this religious training, he remarked "Throughout my schooling, my religious indoctrination was grim and maudlin."<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, p. 60</ref>

Watts spent several holidays in France in his teen years, accompanied by Francis Croshaw, a wealthy [[Epicureanism|Epicurean]] with strong interests in both [[Buddhism]] and exotic, little-known aspects of European culture. Watts felt forced to decide between the [[Anglican]] Christianity he had been exposed to and the Buddhism he had read about in various libraries, including Croshaw's. He chose Buddhism, and sought membership in the [[London Buddhist Lodge]], which was then run by the barrister and [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] [[Christmas Humphreys]] (who later became a judge at the Old Bailey). Watts became the organization's secretary at 16 (1931). The young Watts explored several styles of [[meditation]] during these years.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
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===Education===
Watts won a scholarship to [[The King's School, Canterbury]], the oldest boarding school in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-01 |title=The lazy mysticism of Alan Watts |url=https://www.philosophyforlife.org/blog/the-lazy-mysticism-of-alan-watts |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Philosophy for Life |language=en-US}}</ref>  Though he was frequently at the top of his classes scholastically and was given responsibilities at school, he botched an opportunity for a scholarship to [[Trinity College, Oxford]] by styling a crucial examination essay in a way that he said was read as "presumptuous and capricious".<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, p. 102</ref>

When he left King's, Watts worked in a printing house and later a bank. He spent his spare time involved with the [[Buddhist Society|Buddhist Lodge]] and also under the tutelage of a "rascal guru", [[Dimitrije Mitrinović]], who was influenced by [[P. D. Ouspensky|Peter Demianovich Ouspensky]], [[George Gurdjieff|G. I. Gurdjieff]], and the psychoanalytical schools of [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[Carl Jung|Jung]] and [[Alfred Adler|Adler]]. Watts also read widely in philosophy, history, psychology, psychiatry, and Eastern wisdom.

By his own reckoning, and also by that of his biographer [[Monica Furlong]], Watts was primarily an [[autodidact]]. His involvement with the Buddhist Lodge in London gave Watts opportunities for [[personal growth]]. Through Humphreys, he contacted spiritual authors, e.g. the artist, scholar, and mystic [[Nicholas Roerich]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], and prominent theosophists like [[Alice Bailey]].

In 1936, aged 21, he attended the [[World Congress of Faiths]] at the [[University of London]], where he met the scholar of [[Zen Buddhism]], [[D.&nbsp;T. Suzuki]], who was presenting a paper.<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, pp. 78–82</ref> Beyond attending discussions, Watts studied the available scholarly literature, learning the fundamental concepts and terminology of Indian and East Asian philosophy.

===Influences and first publication===
Watts's fascination with the [[Zen]] (Ch'an) tradition—beginning during the 1930s—developed because that tradition embodied the spiritual, interwoven with the practical, as exemplified in the subtitle of his ''Spirit of Zen: A Way of Life, Work, and Art in the Far East''. "Work", "life", and "art" were not demoted due to a spiritual focus. In his writing, he referred to it as "the great Ch'an (emerging as Zen in Japan) synthesis of [[Taoism]], Confucianism and Buddhism after AD 700 in China."<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1947/1971 ''Behold the Spirit'', revised edition. New York: Random House / Vintage. p. 32</ref> Watts published his first book, ''The Spirit of Zen,'' in 1936. Two decades later, in ''The Way of Zen''<ref>Watts, Alan W., 1957, p.11</ref> he disparaged ''The Spirit of Zen'' as a "popularisation of Suzuki's earlier works, and besides being very unscholarly it is in many respects out of date and misleading."

Watts married Eleanor Everett, whose mother [[Ruth Fuller Sasaki|Ruth Fuller Everett]] was involved with a traditional Zen Buddhist circle in New York. Ruth Fuller later married the Zen master (or "roshi"), [[Sokei-an Sasaki]], who served as a sort of model and mentor to Watts, though he chose not to enter into a formal Zen training relationship with Sasaki. During these years, according to his later writings, Watts had another mystical experience while on a walk with his wife. In 1938 they left England to live in the United States. Watts became a United States citizen in 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alan Wilson Watts |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Alan_Watts.aspx |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography}}</ref>

===Christian priest and afterwards===
Watts left formal Zen training in New York because the method of the teacher did not suit him. He was not ordained as a Zen monk, but he felt a need to find a vocational outlet for his philosophical inclinations. He entered [[Seabury-Western Theological Seminary]], an Episcopal (Anglican) school in Evanston, Illinois, where he studied Christian scriptures, theology, and church history. He attempted to work out a blend of contemporary Christian worship, mystical Christianity, and Asian philosophy. Watts was awarded a master's degree in theology for his thesis, which he published as a popular edition under the title ''[[Behold the Spirit: A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion]]'' in 1947.

