Editing Alcalde

{{short description|Spanish municipal magistrate}}
{{other uses}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:AlcaldesGuatemala1891.jpg|thumb|Mayan {{lang|es-GU|alcaldes}} from Guatemala, 1891|alt=Two sitting men and one standing man. All wear a haedscarf and a hat and a stick in their hands.]]
'''''Alcalde''''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|k|æ|l|d|i}}; {{IPA|es|alˈkalðe|lang}}) is the traditional Spanish municipal [[magistrate]], who had both [[judicial]] and [[Administration (government)|administrative]] functions. An ''alcalde'' was, in the absence of a [[corregidor (position)|corregidor]], the presiding officer of the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] ''[[Cabildo (council)|cabildo]]'' (the municipal council) and judge of first instance of a town.  ''Alcaldes'' were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the ''regidores'' (council members) of the municipal council. The office of the ''alcalde'' was signified by a [[staff of office]], which they were to take with them when doing their business.<ref>The [http://www.tulane.edu/~latinlib/osuna.html Osuna Codex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724003211/http://www.tulane.edu/%7Elatinlib/osuna.html |date=2008-07-24 }} depicts Viceroy [[Luís de Velasco]] granting the staffs of office to the ''alcaldes'' and ''[[alguacil]]es'' of the Mexica municipality of Mexico City.</ref><ref>For a contemporary recording of an ''alcalde'' receiving the staff of office from the ''ayuntaminto'', see [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njEeJu-HQ1A The Installation of the new ''Ayuntamiento'' of Figueres].</ref> A woman who holds the office is termed an ''alcaldesa''.

In [[New Spain]] (Mexico), ''alcaldes mayores'' were chief administrators in colonial-era administrative territories termed ''alcaldías mayores''; in colonial-era Peru the units were called ''corregimientos''.<ref>Mark A. Burkholder, "Alcalde Mayor" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, p. 45. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref>

''Alcalde'' was also a title given to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] (Native American) leaders inside the Spanish missions, who performed a large variety of duties for the Franciscan missionaries.<ref name="Hackel">{{cite book |last=Hackel |first=Steven |date=2005 |title=Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish relations in colonial California, 1769-1850|chapter=Social Control, Political Accommodation, and Indian Rebellion|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0807856543}}</ref>

== Medieval origins ==
The office of the ''alcalde'' evolved during the [[Reconquista]] as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of [[Kingdom of León|León]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. As fortified settlements in the area between the [[Douro]] and [[Tagus]] rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their [[Feudalism|feudal lords]] or the kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge (''iudex'' in [[Medieval Latin|Latin]] and ''juez'' in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called ''alcaldes'', whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had.<ref>O'Callaghan, ''A History of Medieval Spain'', 269-271.</ref> The title ''alcalde'' was [[Loanword|borrowed]] from the Arabic ''[[Arabic definite article|al]] [[qadi|qaḍi]]'' (قاضي), meaning "the judge."<ref>The second L in ''alcalde'' evolved from the [[Spanish language|Castilian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] attempts at pronouncing the [[emphatic consonant]] [[ḍād]]. The old Portuguese [[cognate]] ''alcalde'' was never applied to the presiding municipal officer and retained its original meaning of "judge." "Alcalde" in Corominas, ''Diccionario crítico'', Vol. A-CA (1), 127.</ref>

The word ''alcalde'' originally was used for simple judges, as in [[Andalusian Arabic]]. Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate.<ref>Corominas, "Alcalde", 127.</ref> This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses, such as ''alcaldes del crimen'', the judges in the ''[[Audiencia Real|audiencia]]s''; ''Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad'', who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; ''alcaldes mayores'', a synonym for [[Corregidor (position)|corregidor]]; and ''alcaldes de barrio'', who were roughly the equivalent of British [[parish constable]]s.  Because of this, the municipal ''alcalde'' was often referred to as an ''alcalde ordinario''.

