Editing Alexander Pushkin

{{Short description|Russian poet, playwright and novelist (1799–1837)}}
{{redirect|Pushkin||Pushkin (disambiguation)|and|Alexander Pushkin (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Alexander Pushkin
| image            = Orest Kiprensky - Портрет поэта А.С.Пушкина - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption          = Portrait by [[Orest Kiprensky]], 1827
| native_name      = Александр Пушкин
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1799|06|06}}
| birth_place      = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1837|02|10|1799|06|06}}
| death_place      = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
| occupation       = {{cslist|Poet|novelist|playwright}}
| parents          = 
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Natalia Pushkina]]|1831}}
| children         = 4
| genre            = {{cslist|Novel|novel in verse|poem|drama|short story|fairytale}}
| language         = Russian, French
| movement         = {{plainlist|
* [[Romanticism]]
* [[Literary realism|Realism]]
* [[Classicism]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004484054_007 | doi=10.1163/9789004484054_007 | chapter=Pushkin between Classicism, Romanticism and Realism | title=Two Hundred Years of Pushkin, Volume III | date=2004 | last1=Weststeijn | first1=Willem G. | pages=47–56 | isbn=978-90-04-48405-4 }}</ref>}}
| notableworks     = {{cslist|''[[Eugene Onegin]]''|''[[The Captain's Daughter]]''|''[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]''|''[[Ruslan and Ludmila]]''}}
| period           = [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]]
| alma_mater       = [[Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum]]
| signature        = Pushkin Signature.svg
| image_size       =
}}

'''Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin'''{{efn|The first name is also transliterated as '''Aleksandr'''. {{family name explanation|Sergeyevich|Pushkin|lang=Eastern Slavic}}}}{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|p|ʊ|ʃ|k|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pushkin "Pushkin"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|ru|links=no|Александр Сергеевич Пушкин}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn|IPA|ru-Pushkin.ogg}}}} ({{OldStyleDate|6&nbsp;June|1799|26 May}}{{spaced ndash}}{{OldStyleDate|10 February|1837|29 January}}) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the [[Romantic era]].<ref name="basker">Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., ''A Companion to European Romanticism''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.</ref> He is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet,<ref name="virginia">[http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/dostoevsky/texts/devil_pushkinbio.html Short biography from University of Virginia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401220028/http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/dostoevsky/texts/devil_pushkinbio.html |date=1 April 2019 }}. Retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref><ref name="Reid">[http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/March/bkpub1print.asp Allan Reid, "Russia's Greatest Poet/Scoundrel"]. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/361169.stm "Pushkin fever sweeps Russia"]. BBC News, 5 June 1999. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2977322.stm "Biographer wins rich book price"]. BBC News, 10 June 2003. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</ref> as well as the founder of modern [[Russian literature]].<ref>[http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=1241 Biography of Pushkin at the Russian Literary Institute "Pushkin House"]. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</ref><ref name="Gorky">Maxim Gorky, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/gorky-maxim/misc/pushkin.htm "Pushkin, An Appraisal"]. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</ref>

Pushkin was born into the [[Russian nobility]] in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moscovery.com/alexander-pushkin/|title=Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Russian famous poet. Biography and interesting facts about his life|date=7 July 2016|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202852/https://www.moscovery.com/alexander-pushkin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father, Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, belonged to an old noble family. One of his maternal great-grandfathers was Major-General [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]], a nobleman of African origin who was kidnapped from his homeland by the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], then freed by the Russian Emperor and raised in the Emperor's court household as his [[godson]].

He published his first poem at the age of 15, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the [[Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum]]. Upon graduation from the Lycée, Pushkin recited his controversial poem "[[Ode to Liberty (poem)|Ode to Liberty]]", one of several that led to his exile by Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. While under strict surveillance by the [[Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery|Emperor's political police]] and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, ''[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]''. His novel in verse ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'' was serialized between 1825 and 1832. Pushkin was fatally wounded in a [[duel]] with his wife's alleged lover (her sister's husband), [[Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès]], also known as Dantes-Gekkern, a French officer serving with the [[Chevalier Guard Regiment]].