He later published ''Myth & Ritual in Christianity'' (1953), an [[eisegesis]] of Christian traditions that made use of his knowledge of Asian philosophy and religion to provide insight into medieval [[Roman Catholic]] mythology, mysticism, and ritual, which he lamented had provided meaning that had been lost in the development of modern Christian practices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Alan|title=Myth & Ritual in Christianity|orig-date=First published 1953|date=2023|publisher= Legare Street Press|isbn=978-1019368657}}</ref>

In early 1951, Watts moved to California, where he joined the faculty of the [[California Institute of Integral Studies|American Academy of Asian Studies]] in San Francisco. Here he taught from 1951 to 1957 alongside [[Saburo Hasegawa]] (1906–1957), [[Frederic Spiegelberg]], [[Haridas Chaudhuri]], [[lama]] Tada Tōkan (1890–1967), and various visiting experts and professors. Hasegawa taught Watts about Japanese customs, arts, primitivism, and perceptions of nature. During this time he met the poet [[Jean Burden]], with whom he had a four-year love affair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-16-ga-6607-story.html|title=She's Well-Versed in the Art of Writing Well : Poetry: Author, editor, and teacher Jean Burden shares her lifelong obsession through invitation-only workshops in her home. |last=Hudson |first=Berkley |date=16 August 1992 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>

Watts credited Burden as an "important influence" in his life and gave her a dedicatory cryptograph in his book ''Nature, Man and Woman'', mentioned in his autobiography (p.&nbsp;297). Besides teaching, Watts was for several years the academy's administrator. One student of his was [[Eugene Rose]], who later went on to become a noted [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christian]] [[hieromonk]] and controversial [[Eastern Orthodox Christian theology|theologian]] within the Orthodox Church in America under the jurisdiction of [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]]. Rose's own disciple, a fellow monastic priest published under the name Hieromonk Damascene, produced a book entitled ''Christ the Eternal Tao'', in which the author [[comparative religion|draws parallels]] between the concept of the Tao in Chinese religion and the concept of the ''[[Logos]]'' in classical Greek philosophy and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] theology.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Watts also studied written Chinese and practised Chinese brush calligraphy with Hasegawa as well as with Hodo Tobase, who taught at the academy. Watts became proficient in [[Classical Chinese]]. While he was noted for an interest in [[Zen Buddhism]], his reading and discussions delved into [[Vedanta]], "[[quantum physics|the new physics]]", [[cybernetics]], [[semantics]], [[process philosophy]], [[natural history]], and the [[anthropology]] of sexuality.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Middle years==
{{See also|Zen boom}}
Watts left the faculty in the mid-1950s. In 1953, he began what became a long-running weekly radio program at Pacifica Radio station [[KPFA]] in Berkeley. Like other volunteer programmers at the listener-sponsored station, Watts was not paid for his broadcasts. These weekly broadcasts continued until 1962, by which time he had attracted a "legion of regular listeners".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/kpfafolio131paci ''KPFA Folio'', Volume 13, no. 1], 9–22 April 1962, p. 14. Retrieved at archive.org on 26 November 2014.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/kpfafolio141paci ''KPFA Folio'', Volume 14, no. 1], 8–21 April 1963, p. 19. Retrieved at archive.org on 26 November 2014.</ref>

Watts continued to give numerous talks and seminars, recordings of which were broadcast on KPFA and other radio stations during his life. These recordings are broadcast to this day. For example, in 1970, Watts' lectures were broadcast on Sunday mornings on San Francisco radio station KSAN;<ref>Susan Krieger, ''Hip Capitalism'', 1979, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, {{ISBN|0-8039-1263-3}} pbk., p. 170.</ref> and even today a number of radio stations continue to have an Alan Watts program in their weekly program schedules.<ref>[http://kkup.org/sched/weekly.html KKUP Program Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510063805/http://www.kkup.org/sched/weekly.html |date=10 May 2016 }}. Retrieved on 26 November 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.kpfk.org/index.php/programs/programschedule KPFK Program Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202115100/http://www.kpfk.org/index.php/programs/programschedule |date=2 December 2014 }}. Retrieved on 26 November 2014.</ref><ref>[http://kgnu.org/schedule.html KGNU Program Schedule]. Retrieved on 26 November 2014.</ref> Original tapes of his broadcasts and talks are currently held by the Pacifica Radio Archives, based at [[KPFK]] in Los Angeles, and at the Electronic University archive founded by his son, Mark Watts.