== The classic ''cabildo'', fifteenth to nineteenth centuries ==
By the end of the fourteenth century the definite form of the Castilian municipal council, the ''ayuntamiento'' or ''[[Cabildo (council)|cabildo]]'', had been established. The council was limited to a maximum of twenty-four members (''regidores''), who may be appointed for life by the crown, hold the office as an inherited possession or be elected by the citizens (''[[vecino]]s'') of the municipality. (Many ''cabildos'' had a mix of these different types of ''regidores''.) The number of magistrates, now definitely called ''alcaldes'', was limited to one or two, depending on the size of the city and who were elected annually by the ''regidores''. To ensure control over ''cabildos'', the Castilian monarchs often appointed a ''corregidor'', who took over the role of the presiding officer of the council. The ''cabildo'' was taken to the Americas and Philippines by the Spanish [[conquistador]]s. Towns and villages in the Americas with the right to a council (''villas'' and ''lugares'' in the ''Recopilación de las [[Laws of the Indies|Leyes de Indias]]'', 1680) had one ''alcalde''. Cities (''ciudades'') had two, which was the maximum number anywhere. Early in the conquest, [[adelantado]]s had the right to appoint the ''alcaldes'' in the districts they settled, if they could attract the legally specified number of settlers to the area. This right could be inherited for one generation, after which the right of election returned to the municipal council.

== Modern usage ==
In modern Spanish, the term ''alcalde'' is equivalent to a [[mayor]], and is used to mean the local executive officer in [[Municipality|municipalities]] throughout Spain and Latin America. For example, the title ''[[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|alcalde]]'' continued to be used in the Spanish-speaking American Commonwealth of [[Puerto Rico]] after the occupation of the island during the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898. In the autonomous Spanish cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], however, the ''[[Alcalde-Presidente|alcaldes-presidentes]]'' have greater powers than their peninsular colleagues.

Because the [[United States]] incorporated parts of the former [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], the office had some influence in the local political and legal developments of those areas and is mentioned in judicial cases.  This title continued to be in use in the Southwest United States after the [[Mexican–American War]] until a permanent political and judicial system could be established.<ref>For example, it was in use in [[San Francisco]], as evidenced by ''Surocco v. Geary'', [[Supreme Court of California]], 3 Cal. 69, 58 Am.Dec. 385, "Geary, at that time Alcalde of San Francisco..."</ref> Alcaldes were notorious for their support for rule of law and opposition to vigilantes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cdigital.uv.mx/handle/123456789/3807|title=El enmaletado|first=Esquina Latina (Organización|last=Colombia)|date=29 March 1989|website=uv.mx|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> In nineteenth-century California, [[Stephen Johnson Field]], later an associate justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], once served as the only ''alcalde'' of [[Marysville, California]], a town established in 1850 during the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]] by immigrants, who temporarily used the Spanish and Mexican form of municipal government. In Texas, the position of [[Commissioners' Court|county judge]] was based on that of the ''alcalde'' which had existed in the state prior to the [[Texas Revolution]]. Like the ''alcaldes'' before them, county judges under the Texas Constitution wield both judicial and chief executive functions. Although in larger counties today the county judge usually functions solely as county chief executive, in smaller counties, the role of the county judge continues to have many of the combined judicial and administrative functions of the ''alcalde''.

The city of [[Sonoma, California]], has a tradition to name an honorary title of ''Alcalde/Alcaldesa'', to preside over ceremonial events of the city, with "mayor" being the official position of city governor.

In [[Belize]], any rural community may appoint an alcalde. The alcalde serves both judicial and administrative functions and is paid a small stipend by the government. The alcalde is responsible for managing communal land, judging disputes, and determining punishment for petty crimes. This type of local government is most commonly used by Maya communities in southern Belize.<ref name="belgov">{{Cite web |url=http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/our-governance/how-we-are-governed/local-government |title=Government of Belize - Local Government |access-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183422/http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/our-governance/how-we-are-governed/local-government |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Alcalde ordinario]]
* [[Presidente municipal]]
* [[Mayor]]
* [[Sargento mayor]]
* [[Corregidor (position)|Corregidor]]
* [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildo]]
* [[Regidor]]
* [[Syndic|Síndico]]
* [[Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)]]
* [[Ayuntamiento]]
* [[Teniente a guerra]]
* [[Corregimiento]]
* [[Santa Hermandad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Wiktionary|alcalde}}
*{{Handbook of Texas|name=Alcalde|id=nfa01}}
*[https://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=alcalde "Alcalde"] in the ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]]''.
* Corominas, Joan and José A Pascual. ''Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico'', 7 vols. Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1981. {{ISBN|84-249-1362-0}}
* [[Clarence H. Haring|Haring, C. H.]], ''The Spanish Empire in America''. New York, Oxford University Press, 1947.
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. ''A History of Medieval Spain''. Ithaca, [[Cornell University Press]], 1975. {{ISBN|0-8014-0880-6}}

[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Spanish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Heads of local government]]