==Ancestry==
[[File:Pushkin_Coat_of_arms.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Coat of arms of the Pushkin family]]
[[File:PuschkinSL.JPG|thumb|180px|Pushkin's father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin]]
Pushkin's father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–1848), was descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility that traced its ancestry back to the 12th century.<ref name="Saint Petersburg 2007">Н.К. Телетова [N.K. Teletova] (2007).</ref> Pushkin's mother, Nadezhda (Nadya) Ossipovna Gannibal (1775–1836), was descended through her paternal grandmother from [[German nobility|German]] and [[List of nobles and magnates within Scandinavia in the 13th century|Scandinavian nobility]].<ref name="Лихауг Lihaug 2006 31–38">{{Cite journal | last = Лихауг [Lihaug]| first = Э.Г. [E.G.]| title = Предки А.С. Пушкина в Германии и Скандинавии(предположительно): происхождение Христины Регины Шёберг (Ганнибал) от Клауса фон Грабо из Грабо [Ancestors of A.S. Pushkin in Germany and Scandinavia: Descent of Christina Regina Siöberg (Hannibal) from Claus von Grabow zu Grabow]| journal=Генеалогический вестник [Genealogical Herald].–Санкт-Петербург [Saint Petersburg]| volume = 27| pages = 31–38|date=November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Lihaug 2007 32–46">{{Cite journal | last = Lihaug| first = Elin Galtung| title = Aus Brandenburg nach Skandinavien, dem Baltikum und Rußland. Eine Abstammungslinie von Claus von Grabow bis Alexander Sergejewitsch Puschkin 1581–1837| journal=Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung| volume = 11| pages = 32–46|year=2007}}</ref> She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal (1744–1807) and his wife, Maria Alekseyevna Pushkina (1745–1818).

Ossip Abramovich Gannibal's father, Pushkin's great-grandfather, was [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]] (1696–1781), an African [[Page (occupation)|page]] kidnapped and taken to [[Constantinople]] as a gift for the [[Ottoman Sultan]] and later transferred to Russia as a gift for [[Peter the Great]]. Abram wrote in a letter to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter, that Gannibal was from the town of "Lagon", largely on the basis of a mythical biography by Gannibal's son-in-law Rotkirch.

[[Vladimir Nabokov]], when researching ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', cast serious doubt on this origin theory. Later research by the scholars [[Dieudonné Gnammankou]] and [[Hugh Barnes]] eventually conclusively established that Gannibal was instead born in Central Africa, in an area bordering [[Lake Chad]] in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="Nsl">{{cite book|title=New Statesman|date=2005|publisher=New Statesman Limited|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aowxAQAAIAAJ|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nepomnyashchy">{{cite book |editor=Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy |editor2= Nicole Svobodny |editor3=Ludmilla A. Trigos |title=Under the Sky of My Africa: Alexander Pushkin and Blackness|date=2006|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=0810119714|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shNNrZJEEUEC|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> After education in France as a [[military engineer]], Gannibal became governor of [[Tallinn|Reval]] and eventually [[History of Russian military ranks|Général en Chief]] (the third most senior army rank) in charge of the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.
[[File:N.O.Puskina.jpg|thumb|180px|Pushkin's mother, Nadezhda Gannibal]]

==Early life==
Born in Moscow, Pushkin was entrusted to nursemaids and French tutors, and spoke mostly French until the age of ten. He became acquainted with the Russian language through communication with household serfs and his nanny, Arina Rodionovna, whom he loved dearly and to whom he was more attached than to his own mother.

He published his first poem at the age of 15. When he finished school, as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious [[Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum|Imperial Lyceum]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]], near Saint Petersburg, his talent was already widely recognized on the Russian literary scene. At the Lyceum, he was a student of David Mara, known in Russia as {{ill|David de Boudry|fr}}, a younger brother of French revolutionary [[Jean-Paul Marat]].<ref name="Goetz">{{cite news|url=http://docplayer.fr/14907605-Jean-paul-marat-notice-generale-etapes-de-vie-action-journaux-livres-theorie-politique.html|author=Goëtz-Nothomb, Charlotte|language=fr|page=9|title=Jean-Paul Marat - Notice Generale}}</ref> After school, Pushkin plunged into the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of St. Petersburg, which was then the capital of the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1820, he published his first long poem, ''[[Ruslan and Ludmila]]'', with much controversy about its subject and style.