In 1957 Watts, then 42, published one of his best-known books, ''The Way of Zen'', which focused on philosophical explication and history. Besides drawing on the lifestyle and philosophical background of Zen in India and China and Japan, Watts introduced ideas drawn from [[general semantics]] (directly from the writings of [[Alfred Korzybski]]) and also from [[Norbert Wiener]]'s early work on [[cybernetics]], which had recently been published. Watts offered analogies from cybernetic principles possibly applicable to the Zen life. The book sold well, eventually becoming a modern classic, and helped widen his lecture circuit.

In 1958, Watts toured parts of Europe with his father, meeting the Swiss psychiatrist [[Carl Jung]] and the German psychotherapist [[Karlfried Graf Dürckheim]].<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, p. 321.</ref>

Upon returning to the United States, Watts recorded two seasons of a television series (1959–1960) for [[KQED (TV)|KQED]] public television in San Francisco, "Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life".<ref>Alan Watts, "Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life, [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL772D292429735309 Season 1 (1959)"] and [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA1C3BAC2EB58EE47 Season 2 (1960)], KQED public television series, San Francisco</ref>

In the 1960s, Watts became interested in how identifiable patterns in nature tend to repeat themselves from the smallest of scales to the most immense. This became one of his passions in his research and thought.<ref>Ropp, Robert S. de 1995, 2002 ''Warrior's Way: a Twentieth Century Odyssey''. Nevada City, CA: Gateways, pp. 333–334.</ref>

Though never affiliated for long with any one academic institution, he was Professor of Comparative Philosophy at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies|American Academy of Asian Studies]], had a fellowship at [[Harvard University]] (1962–1964), and was a Scholar at [[San Jose State University]] (1968).<ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Watts – Life and Works|url=http://alanwatts.com/life-and-works/|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802050948/http://alanwatts.com/life-and-works/|archive-date=2 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He lectured college and university students as well as the general public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deoxy Org: Alan Watts|url=http://deoxy.org/watts.htm|url-status = usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819233823/http://deoxy.org/watts.htm|archive-date=19 August 2007}}</ref> His lectures and books gave him influence on the American intelligentsia of the 1950s–1970s, but he was often seen as an outsider in academia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weidenbaum|first1=Jonathan|title=Complaining about Alan Watts|url=https://berkeleycollege.academia.edu/JonathanWeidenbaum/Posts/353447/Complaining-about-Alan-Watts|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140803085526/http://berkeleycollege.academia.edu/JonathanWeidenbaum/Posts/353447/Complaining-about-Alan-Watts|url-status = dead|archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> When questioned sharply by students during his talk at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], in 1970, Watts responded, as he had from the early sixties, that he was not an academic philosopher but rather "a philosophical entertainer."{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Some of Watts's writings published in 1958 (e.g., his book ''Nature, Man and Woman'' and his essay "The New Alchemy") mentioned some of his early views on the use of psychedelic drugs for mystical insight. Watts had begun to experiment with psychedelics, initially with [[mescaline]] given to him by [[Oscar Janiger]]. He tried [[LSD]] several times in 1958, with various research teams led by Keith S. Ditman, Sterling Bunnell Jr., and Michael Agron. He also tried [[marijuana]] and concluded that it was a useful and interesting psychoactive drug that gave the impression of time slowing down. Watts's books of the '60s reveal the influence of these chemical adventures on his outlook.<ref name="Joyous 26">''The Joyous Cosmology: Adventures in the Chemistry of Consciousness'' (the quote is new to the 1965/1970 edition (page 26), and not contained in the original 1962 edition of the book).</ref>

He later said about psychedelic drug use, "If you get the message, hang up the phone. For psychedelic drugs are simply instruments, like microscopes, telescopes, and telephones. The biologist does not sit with eye permanently glued to the microscope, he goes away and works on what he has seen."<ref name="Joyous 26"/>

===Applied Aesthetics===

Watts sometimes ate with his group of neighbours in [[Druid Heights]] (near [[Mill Valley]], California), who had set up a community, living in what has been called "shared bohemian poverty".<ref>^ Davis, Erik (May 2005). Druids and Ferries. Arthur (Brooklyn: Arthur Publishing Corp.) (16). {{cite web|url=http://www.techgnosis.com/index_druid.html |title= Druids and Ferries (Archived copy) |access-date=13 December 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016071701/http://www.techgnosis.com/index_druid.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Druid Heights was founded by the writer [[Elsa Gidlow]],<ref name=Davis2005>{{cite journal|last=Davis |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Davis |title=Druids and Ferries |journal=[[Arthur (magazine)|Arthur]] |issue=16 |publisher=Arthur Publishing Corp. |location=Brooklyn |date=May 2005 |url=http://www.techgnosis.com/index_druid.html |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016071701/http://www.techgnosis.com/index_druid.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> and Watts dedicated his book ''The Joyous Cosmology'' to the people of this neighbourhood.<ref>''The Joyous Cosmology'', p. v</ref> He later dedicated his autobiography to Elsa Gidlow.

