Editing Albert Sabin

{{Short description|Polish-American medical researcher (1906–1993)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
|image             = Albert Sabin.jpg
|image_size        = 
|caption           = 
|birth_name        = Abram Saperstejn
|birth_date        = {{birth date|1906|08|26}}
|birth_place       = [[Białystok]], [[Russian Empire]]<br>{{small|(now [[Poland]])}}
|death_date        = {{death date and age|1993|03|03|1906|08|26}}
|death_place       = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|residence         =
|citizenship       = Poland (until 1930), United States (since 1930)
|alma_mater        = [[New York University]]
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for         = Oral [[polio vaccine]]
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|signature         = 
|footnotes         = 
|spouse={{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Sylvia Tregillus|1935|1966|end=died}}
* {{Marriage|Jane Warner (died 2002)|1967|1971|end=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|Heloisa Dunshee de Abranches|1972}} (died 2016)
}}
|field             = [[Immunology]], [[virology]]
|work_institutions = 
|prizes            = [[E. Mead Johnson Award]] (1941)<br>[[National Medal of Science]] (1970)<br>[[John Howland Award]] (1974)<br>[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1986)
}}

'''Albert Bruce Sabin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|b|ɪ|n}} {{respell|SAY|bin}}; born '''Abram Saperstejn'''; August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral [[polio vaccine]], which has played a key role in nearly [[Poliomyelitis eradication|eradicating the disease]].  In 1969–72, he served as the president of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in Israel.

== Biography ==
Abram Saperstejn was born in [[Białystok]], [[Russian Empire]] (before and since 1918 in [[Poland]]), to [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish-Jewish]] parents, Jacob Saperstejn and Tillie Krugman.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIFMxmnWqBkC&q=jakob+saperstein+sabin&pg=PA12|title=Ellis Island's Famous Immigrants|first=Barry|last=Moreno|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|access-date=4 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780738555331}}</ref> In 1921,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabin.org/legacy-albert-b-sabin|title=The Legacy of Albert B. Sabin - Sabin|website=www.sabin.org|date=October 2012|access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> he emigrated with his family on the [[SS Lapland|SS ''Lapland'']] which sailed from [[Antwerp]] to the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|Port of New York]]. In 1930, he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States and changed his name to Albert Bruce Sabin. He graduated from high school in [[Paterson, New Jersey]].<ref name="Institute">{{cite web |title= Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin   |date=  January 8, 2017  |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/jonas-salk-and-albert-bruce-sabin |website= [[Science History Institute]] |access-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref>

Sabin began university in a dentistry program, but was interested in [[virology]] and changed majors. He received a bachelor's degree in science in 1928 and a medical degree in 1931 from [[New York University]].<ref name="Institute"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ro-Sc/Sabin-Albert.html|title=Albert Sabin Biography |website=Notable Biographies|access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1983, Sabin developed calcification of the cervical spine, which caused paralysis and intense pain.<ref>Philip Boffey, [https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/27/us/sabin-paralyzed-tells-of-death-wish.html?&pagewanted=all Sabin, Paralyzed, Tells of Death Wish.] In the ''New York Times'', November 27, 1983.</ref><ref>Ezra Bowen, [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088192,00.html The Doctor Whose Vaccine Saved Millions from Polio Battles Back from a Near-Fatal Paralysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704200212/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088192,00.html |date=2009-07-04 }}. In ''People'', July 2, 1984.</ref> Sabin revealed in a television interview that the experience had made him decide to spend the rest of his life working on alleviating pain.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/view/2009/10/07-13 Health Care; The Fight Against Death.] Special comment by Keith Olbermann on ''Countdown'', 2009-10-07.</ref> This condition was successfully treated by surgery conducted at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1992 when Sabin was 86. A year later, Sabin died in [[Washington, D.C.]], from heart failure.

==Medical career==
Sabin trained in internal medicine, pathology, and surgery at [[Bellevue Hospital]] in New York City from 1931 to 1933.  In 1934, he conducted research at [[The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine]] in England, then joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now [[Rockefeller University]]). During this time, he developed an intense interest in research, especially in the area of [[infectious diseases]].