==Social activism==
While at the Lyceum, Pushkin was heavily influenced by the Kantian [[liberalism|liberal]] individualist teachings of [[Alexander Kunitsyn]], whom Pushkin would later commemorate in his poem ''19 October''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schapiro |first1=Leonard |title=Rationalism and Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth Century Political Thought |date=1967 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=48–50 |quote=Schapiro writes that Kunitsyn’s influence on Pushkin’s political views was 'important above all.' Schapiro describes Kunitsyn's philosophy as conveying 'the most enlightened principles of past thought on the relations of the individual and the state,' namely, that the ruler’s power is 'limited by the natural rights of his subjects, and these subjects can never be treated as a means to an end but only as an end in themselves.'}}</ref> Pushkin also immersed himself in the thought of the French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], to which he would remain permanently indebted throughout his life, especially [[Voltaire]], whom he described as "the first to follow the new road, and to bring the lamp of philosophy into the dark archives of history".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahn |first1=Andrew |title=Pushkin's Lyric Intelligence |date=2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |page=283}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pushkin |first1=Alexander |title=The Letters of Alexander Pushkin |date=1967 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=164}}</ref>

Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform, and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. That angered the government and led to his transfer from the capital in May 1820.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wight |first=C. |title=Pushkin, poet and troublemaker - the early years |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pushkinpoet.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> He went to the [[Caucasus]] and to [[Crimea]] and then to [[Kamianka, Cherkasy Oblast|Kamianka]] and [[House-Museum of Alexander Pushkin|Chișinău in Bessarabia]].

He joined the [[Filiki Eteria]], a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the [[Greek Revolution]] and when the war against the Ottoman Empire broke out, he kept a diary recording the events of the national uprising.

==Rise==
[[File:Pushkin derzhavin.jpg|thumb|Pushkin recites his poem before [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] during an exam in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum on 8 January 1815. Painting by [[Ilya Repin]] (1911)]]
[[File:Анна Петровна Керн.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Pushkin's married lover [[Anna Petrovna Kern]], for whom he probably wrote the [[wikisource:To*** Kern|most famous love poem]] in Russian]]
He stayed in Chișinău until 1823 and wrote two [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poems which brought him acclaim: ''[[The Prisoner of the Caucasus (poem)|The Prisoner of the Caucasus]]'' and ''[[The Fountain of Bakhchisaray]]''. In 1823, Pushkin moved to [[Odessa]], where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile on his mother's rural estate of [[Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve|Mikhailovskoye]], near [[Pskov]], from 1824 to 1826.<ref>''Images of Pushkin in the works of the black "pilgrims".'' Ahern, Kathleen M. [[The Mississippi Quarterly]] p. 75(11) Vol. 55 No. 1 {{ISSN|0026-637X}}. 22 December 2001.</ref>

In Mikhaylovskoye, Pushkin wrote nostalgic love poems which he dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, wife of [[Little Russia|Malorossia]]'s [[General-Governor]].<ref>{{in lang|ru}} P.K. Guber. Don Juan List of A. S. Pushkin. [[Petrograd]], 1923 (reprinted in [[Kharkiv]], 1993). pp. 78, 90–99.</ref> Then Pushkin worked on his verse-novel ''Eugene Onegin''.