Regarding his intention for living, Watts attempted to lessen the [[social alienation|alienation]] that accompanies the experience of being human that he felt plagued the modern Westerner, and to lessen the ill will that was an unintentional by-product of alienation from the natural world. He felt such teaching could improve the world, at least to a degree. He also articulated the possibilities for greater incorporation of [[aesthetics]] (for example: better architecture, more art, more fine cuisine) in American life. In his autobiography he wrote, "… cultural renewal comes about when highly differentiated cultures mix".<ref>Watts, Alan W. 1973, p. 247.</ref>

Watts discussed the theme of [[maithuna]] or spiritual-sexual union without emission by both partners in his book, ''Nature, Man and Woman'', in which he discusses the possibility of the practice being known to early Christians and of it being kept secretly by the Church.

==Later years==
In his writings of the 1950s, he conveyed his admiration for the practicality in the historical achievements of [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]] (Zen) in the Far East, for it had fostered farmers, architects, builders, folk physicians, artists, and administrators among the monks who had lived in the monasteries of its lineages. In his mature work, he presents himself as "Zennist" in spirit as he wrote in his last book, ''[[Tao: The Watercourse Way]]''. Child rearing, the arts, cuisine, education, law and freedom, architecture, sexuality, and the uses and abuses of technology were all of great interest to him.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Though known for his discourses on Zen, he was also influenced by ancient Hindu scriptures, especially Vedanta and Yoga, aspects of which influenced Chan and Zen. He spoke extensively about the nature of the divine reality that Man misses: how the contradiction of opposites is the method of life and the means of cosmic and human evolution, how our fundamental ignorance is rooted in the exclusive nature - the instinctive grasping at identity, mind and ego, how to come in touch with the Field of Consciousness and Light, and other cosmic principles.<ref>{{Citation|title=Alan Watts: About Hinduism, Upanishads and Vedanta {{!}} Part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC_ZPEKHeu8|language=en|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

Watts sought to resolve his feelings of alienation from the institutions of marriage and the values of American society, as revealed in his comments on love relationships in "Divine Madness" and on perception of the organism-environment in "The Philosophy of Nature". In looking at social issues he was concerned with the necessity for international peace, for tolerance, and understanding among disparate cultures.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Watts also came to feel acutely conscious of a growing ecological predicament.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOQUXWnKW-g Watts himself talking in 1970 about the ecological crisis and its spiritual background]</ref> Writing, for example, in the early 1960s: "Can any melting or burning imaginable get rid of these ever-rising mountains of ruin—especially when the things we make and build are beginning to look more and more like rubbish even before they are thrown away?"<ref>''The Joyous Cosmology'', p. 63</ref> These concerns were later expressed in a television pilot, Conversation with Myself, made for [[National Educational Television|NET]] (National Educational Television) filmed at Elsa Gidlow's mountain retreat in 1971 in which he noted that the single track of conscious attention was wholly inadequate for interactions with a multi-tracked world.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Druid Heights - A trip down memory lane (19794786486).jpg|thumb|The Alan Watts Library in [[Druid Heights]], where some of Watts' ashes were buried.<ref name="Techgnosis 2006" />]]
In October 1973, Watts returned from a European lecture tour to his cabin in [[Druid Heights]], California. Friends of Watts had been concerned about him for some time over his alcoholism.<ref>''Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts'', by Monica Furlong</ref><ref name="Reconsidered"/> On 16 November 1973, at age 58, he died in the Mandala House in Druid Heights.<ref name="Techgnosis 2006">{{cite web | title=Druids and Ferries: A History of Druid Heights | website=Techgnosis | date=21 September 2006 | url=https://techgnosis.com/druids-and-ferries/ | access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> He was reported to have been under treatment for a heart condition.<ref name="nyt73">{{cite news |title=Alan Watts, Zen Philosopher, Writer and teacher, 58, Dies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.org/details/religioninameric0000unse_m1o1/page/410?q=%22zen+philosopher%22  |date=16 November 1973 |access-date=29 August 2023 |via=Religion in America (Gillian Lindt, 1977)}}</ref> Before authorities could attend, his body was removed from his home and cremated on a wood pyre at a nearby beach by Buddhist monks.<ref name="Tweti 2016">{{cite web | last=Tweti | first=Mira | title=The Sensualist | website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review | date=22 January 2016 | url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/sensualist/ | access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>  Mark Watts relates that Watts was cremated on [[Muir Beach, California|Muir Beach]] at 8:30{{nbsp}}am after being discovered dead at 6:00{{nbsp}}am.<ref name="oralhistory">{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Mark |title=Mark Watts - An Oral History Interview Conducted by Debra Schwartz in 2018 |url=http://ppolinks.com/mvpl39241/2018_028_001_WattsMark_OralHistoryTranscript.pdf |publisher=Mill Valley Oral History Program |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