In 1939, he moved to [[Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center|Cincinnati Children's Hospital]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]. During World War II, he was a lieutenant colonel in the [[Medical Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Medical Corps]] and helped develop a vaccine against [[Japanese encephalitis]].  Maintaining his association with Children's Hospital, by 1946, he had also become the head of Pediatric Research at the [[University of Cincinnati]]. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, Sabin supervised the [[fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] of [[Robert M. Chanock]], whom he called his "star scientific son".<ref name=WPObit>Brown, Emma. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/03/AR2010080306484.html "Robert M. Chanock, virologist who studied children's diseases, dies at 86"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', August 4, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2010.</ref>

Sabin went on a fact-finding trip to Cuba in 1967 to discuss with Cuban officials the possibility of establishing a collaborative relationship between the United States and Cuba through their respective national academies of sciences, in spite of the fact that the two countries did not have formal diplomatic ties.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jiménez|first1=Marguerite|title=Epidemics and Opportunities for U.S.-Cuba Collaboration|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=June 9, 2014|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/epidemics-and-opportunities-for-us-cuba-collaboration}}</ref>

In 1969–72, he lived  in [[Israel]], serving as president of [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in [[Rehovot]]. After his return to the United States, he worked (1974–82) as a research professor at the [[Medical University of South Carolina]].  He later moved to the [[Washington, D.C.]], area, where he was a resident scholar at the [[John E. Fogarty International Center]] on the [[NIH]] campus in [[Bethesda, Maryland]].

==Polio research==
[[File:Gallo, Robert C. and Sabin, Albert B.jpg|thumb|Sabin (right) with Robert C. Gallo, M.D., ''circa'' 1985]]
With the menace of polio growing, Sabin and other researchers, most notably [[Jonas Salk]] in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Hilary Koprowski]] and [[H. R. Cox]] in [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia]], respectively, sought a vaccine to prevent or mitigate the illness. This was complicated because there were multiple strains of the disease. In 1951, the [[National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis]]'s typing program confirmed the existence of three main [[serotypes]] of poliovirus, since known as type 1, type 2, and type 3.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Daniel J. |title=Polio |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=95, 123–125 |isbn=9780313358975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D1BR2xwg3gC&pg=PA95 |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC">{{cite web |last1=CDC |title=U.S. National Authority for Containment of Poliovirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/polioviruscontainment/diseaseandvirus.htm |website=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Institute"/>

Salk developed an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), a "dead" vaccine given by injection, which was released for use in 1955.<ref name="Juskewitch">{{cite journal |last1=Juskewitch |first1=Justin E. |last2=Tapia |first2=Carmen J. |last3=Windebank |first3=Anthony J. |title=Lessons from the Salk Polio Vaccine: Methods for and Risks of Rapid Translation |journal=Clinical and Translational Science |date=August 2010 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=182–185 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-8062.2010.00205.x |pmid=20718820 |pmc=2928990 }}</ref><ref name="Racaniello"/> 
It was effective in preventing most of the complications of polio, but did not prevent the initial intestinal infection.<ref name="Racaniello">{{cite web |last1=Racaniello |first1=Vincent |title=Learning vaccinology from an immunization record |url=https://www.virology.ws/2009/03/30/learning-vaccinology-from-an-immunization-record/ |website=Virology Blog |access-date=15 June 2020|date=30 March 2009}}</ref>

By carrying out autopsies of polio victims, Sabin was able to demonstrate that the poliovirus multiplied and attacked the intestines before it moved to the central nervous system. This also suggested that polio virus  could be grown in other tissues besides embryonic brain tissue, leading to easier and cheaper methods of vaccine development.<ref name="Institute"/><ref name="Wilson"/>  [[John Enders]], [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], and [[Frederick Robbins]] would successfully grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nerve tissue in 1949, an achievement that earned them the 1954 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref name="Institute"/>

Sabin developed an [[Vaccine#Delivery systems|oral vaccine]] based on  mutant strains of polio virus that seemed to stimulate antibody production but not to cause paralysis. Recipients of his live attenuated oral vaccine included himself, family, and colleagues. Sabin's first clinical trials were carried out at the [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] Ohio [[Reformatory]] in late 1954. From 1956&ndash;1960, he worked with Russian colleagues to perfect the oral vaccine and prove its extraordinary effectiveness and safety. The Sabin vaccine worked in the intestines to block the poliovirus from entering the bloodstream.<ref name="Institute"/>

Between 1955 and 1961, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico, and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist [[Mikhail Chumakov]].<ref>
{{cite journal | author = Sabin A.B. | year = 1987 | title = Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio: possible lessons for relations between the U.S.A. and the USSR | journal = Perspect Biol Med | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 57–64 | doi=10.1353/pbm.1987.0023 | pmid=3696960| s2cid = 45655185 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal | author = Benison S | year = 1982 | title = International Medical Cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, Live Poliovirus Vaccine and the Soviets | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 56 | issue = 4| pages = 460–83 | pmid = 6760938 }}
</ref> This provided the critical impetus for allowing large-scale clinical trials of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively  eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from the [[March of Dimes]] Foundation, which supported use of Salk's relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]] (PHS) to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan.<ref name="Wilson"/>

Sabin's first oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), for use against type 1 polioviruses, was licensed in the United States in 1961.  His vaccines for type 2 and type 3 polioviruses were licensed in 1962. 