In Mikhaylovskoye, in 1825, Pushkin wrote the poem ''To***''. It is generally believed that he dedicated this poem to [[Anna Petrovna Kern|Anna Kern]], but there are other opinions. Poet Mikhail Dudin believed that the poem was dedicated to the serf Olga Kalashnikova.<ref name=VNLS>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.lych.ru/online/0ainmenu-65/32--s32008/96-n-- Vadim Nikolayev. To whom «Magic Moment» has been dedicated?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002133033/http://www.lych.ru/online/0ainmenu-65/32--s32008/96-n-- |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Pushkin studies|Pushkinist]] Kira Victorova believed that the poem was dedicated to the Empress Elizaveta Alekseyevna.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://esdek.narod.ru/48/pushkin.htm In an interview with Kira Victorova] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507083421/http://esdek.narod.ru/48/pushkin.htm |date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> Vadim Nikolayev argued that the idea about the Empress was marginal and refused to discuss it, while trying to prove that poem had been dedicated to Tatyana Larina, the heroine of ''Eugene Onegin''.<ref name=VNLS />

Authorities summoned Pushkin to Moscow after his poem [[Ode to Liberty (poem)|Ode to Liberty]] was found among the belongings of the rebels from the [[Decembrist revolt|Decembrist Uprising]] (1825). After his exile in 1820<ref name=TG>{{cite web|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/pushkin-opera-debut-grange-park-marita-phillips-russian|title=Pushkin descendant puts Russian poet's turbulent life on stage for first time|author=Thorpe, Vanessa|date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Pushkin's friends and family continually petitioned for his release, sending letters and meeting [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I]] and then [[Nicholas I of Russia|Emperor Nicholas I]] on the heels of the Decembrist Uprising. Upon meeting [[Nicholas I of Russia|Emperor Nicholas I]] Pushkin obtained his release from exile and began to work as the emperor's Titular Counsel of the National Archives. However, because insurgents in the Decembrist Uprising (1825) in Saint Petersburg had kept some of Pushkin's earlier political poems, the emperor retained strict control of everything Pushkin published and he was banned from travelling at will.

During that same year (1825) Pushkin also wrote what would become his most famous play, the drama ''[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]'', while at his mother's estate. He could not, however, gain permission to publish it until five years later. The original and uncensored version of the drama was not staged until 2007.

Around 1825–1829 he met and befriended the Polish poet [[Adam Mickiewicz]], during exile in central Russia.<ref name="psb696">[[Kazimierz Wyka]], ''Mickiewicz Adam Bernard'', Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tome XX, 1975, p. 696</ref> In 1829 he travelled through the Caucasus to [[Erzurum]] to visit friends fighting in the Russian army during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|Russo-Turkish War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Reuel K.|title=The Literary Travelogue |chapter=Pushkin's Journey to Erzurum |date=1973 |pages=98–121|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-247-1558-9|doi=10.1007/978-94-010-1997-2_10}}</ref> At the end of 1829 Pushkin wanted to set off on a journey abroad, the desire reflected in his poem ''Let's go, I'm ready''.<ref>[http://feb-web.ru/feben/pushkin/texts/push17/vol03/y03-191-.htm?cmd=p Поедем, я готов; куда бы вы, друзья...]{{in lang|ru}}</ref> He applied for permission for the journey but received negative response from [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] on 17 January 1830.<ref>{{cite book|first=A.S.|last=Pushkin|title=Sobranie sochinenii|publisher=Khudozhestvennaya Literatura|location=Moscow|year=1974|volume=2|pages=581}}</ref>

[[Image:Natalia Pushkina by Brullov.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Natalia Pushkina, portrait by [[Alexander Brullov]], 1831.]]
Around 1828 Pushkin met [[Natalia Pushkina|Natalia Goncharova]], then 16 years old and one of the most talked-about beauties of Moscow. After much hesitation Natalia accepted a proposal of marriage from Pushkin in April 1830, but not before she received assurances that the Tsarist government had no intention of persecuting the libertarian poet. Later Pushkin and his wife became regulars of court society. They officially became engaged on 6 May 1830 and sent out wedding invitations. Owing to an outbreak of [[cholera]] and other circumstances, the wedding was delayed for a year. The ceremony took place on 18 February 1831 (Old Style) in the [[Great Ascension Church]] on [[Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street]] in Moscow.