His ashes were split, with half buried near his library at [[Druid Heights]] and half at the [[Green Gulch Farm Zen Center|Green Gulch Monastery]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6wsw8Xpcds&t=4m11s Live Fully Now: Mark Watts], interview at Druid Heights cabin by Volvo Cars (posted to YouTube on 22 February 2017)</ref>

His son, Mark Watts, investigated his death and found that his father had planned it meticulously: 
{{blockquote|text=My father died to all of us very unexpectedly, but not to himself. .... And there was a group of [[Yamabushi]] Buddhists, Ajari [real name [[Neville G. Pemchekov Warwick|Neville Warwick]], 1932–1993, a physician also known as "Dr Ajari"] was the fellow's name who ran it, and they actually showed up and took control of the site, and got my father's body ... and there was some question as to how they had arrived there so quickly, and before anybody else, and they whisked his body off before the County opens its offices. ... But David Chadwick had come to hear this and David Chadwick is the archivist for the San Francisco Zen Center, and Suzuki and my father had been good friends, and Richard Baker, ''[[rōshi]]'' Baker, had presided over my father's funeral. So after this video interview, David said to me: "I always did think it was funny that your father came and planned his own funeral" and I said "He did what?" and he described to me the meeting of Richard Baker and my father six months before he died, where he planned his funeral, and then I realized that was exactly the same time that he changed... his Will too, so I realized that almost six months to the day before my father died, that he was planning his own passing. And so once I had that piece of the puzzle, I realized that, as I look more carefully, that my father had actually been ill for some time, and that he was aware of, very aware of, his mortality and impending problems, and who knows, he may have actually done something to hasten his death ... and he planned for it, and once I got the full picture my conclusion was that Ajari had helped him, and actually been part of the plan there. So I think it was, like many things in his life, it was well thought out, well orchestrated, and well executed.<ref name="MarkWatts">{{cite web |author=Mill Valley Library |title=Following Alan Watts with Mark Watts |date=8 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7AhUxTxNW0&t=4090s |publisher=YouTube |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>|author=Mark Watts |title=''Following Alan Watts with Mark Watts'' |style=font-size:0.9em;}}

His wife, Mary Jane Watts, wrote later in a letter that Watts had said to her "The secret of life is knowing when to stop".<ref name="furlong" />

A personal account of Watts's last years and approach to death is given by [[Chungliang Al Huang|Al Chung-liang Huang]] in ''[[Tao: The Watercourse Way]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watts|first1=Alan|editor1-last=Huang|editor1-first=Chungliang Al|editor1-link=Foreword|title=TAO: The Watercourse Way (Foreword)|date=1975|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|isbn=0-394-73311-8|pages=vii–xiii|url=https://archive.org/details/taowatercoursewa00watt_0}}</ref>

==Views==

===On spiritual and social identity===

Regarding his ethical outlook, Watts felt that [[moral absolutism|absolute morality]] had nothing to do with the fundamental realization of one's deep spiritual identity. He advocated social rather than personal ethics. In his writings, Watts was increasingly concerned with ethics applied to relations between humanity and the natural environment and between governments and citizens. He wrote out of an appreciation of a racially and culturally diverse social landscape.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

He often said that he wished to act as a bridge between the ancient and the modern, between East and West, and between culture and nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karam |first=Panos |date=2019-09-19 |title=Alan Watts' Philosophy, Biography & Key Ideas of His Teachings |url=https://www.lifeadvancer.com/alan-watts-philosophy-biography/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Life Advancer |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Worldview===

In several of his later publications, especially ''Beyond Theology'' and ''The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are'', Watts put forward a [[worldview]], drawing on [[Hinduism]], [[Chinese philosophy]], [[pantheism]] or [[panentheism]], and modern science, in which he maintains that the whole universe consists of a cosmic Self-playing hide-and-seek ([[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]]); hiding from itself ([[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]) by becoming all the living and non-living things in the universe and forgetting what it really is – the upshot being that we are all IT in disguise ([[Tat Tvam Asi]]). In this worldview, Watts asserts that our conception of ourselves as an "[[ego (spirituality)|ego]] in a bag of skin", or "skin-encapsulated ego" is a myth; the entities we call the separate "things" are merely aspects or features of the whole.