At first, the monovalent poliovirus vaccines were administered together by being put on a [[sugar cube]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Polio: Two Vaccines |url=https://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/vacraces2.htm |website=Whatever Happened to Polio? |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]. [[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=10 September 2021 |quote=Image caption: Oral polio vaccine used in the early 1960s, and sugar cubes (2004 vintage) on which the drops would be placed before feeding the vaccine to children}}</ref> because the oral polio vaccine had a bitter, salty taste (inspiring [[Robert B. Sherman]]'s lyrics to ''[[A Spoonful of Sugar|A Spoonful of Sugar (Helps the Medicine Go Down)]]'' for the [[Mary Poppins (film)|1964 film ''Mary Poppins'']]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/vaccines/our-history |title=Our History &#124; Vaccine Resources |website=www.cincinnatichildrens.org }}</ref> In 1964, a single trivalent OPV containing all three viral serotypes was approved.<ref name="Racaniello"/><ref name="Wilson"/> Sabin's oral vaccine was easier to give than the earlier vaccine developed by Salk in 1954, and its effects lasted longer.<ref>
* {{cite web |title=Sausalito News 8 August 1962 — California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SN19620808.2.57 |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |access-date=25 October 2024}}
* {{cite web |last1=MINICHIELLO |first1=SUSAN |title=How polio was eliminated in Sonoma County |url=https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/knock-out-polio-vaccine-campaigns-in-1950s-1960s-sonoma-county-helped-er/ |website=Santa Rosa Press Democrat |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=1 April 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=History of polio vaccination |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-polio-vaccination |website=www.who.int |access-date=25 October 2024 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hampton |first1=Lee |title=Albert Sabin and the Coalition to Eliminate Polio From the Americas |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=January 2009 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.117952 |pmid=19008524 |pmc=2636601 }}
* {{cite web |title=What happened when a million Nebraskans drank Polio Punch |url=https://history.nebraska.gov/what-happened-when-a-million-nebraskans-drank-polio-punch/ |website=Nebraska State Historical Society |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=29 October 2022}}</ref>  The Sabin vaccine became the predominant method of vaccination against polio in the United States for the next three decades. It broke the chain of transmission of the virus and allowed for the possibility that polio might one day be eradicated.<ref name="Institute"/><ref name="Wilson"/>

Sabin also developed vaccines against other viral diseases, including [[encephalitis]] and [[dengue fever|dengue]].<ref name=je93nf/> In addition, he investigated possible links between viruses and some forms of [[cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Albert B. Sabin |issue=6420 |pages=499 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/362499a0.pdf |journal=Nature |date=April 1993 |volume=362 |doi=10.1038/362499a0 |access-date=7 July 2024 |last1=Koprowski |first1=Hilary |pmid=8464487 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..499K }}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Sabin refused to patent his vaccine, waiving commercial exploitation by pharmaceutical industries, so that the low price would guarantee a more extensive spread of the treatment. From the development of his vaccine Sabin did not gain a penny, and continued to live on his salary as a professor. The [[Sabin Vaccine Institute]] was founded in 1993 to continue the work of developing and promoting vaccines. To commemorate Sabin's pioneering work, the institute annually awards the [[Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal]] in recognition of work in the field of [[vaccinology]] or a complementary field.