Pushkin's marriage to Goncharova was largely a happy one, but his wife’s characteristic flirtatiousness and frivolity would lead to his fatal duel seven years later, for Pushkin had a highly jealous temperament.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pushkin |first1=Aleksandr Sergeevich |last2=Пушкин |first2=Александр Сергеевич |title=Tales of Belkin and Other Prose Writings |date=1998 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=0-14-044675-3 |pages=X}}</ref>

[[File:D'Anthès.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Georges d'Anthès]]]]
In 1831, during the period of Pushkin's growing literary influence, he met one of Russia's other influential early writers, [[Nikolai Gogol]]. After reading Gogol's 1831–1832 volume of short stories ''[[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka]]'', Pushkin supported him and would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories in the magazine ''[[Sovremennik|The Contemporary]]'', which he founded in 1836.

==Death==
By the autumn of 1836, Pushkin was falling into greater and greater debt and faced scandalous rumours that his wife was having a love affair. On 4 November, he sent a challenge to a duel to [[Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès|Georges d'Anthès]], also known as Dantes-Gekkern. [[Jacob van Heeckeren tot Enghuizen|Jacob van Heeckeren]], d'Anthès' adoptive father, asked that the duel be delayed by two weeks. With efforts by the poet's friends, the duel was cancelled.

On 17 November, d'Anthès proposed to Natalia Goncharova's sister, Ekaterina. The marriage did not resolve the conflict. D'Anthès continued to pursue Natalia Goncharova in public and rumours circulated that d'Anthès had married Natalia's sister just to save her reputation.

On 26 January (7 February in the Gregorian calendar) 1837 Pushkin sent a "highly insulting letter" to Gekkern. The only answer to that letter could be a challenge to a duel, as Pushkin knew. Pushkin received the formal challenge to a duel through his sister-in-law, Ekaterina Gekkerna, approved by d'Anthès, on the same day through the attaché of the French Embassy, Viscount d'Archiac.

Pushkin asked [[Arthur Magenis]], then attaché to the [[Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Saint Petersburg|British Consulate-General in Saint Petersburg]], to be his second. Magenis did not formally accept but on 26 January (7 February) approached Viscount d'Archiac to attempt a reconciliation; however d'Archiac refused to speak with him as he was not yet officially Pushkin's second. Magenis, unable to find Pushkin in the evening, sent him a letter through a messenger at 2 o'clock in the morning declining to be his second, as the possibility of a peaceful settlement had already been quashed, and the traditional first task of the second was to try to bring about a reconciliation.<ref name="simmons">{{cite news |last1=Simmons |first1=Ernest J. |title=Pushkin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126492/page/n435/mode/2up/search/magenis |access-date=28 January 2020 |date=1922|ref=Simmons |page=412}}</ref><ref name="binyon">{{cite book |last1=Binyon |first1=T. J. |author-link=T. J. Binyon |title=Pushkin: A Biography |date=2007 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-42737-3 |pages=593–594 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr7tZng-w-0C&q=Sir+Arthur+Magenis+second+duel+with+Pushkin&pg=PA593 |access-date=27 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The pistol duel with d'Anthès took place on 27 January (8 February) at the [[Chernaya River (Saint Petersburg)|Black River]], without the presence of a second for Pushkin. The duel they fought was of a kind known as a "barrier duel".{{efn|This was coincidentally the same form of duel as the one depicted in ''Eugene Onegin''; see Hopton (2011)}} The rules of this type dictated that the duellists began at an agreed distance. After the signal to begin, they walked towards each other, closing the distance. They could fire at any time they wished, but the duellist that shot first was required to stand still and wait for the other to shoot back at his leisure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopton |first=Richard |title=Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group Limited |isbn=978-0-7499-2996-1|pages=85–87}}</ref>

D'Anthès fired first, critically wounding Pushkin; the bullet entered at his hip and penetrated his abdomen. D'Anthès was only lightly wounded in the right arm by Pushkin's shot. Two days later, at 2.45 pm on 29 January (10 February), Pushkin died of [[peritonitis]].