Watts's books frequently include discussions reflecting his keen interest in patterns that occur in nature and that are repeated in various ways and at a wide range of scales – including the patterns to be discerned in the history of civilizations.<ref>[[Robert S. de Ropp|De Ropp, Robert S.]] 2002 ''Warrior's Way''. Nevada City, CA: Gateways, p. 334.</ref><ref>Watts, Alan W. 1947/1971, pp. 25–28.</ref>

===Supporters and critics===

Watts' explorations and teaching brought him into contact with many noted intellectuals, artists, and American teachers in the [[human potential movement]]. His friendship with poet [[Gary Snyder]] nurtured his sympathies with the budding [[environmental movement]], to which Watts gave philosophical support. He also encountered [[Robert Anton Wilson]], who credited Watts with being one of his "Light[s] along the Way" in the opening appreciation of his 1977 book ''[[Cosmic Trigger]]: The Final Secret of the Illuminati''. [[Werner Erhard]] attended workshops given by Alan Watts and said of him, "He pointed me toward what I now call the distinction between Self and Mind. After my encounter with Alan, the context in which I was working shifted."<ref>[[W. W. Bartley III|William Warren Bartley]], ''[[Werner Erhard]], The Transformation of a Man''</ref>

Watts has been criticized by Buddhists such as [[Philip Kapleau]] and [[D. T. Suzuki]] for allegedly misinterpreting several key Zen Buddhist concepts. In particular, he drew criticism from Zen masters who maintain that [[zazen]] must entail a strict and specific means of sitting, as opposed to being a cultivated state of mind that is available at any moment in any situation (which traditionally might be possible by a very few after intense and dedicated effort in a formal sitting practice). Typical of these is Roshi Kapleau's claim that Watts dismissed [[zazen]] on the basis of only half a [[koan]].<ref>Kapleau 1967, pp. 21–22</ref>

In regard to the half-koan, [[Robert Baker Aitken]] reports that Suzuki told him, "I regret to say that Mr. Watts did not understand that story."<ref>[[#refAitken|Aitken 1997]], p. 30. [https://archive.org/details/originaldwelling0000aitk Original Dwelling Place]</ref> In his talks, Watts defined zazen practice by saying, "A cat sits until it is tired of sitting, then gets up, stretches, and walks away", and referred out of context<ref>Alan Watts: ''The Truth of the Birthless Mind'', from ''Out of Your Mind'', Session 8, Lecture 8.</ref> to Zen master [[Bankei]] who said: "Even when you're sitting in meditation, if there's something you've got to do, it's quite all right to get up and leave".<ref>Peter Haskel (ed.): ''Bankei Zen: Translations from The Record of Bankei''. Grove Press, New York 1984. p. 59.</ref>

However, Watts did have his supporters in the Zen community, including [[Shunryu Suzuki]], the founder of the [[San Francisco Zen Center]]. As [[David Chadwick (writer)|David Chadwick]] recounted in his biography of Suzuki, ''Crooked Cucumber: the Life and Zen Teaching of Shunryu Suzuki'', when a student of Suzuki's disparaged Watts by saying "we used to think he was profound until we found the real thing", Suzuki fumed with a sudden intensity, saying, "You completely miss the point about Alan Watts! You should notice what he has done. He is a great [[bodhisattva]]."<ref>Chadwick, D: ''Crooked Cucumber: The Life and Zen Teaching of Shunryu Suzuki'', Broadway Books, 2000</ref>

Watts's biographers saw him—after his stint as an Anglican priest—as representative of not so much a religion but as a lone-wolf thinker and social rascal. In David Stuart's biography, Watts is seen as an unusually gifted speaker and writer driven by his own interests, enthusiasms, and demons.<ref>Stuart, David 1976 ''Alan Watts''. Pennsylvania: Chilton.</ref> Elsa Gidlow, whom Watts called "sister", refused to be interviewed for the biography, but later painted a kinder picture of Watts's life in her own autobiography, ''Elsa, I Come with My Songs''. According to critic [[Erik Davis]], his "writings and recorded talks still shimmer with a profound and galvanizing lucidity."<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Davis |year=2006 |title=The Visionary State: A Journey through California's Spiritual Landscape |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=0-8118-4835-3}}</ref>

Unabashed, Watts was not averse to acknowledging his rascal nature, referring to himself in his autobiography ''In My Own Way'' as "a sedentary and contemplative character, an intellectual, a [[Brahmin]], a mystic and also somewhat of a disreputable [[Epicureanism|epicurean]] who has three wives, seven children and five grandchildren".<ref name="nyt73" />