==Awards and recognition==

[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt, Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk, and Basil O'Connor at The Infantile Paralysis Hall of Fame in Warm... - NARA - 196188.jpg|thumb|Leaders in the effort against polio were honored at the opening of the Polio Hall of Fame on January 2, 1958. From left: [[Thomas Milton Rivers|Thomas M. Rivers]], [[Charles Armstrong (physician)|Charles Armstrong]], [[John R. Paul]], [[Thomas Francis Jr.]], Albert Sabin, [[Joseph L. Melnick]], [[Isabel Morgan]], [[Howard A. Howe]], [[David Bodian]], [[Jonas Salk]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and [[Basil O'Connor]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Furman |first=Bess |date=January 3, 1958 |title=New Hall of Fame Hails Polio Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/01/03/archives/new-hall-of-fame-hails-polio-fight-foundation-unveils-busts-of.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 8, 2020 }}</ref>]]
[[File:2008-10-05 05 Cincinnati architecture the University of Cincinnati's CARECrawley Building.jpg|thumb|right|The CARE/Crawley Building houses the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.]]
* For the trivalent oral vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of all three types of the poliovirus, the president of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the highest civilian honour, the medal of the [[Order of Friendship of Peoples|Order of Friendship Among Peoples]] (1986).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Siang Yong|last2=Ponstein|first2=Nate|date=January 2019|title=Jonas Salk (1914–1995): A vaccine against polio|journal=Singapore Medical Journal|volume=60|issue=1|pages=9–10|doi=10.11622/smedj.2019002|issn=0037-5675|pmc=6351694|pmid=30840995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC&q=order+of+friendship+sabin+polio*+1986&pg=RA3-PA83|title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences|date=2014-04-29|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-385158-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding aid for the Albert B. Sabin Papers (Addendum)|url=http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OhCiUWC0031.xml;chunk.id=bioghist_1;brand=default|access-date=2021-02-15|website=ead.ohiolink.edu}}</ref>
* Election to the [[Polio Hall of Fame]], which was dedicated in [[Warm Springs, Georgia]], on January 2, 1958
* [[Howard Taylor Ricketts]] Prize (1959)
* [[Robert Koch Prize]] (1962)
* [[Feltrinelli Prize]] (1964)
* [[Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]] (1965)
* [[Walter Reed Medal]], [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|The American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene]] (1969)
*[[National Medal of Science]] (1970)<ref name=je93nf>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/medalofscience50/sabin.jsp|title=News - Special Reports - Albert B. Sabin -- National Medal of Science 50th Anniversary - NSF - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Medal of Liberty]] (1986) 
*[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1986)
*The [[Duke Energy Convention Center|Cincinnati Convention Center]] was named after Sabin from 1985 to 2006.<ref name="Enquirer Bonfield">{{cite news|title=Sabin has been snubbed before|first=Tim|last=Bonfield|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|date=July 5, 1999|access-date=October 11, 2015|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/07/05/loc_sabin_has_been.html}}</ref>
*In 1999, [[Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center]] named its new education and conference center for Sabin.
*The street that runs between the [[University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center#University of Cincinnati College of Medicine|University of Cincinnati College of Medicine]] and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center was renamed Albert Sabin Way on April 28, 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Sabin Way to be dedicated |work=University Currents |publisher=www.uc.edu |date=April 21, 2000 |url=https://www.uc.edu/info-services/sabin.htm |access-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607191244/http://www.uc.edu/info-services/sabin.htm |archive-date=June 7, 2010 }}</ref>
*On March 6, 2006, the [[U.S. Postal Service]] issued an 87-cent [[postage stamp]] bearing his image, in its [[Distinguished Americans series]].<ref>[http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2006/sr06_012.htm USPS press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930020216/http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2006/sr06_012.htm |date=2006-09-30 }}.</ref>
*In early 2010, Sabin was proposed by the [[Ohio Historical Society]] as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in [[Statuary Hall]] at the [[United States Capitol]].
*In 2012, Albert Sabin was named a "Great Ohioan" by the Capitol Square Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiostatehouse.org/Communications/PressReleases/PressRelease.aspx?pressReleaseId=94805|title=Capitol Square Foundation press release|access-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233537/http://www.ohiostatehouse.org/Communications/PressReleases/PressRelease.aspx?pressReleaseId=94805|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Poles#Biology|List of Poles]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
*{{cite journal
|last=Saldías G
|first=Ernesto
|date=December 2006
|title=Centenary of Albert B. Sabin MD birthdate
|journal=Revista chilena de infectología
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=368–9
| pmid = 17186087
|doi = 10.4067/S0716-10182006000400013
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Smith
|first=Derek R
|author2=Leggat Peter A
|year=2005
|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin--inventor of the oral polio vaccine
|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal
|volume=52
|issue=3
|pages=111–6
| pmid = 16422178
|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111
 |doi-access=free
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Emed
|first=A
|date=April 2000
|title=[Albert B Sabin (1906-1993)]