In [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s novel [[The Idiot]], a character suggests that the shot was accidental: ‘The bullet hit so low that d’Anthès was probably aiming somewhere higher, the chest or the head; nobody aims where that bullet hit, that means it probably hit Pushkin by chance, a fluke. I’ve been told that by people who know.’ <ref>{{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |title=The Idiot |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-953639-2}}</ref>

At Pushkin's wife's request he was put in the coffin in evening dress, not in chamber-cadet uniform, the uniform provided by the emperor. The funeral service was initially assigned to St Isaac's Cathedral but was moved to Konyushennaya church. Many people attended. After the funeral the coffin was lowered into the basement, where it stayed until 3 February, when it was removed to Pskov province. Pushkin was buried in the grounds of Svyatogorsky monastery in present-day [[Pushkinskiye Gory]], near Pskov, beside his mother. His last home is now a [[National Pushkin Museum|museum]].
[[File:Ivan Makarov - Natalia Nikolaevna Pushkina-Lanskaya 1849.jpg|thumb|180px|right|His widow [[Natalia Pushkina|Natalia Goncharova]], 1849]]
[[File:Pushkin ancestry.png|thumb|left|100px|Pushkin's ancestry]]

==Descendants==
Pushkin had four children from his marriage to Natalia: Maria (b. 1832), Alexander (b. 1833), Grigory (b. 1835) and [[Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina|Natalia]] (b. 1836), the last of whom married [[morganatic marriage|morganatically]] [[Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau]] of the [[House of Nassau-Weilburg]] and was granted the title of [[Count of Merenberg|Countess of Merenberg]]. Her daughter [[Sophie of Merenberg|Sophie]] married [[Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia]], a grandson of Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]].
[[Image:Pushkinana.jpg|thumb|Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina, Countess of Merenberg]]

Only the lines of Alexander and Natalia still remain. Natalia's granddaughter, [[Nadejda Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven|Nadejda]], married into the extended British royal family, her husband being the uncle of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], and is the grandmother of the present [[George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven|Marquess of Milford Haven]].<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/pushkingenealogy.html Pushkin Genealogy]. PBS.</ref> Descendants of the poet now live around the globe in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the United States.

==Legacy==
[[File:Stamp of Moldova 153.gif|thumb|upright|1999 stamp of [[Moldova]] showing Pushkin and [[Constantin Stamati]]]]
===Literary===
Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem ''[[The Bronze Horseman (poem)|The Bronze Horseman]]'' and the drama ''[[The Stone Guest (play)|The Stone Guest]]'', a tale of the fall of [[Don Juan]]. His poetic short drama ''[[Mozart and Salieri (play)|Mozart and Salieri]]'' (like ''The Stone Guest'', one of the so-called four ''Little Tragedies'', a collective characterization by Pushkin himself in 1830 letter to [[Pyotr Pletnyov]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Nancy K. (trans. & ed.)|title=The Little Tragedies by Alexander Pushkin|year=2000|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/littletragedies00alek/page/1 1 & 213 n.1]|isbn=0300080255|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/littletragedies00alek/page/1}}.</ref>) was the inspiration for [[Peter Shaffer]]'s ''[[Amadeus (play)|Amadeus]]'' as well as providing the libretto (almost verbatim) to [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s opera ''[[Mozart and Salieri (opera)|Mozart and Salieri]]''.

Pushkin is also known for his short stories. In particular his cycle ''[[The Belkin Tales|The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin]]'', including [[The Shot (Pushkin)|The Shot]], were well received. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, <blockquote> "the narrative logic and the plausibility of that which is narrated, together with the precision, conciseness – economy of the presentation of reality – all of the above is achieved in ''Tales of Belkin'', especially, and most of all in the story ''The Stationmaster''. Pushkin is the progenitor of the long and fruitful development of Russian realist literature, for he manages to attain the realist ideal of a concise presentation of reality".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kvas|first=Kornelije|title=The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2020|isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London|pages=26}}</ref></blockquote> Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus.