==Personal life==

Watts married three times and had seven children (five daughters and two sons).  He met Eleanor Everett (1918-1976) in 1936, when her mother, Ruth Fuller Everett, brought her to London to study piano. They met at the Buddhist Lodge, were engaged the following year and married in April 1938. A daughter was born in 1938 and another in 1942. Their marriage ended in 1949, but Watts continued to correspond with his former mother-in-law.<ref>Stirling 2006, p. 27</ref>

In 1950, Watts married Dorothy DeWitt (1921-2020). He moved to San Francisco in early 1951 to teach. They had five children. The couple separated in the early 1960s after Watts met Mary Jane Yates King (called "Jano" in his circle) while lecturing in New York.

After a divorce,{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} he married King in 1964. The couple divided their time between [[Sausalito, California]],<ref>''The Book on the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are'' (1966)</ref> where they lived on a [[houseboat]] called the ''[[Vallejo (ferry)|Vallejo]]'',<ref>Watts, Alan, 1973, pp. 300–304</ref> and a secluded cabin in [[Druid Heights]], on the southwest flank of [[Mount Tamalpais]] north of San Francisco. King died in 2015.

He also maintained relations with [[Jean Burden]], his lover and the inspiration/editor of ''Nature, Man and Woman.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Watts |first=Alan W. |year=1973 |title=In My Own Way: An Autobiography 1915–1965 |publisher=[[Pantheon Books]] |location=New York |page=297}}</ref>

Watts was a heavy smoker throughout his life and in his later years drank heavily.<ref name="Reconsidered">{{Cite web |url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/alan-watts-reconsidered/ |title=Alan Watts Reconsidered |last=Guy |first=David |website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* Northern Irish singer [[Van Morrison]] wrote "Alan Watts Blues", from his 1987 album [[Poetic Champions Compose]], after reading Watts' mountain journal "Cloud-hidden, Whereabouts Unknown"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Van-morrison-alan-watts-blues-lyrics|title = Genius Lyrics|date= 7 May 2025}}</ref>
* His quote "We think of time as a one-way motion," from his lecture ''Time & The More It Changes'' appears at the beginning of the season 1 finale of the ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' TV show along with quotes from [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Greta Thunberg]], [[Malala Yousafzai]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], and [[Maya Angelou]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/loki-episode-6-has-a-bollywood-connection-marvel-leaves-indian-fans-excited-7404425/|title = Loki finale has a Bollywood connection, Marvel leaves Indian fans excited|date = 17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-loki-did-you-notice-the-bollywood-connect-in-the-finale-episode-398263|title=Loki: Did you notice the Bollywood connect in the finale episode?|date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>
* Several songs by the American [[indie rock]] band [[STRFKR]] sample audio from Watts' lectures<ref>{{cite web |last=Mak |first=Sarina |url=https://radioutd.com/blog/2016/11/strfkr-no-one-going-nowhere/ |title=STRFKR – Being No One, Going Nowhere |publisher=Radio UTD |date=10 November 2016|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>
* The 2013 [[Spike Jonze]] movie ''[[Her (2013 film)|Her]],'' set in the near future, includes an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] based on Watts<ref name=":0"/>
* The voice of Alan Watts with words from "Tao of Philosophy" featured in [[Alexander Ekman]]'s ballet "PLAY"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hdvdarts.com/titles/play |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=HDVDARTS |title=PLAY|date=26 October 2018 }}</ref>  
* An audio clip from "Out of Your Mind: The Nature of Consciousness" is used in the Volume 3 trailer for the [[Netflix]] [[adult animated]] [[anthology series]], ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cotItdK_Eg|title=Love, Death + Robots: Volume 3, Final Trailer|website=YouTube|date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
* Watts was sampled in the songs ''The Incredible True Story'' by [[Logic (rapper)|Logic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Logic-the-incredible-true-story-lyrics|title=Logic — The Incredible True Story}}</ref> ''Rivers Between Us'' by [[Draconian (band)|Draconian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Draconian-rivers-between-us-lyrics|title=Draconian — Rivers Between Us |access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> ''I Am S/H(im)e[r]'' by Giraffes? Giraffes!,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/17551602 |title=Giraffes? Giraffes — I Am S/H(im)e[r] As You Am S/H(im)e[r] As You Are Me and We Am I and I Are All Our Together: Our Collective Consciousness' Psychogenic Fugue lyrics |access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> ''Overthinker''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Inzo-overthinker-lyrics |title=Inzo - Overthinker lyrics |access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> and "ANGST" by INZO,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Inzo-angst-lyrics|title=Inzo - Angst lyrics |access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> '' Forget the Money'' by Nick Bateman, ''The Parable'' by [[The Contortionist]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://genius.com/The-contortionist-the-parable-lyrics|title=The Parable — The Contortionist}}</ref> ''Memento Mori'' by [[Architects (British band)|Architects]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Architects — Memento Mori |url=https://genius.com/Architects-memento-mori-lyrics}}</ref> "Music on My Teeth" by [[DJ Koze]]<ref>{{Citation |title=DJ Koze (Ft. José González) – Music on My Teeth |url=https://genius.com/Dj-koze-music-on-my-teeth-lyrics |access-date=2025-01-23}}</ref> and ''Sunrise'' by [[Our Last Night]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Our Last Night – Sunrise |url=https://genius.com/Our-last-night-sunrise-lyrics |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref>
* The 2017 video game ''[[Everything (video game)|Everything]]'' contains quotes from Watts' lectures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything on Steam |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/582270/Everything/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=store.steampowered.com |language=en}}</ref> (The creator previously worked on ''Her'', which also referenced Watts<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bogost |first=Ian |date=23 March 2017 |title=The Video Game That Claims Everything Is Connected |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/03/a-video-game-about-everything/520518/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608191203/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/03/a-video-game-about-everything/520518/ |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=8 July 2022 |magazine=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/12/why-em-her-em-is-the-best-film-of-the-year/282544/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123002008/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/12/why-em-her-em-is-the-best-film-of-the-year/282544/ |archive-date=23 January 2014 |title=Why Her is the Best Film of the Year |last=Orr |first=Christopher |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>)
* Watts is sampled in ''Dreams'', a 2019 cinema and television advertisement for the [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] cruise line<ref>{{cite web |title=Cunard's first cinema advert invites you to forget that you were dreaming. |url=https://www.cunard.com/en-gb/contact-us/press-releases |website=Cunard |access-date=8 November 2022 |date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