|journal=Harefuah
|volume=138
|issue=8
|pages=702–3
| pmid = 10883218
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Chanock
|first=R M
|date=March 1996
|title=Reminiscences of Albert Sabin and his successful strategy for the development of the live oral poliovirus vaccine
|journal=Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians
|volume=108
|issue=2
|pages=117–26
| pmid = 8705731
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Dalakas
|first=M C
|date=May 1995
|title=Opening remarks. On post-polio syndrome and in honor of Dr. Albert B. Sabin
|journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
|volume=753
|pages=xi–xiv
| pmid = 7611615
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Beumer
|first=J
|year=1994
|title=[Academic eulogy of Professor Albert Bruce Sabin, foreign honorary member]
|journal=Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg.
|volume=149
|issue=5–7
|pages=220–4
| pmid = 7795544
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Horaud
|first=F
|date=December 1993
|title=Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine
|journal=Biologicals
|volume=21
|issue=4
|pages=311–6
| pmid = 8024745
|doi = 10.1006/biol.1993.1089
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Melnick
|first=J L
|author2=Horaud F
|date=December 1993
|title=Albert B. Sabin
|journal=Biologicals
|volume=21
|issue=4
|pages=297–303
| pmid = 8024743
| doi = 10.1006/biol.1993.1087
 }}
*{{cite journal
|date=December 1993
|title=Homage to Albert Sabin
|journal=Biologicals
|volume=21
|issue=4
|pages=295–384
| pmid = 8024742
| doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1087
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Newsom
|first=B
|date=June 1993
|title=In memoriam: Albert B. Sabin, M.D., 1906-1993
|journal=Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975)
|volume=89
|issue=6
|pages=311
| pmid = 8320975
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Grouse
|first=L D
|date=April 1993
|title=Albert Bruce Sabin
|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|volume=269
|issue=16
|pages=2140
| pmid = 8468772
|doi=10.1001/jama.269.16.2140
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Koprowski
|first=H
|date=April 1993
|title=Albert B. Sabin (1906-1993)
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|volume=362
|issue=6420
|pages=499
| pmid = 8464487
|doi = 10.1038/362499a0
| bibcode =  1993Natur.362..499K
 |s2cid=706753
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{cite journal
|doi=10.1001/jama.251.22.2988
|last=Sabin
|first=A B
|author2=Ramos-Alvarez M |author3=Alvarez-Amezquita J |author4=Pelon W |author5=Michaels R H |author6=Spigland I |author7=Koch M A |author8=Barnes J M |author9=Rhim J S
  |date=June 1984
|title=Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, José Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim
|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|volume=251
|issue=22
|pages=2988–93
| pmid = 6371279
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Benison
|first=S
|year=1982
|title=International medical cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, live poliovirus vaccine and the Soviets
|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine
|volume=56
|issue=4
|pages=460–83
| pmid = 6760938
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Dixon
|first=B
|date=December 1977
|title=Medicine and the media: polio still paralyses (Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk)
|journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine
|volume=18
|issue=6
|pages=595
| pmid = 342023
 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Draffin
|first=R W
|date=January 1977
|title=Citation for Dr. Albert B. Sabin of Charleston, S.C. on presentation of Honorary Fellowship 1976
|journal=The Journal of the American College of Dentists
|volume=44
|issue=1
|pages=28–30
| pmid = 320241
 }}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/2005/07/01/230689/the-myth-of-jonas-salk/ The Myth of Jonas Salk: It was Albert Sabin’s vaccine, not Salk’s, that truly defeated polio.] By Angela Matysiak July 1, 2005 [[MIT Technology Review]]
* [http://www.polioplace.org/people/albert-b-sabin-md Archives holding his papers]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Albert Sabin}}
* [http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/about/history/sabin.htm Dr. Albert Sabin's Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/04/us/albert-sabin-polio-researcher-86-dies.html Obituary, NY Times, March 4, 1993]
* [http://www.sabin.org Sabin Vaccine Institute]
* [http://sabin.uc.edu/ Hauck Center for the Albert B. Sabin Archives, University of Cincinnati]
* [http://www.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/topics/albert-b-sabin-archives/ The Albert B. Sabin Digitization Project Blog, University of Cincinnati]
* [http://drc.libraries.uc.edu/handle/2374.UC/664209 The Albert B. Sabin Archives Digital Collection, University of Cincinnati]
* [http://rave.ohiolink.edu/archives/ead/OhCiUWC0012 The Finding Aid for the Albert B. Sabin Papers, University of Cincinnati]

{{Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}}
{{Vaccines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabin, Albert}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:American medical researchers]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American pathologists]]
[[Category:American virologists]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:People from Białystok]]
[[Category:People from Belostoksky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Jews from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Polio]]
[[Category:Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science]]
[[Category:New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati faculty]]
[[Category:United States Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:Vaccinologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Presidents of universities in Israel]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Bellevue Hospital physicians]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Jews from Ohio]]
[[Category:Recipients of the John Howland Award]]