''Onegin'' is a work of such complexity that, though it is only about a hundred pages long, translator [[Vladimir Nabokov]] needed two full volumes of material to fully render its meaning into English. Because of this difficulty in translation, Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers. Even so Pushkin has profoundly influenced western writers such as [[Henry James]].<ref name="Leary">[http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~hathaway/ejournal2.html Joseph S. O'Leary, ”Pushkin in 'The Aspern Papers{{'}}”. ''The Henry James E-Journal'' Number 2, March 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013429/http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~hathaway/ejournal2.html |date=5 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref>
Pushkin wrote [[The Queen of Spades (story)|The Queen of Spades]], a short story frequently anthologized in English translation.

===Musical===
Pushkin's works also provided fertile ground for Russian composers. [[Mikhail Glinka|Glinka]]'s ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)|Ruslan and Lyudmila]]'' is the earliest important Pushkin-inspired opera, and a landmark in the tradition of Russian music. [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s operas ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' (1879) and ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]'' (''Pikovaya Dama'', 1890) became perhaps better known outside of Russia than Pushkin's own works of the same name.

[[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s monumental ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' (two versions, 1868–9 and 1871–2) ranks as one of the very finest and most original of Russian operas. Other Russian operas based on Pushkin include [[Alexander Dargomyzhsky|Dargomyzhsky]]'s ''[[Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky)|Rusalka]]'' and ''[[The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)|The Stone Guest]]''; [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[Mozart and Salieri (opera)|Mozart and Salieri]]'', ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan (Rimsky-Korsakov)|Tale of Tsar Saltan]]'', and ''[[The Golden Cockerel]]''; [[César Cui|Cui]]'s ''[[Prisoner of the Caucasus (opera)|Prisoner of the Caucasus]]'', ''[[Feast in Time of Plague (opera)|Feast in Time of Plague]]'', and ''[[The Captain's Daughter (opera)|The Captain's Daughter]]''; [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]''; [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]]'s one-act operas ''[[Aleko (opera)|Aleko]]'' (based on ''The Gypsies'') and ''[[The Miserly Knight]]''; [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]'s ''[[Mavra]]'', and [[Eduard Nápravník|Nápravník]]'s ''[[Dubrovsky (opera)|Dubrovsky]]''.

Additionally, ballets and [[cantata]]s, as well as innumerable [[Art song|songs]], have been set to Pushkin's verse (including even his French-language poems, in [[Isabelle Aboulker]]'s [[song cycle]] "[[Troika (Julia Kogan album)|Caprice étrange]]"). [[Franz von Suppé|Suppé]], [[Ruggiero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo]] and [[Gian Francesco Malipiero|Malipiero]] have also based operas on his works.<ref>Taruskin R. Pushkin in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera''. London & New York, Macmillan, 1997.</ref> Composers [[Yudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya]], [[Galina Konstantinovna Smirnova]], [[Yevgania Yosifovna Yakhina]], [[Maria Semyonovna Zavalishina]], [[Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova]] composed folk songs using Pushkin's text.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Aaron I.|title=International encyclopedia of women composers|date=1987|isbn=0-9617485-2-4|edition=Second edition, revised and enlarged|location=New York|oclc=16714846}}</ref>

''The Desire of Glory'', which has been dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, was set to music by [[David Tukhmanov]], as well as ''Keep Me, Mine Talisman'' – by [[Alexander Barykin]]  and later by Tukhmanov.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Romanticism===
Pushkin is considered by many to be the central representative of Romanticism in Russian literature; however, he was not unequivocally known as a Romantic. Russian critics have traditionally argued that his works represent a path from [[Neoclassicism]] through Romanticism to [[Literary realism|Realism]]. An alternative assessment suggests that "he had an ability to entertain contrarities which may seem Romantic in origin, but are ultimately subversive of all fixed points of view, all single outlooks, including the Romantic" and that "he is simultaneously Romantic and not Romantic".<ref name=basker/>

===Russian literature===
Pushkin is usually credited with developing Russian literature. He is seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, and he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon. Whenever he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised [[calque]]s. His rich vocabulary and highly-sensitive style are the foundation for modern Russian literature. His accomplishments set new records for development of the Russian language and culture. He became the father of Russian literature in the 19th century, marking the highest achievements of the 18th century and the beginning of literary process of the 19th century. He introduced Russia to all the European literary genres as well as a great number of West European writers. He brought natural speech and foreign influences to create modern poetic Russian. Though his life was brief, he left examples of nearly every literary genre of his day: lyric poetry, narrative poetry, the novel, the short story, the drama, the critical essay and even the personal letter.