==Works==
{{main|Alan Watts bibliography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* <cite book id=refAitken>[[Robert Baker Aitken|Aitken, Robert]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/originaldwelling0000aitk Original Dwelling Place]''. Counterpoint. Washington, D.C. 1997. {{ISBN|1-887178-41-4}} (paperback)</cite>
* Charters, Ann (ed.). ''The Portable Beat Reader''. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. {{ISBN|0-670-83885-3}} (hardcover); {{ISBN|0-14-015102-8}} (paperback).
* <cite book id=refFurlong>Furlong, Monica, ''Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts''. Houghton Mifflin. New York. 1986 {{ISBN|0-395-45392-5}}, Skylight Paths 2001 edition of the biography, with new foreword by author: {{ISBN|1-893361-32-2}}.</cite>
* [[Elsa Gidlow|Gidlow, Elsa]], ''Elsa: I Come with My Songs''. Bootlegger Press and Druid Heights Books, San Francisco. 1986. {{ISBN|0-912932-12-0}}.
* [[Philip Kapleau|Kapleau, Philip]]. ''Three Pillars of Zen'' (1967) Beacon Press. {{ISBN|0-8070-5975-7}}.
* Stirling, Isabel. ''Zen Pioneer: The Life & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki'', Shoemaker & Hoard. 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-59376-110-3}}.
* [[Van Morrison]] "Alan Watts Blues".  Album: ''[[Poetic Champions Compose]]'', 1987
* Watts, Alan, ''In My Own Way''. New York. Random House Pantheon. 1973 {{ISBN|0-394-46911-9}} (his autobiography).
* Rice, D. L., & Columbus, P. J. (2012). Alan Watts—here and now: Contributions to Psychology, philosophy, and religion (SUNY series in Transpersonal and humanistic psychology). State University of New York Press.

==Further reading==
* Clark, David K. ''The Pantheism of Alan Watts''. Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press. 1978. {{ISBN|0-87784-724-X}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|lcheading= Watts, Alan}}
* [https://alanwatts.org AlanWatts.org] official site run by Alan Watts's son Mark Watts through the non-profit they set up together
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019061551/http://www.alanwattscenter.org/ Alan Watts Mountain Center] north of San Francisco
* [http://www.cuke.com/Cucumber%20Project/other/watts/watts.htm Alan Watts on Cuke.com]
* [https://hedgehogreview.com/issues/in-need-of-repair/articles/hive-mind Hive Mind] on Alan Watts, Thomas Merton, and the Church of the East

{{Modern Buddhist writers}}
{{Pacifica Radio}}
{{Authority control}}

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