According to [[Vladimir Nabokov]], <blockquote>Pushkin's [[idiom]] combined all the contemporaneous elements of Russian with all he had learned from [[Gavrila Derzhavin|Derzhavin]], [[Vasily Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky]], [[Konstantin Batyushkov|Batyushkov]], [[Nikolay Karamzin|Karamzin]] and [[Ivan Krylov|Krylov]]:

# The poetical and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] strain that still lived in [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] forms and locutions
# Abundant and natural [[gallicism]]s
# Everyday [[colloquialism]]s of his set
# Stylized popular speech by combining the famous three styles (low, medium elevation, high) dear to the pseudoclassical archaists and adding the ingredients of Russian romanticists with a pinch of [[parody]].<ref>[[Vladimir Nabokov]], ''Verses and Versions'', p. 72.</ref></blockquote>

His work as a critic and as a journalist marked the birth of Russian magazine culture which included him devising and contributing heavily to one of the most influential literary magazines of the 19th century, the ''Sovremennik'' (''The Contemporary'', or ''Современник''). Pushkin inspired the [[Russian fairy tale|folk tales]] and genre pieces of other authors: [[Nikolai Leskov|Leskov]], [[Sergei Yesenin|Yesenin]] and [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]]. His use of Russian formed the basis of the style of novelists [[Ivan Turgenev]], [[Ivan Goncharov]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]], as well as that of subsequent lyric poets such as [[Mikhail Lermontov]]. Pushkin was analysed by [[Nikolai Gogol]], his successor and pupil, and the great Russian critic [[Vissarion Belinsky]], who produced the fullest and deepest critical study of Pushkin's work, which still retains much of its relevance.

===Soviet centennial celebrations===
In the centennial year of Pushkin's death in 1937, a mass renaming of streets across the entire [[Soviet Union]] occurred in his honour.<ref name="7473415pushkin"/> Prior to 2022, Pushkin was the third most common historical figure represented in Ukraine’s streets; however, [[Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine|his monuments]] were removed and streets bearing his name were renamed following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="7473415pushkin">{{Cite web|title=Pushkin must fall: monuments to Russia's national poet under threat in Ukraine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/monuments-to-russia-national-poet-pushkin-under-threat-in-ukraine|date=5 May 2023|access-date=5 September 2024|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Pushkin7379110"><br/>{{cite web |author=|title=Bandera Street appeared in the liberated Izium|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/3/7379110/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=3 December 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}<br/>{{cite web |author=Lyudmyla Martinova|title=Kyiv renamed Pushkinska Street to Chikalenka, Nekrasivska to Dracha|url=https://ukranews.com/ua/news/890959-kyyiv-perejmenuvav-vulytsyu-pushkinsku-na-chykalenka-nekrasivsku-na-dracha|website=[[Ukrainian News Agency]] |date=28 October 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}<br/>{{cite web |author=|title=Monuments to Pushkin, Lomonosov, and Gorky will be removed from public space in Dnipro - city council|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/6/7379537/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=6 December 2022|access-date=6 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}<br/>{{Cite web|title=Poltava decided to demolish monuments to two Soviet generals and Pushkin|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/04/7/7396940/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=7 April 2023|accessdate=14 April 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> These monuments, along with any [[toponymy]] named after him, are now illegal in [[Ukraine]] following the implementation of [[On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy|a law that bans symbols]] "dedicated to persons who publicly, including … in literary and other artistic works, supported, glorified, or justified [[Russian imperialism|Russian imperial]] policy".<ref name="7473415pushkin"/>

The centennial of Pushkin's death in 1937 was one of the most significant literary commemorations of the Soviet era, second only to the 1928 centennial of [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s birth. Although Pushkin's image was prominently displayed in Soviet propaganda, from billboards to candy wrappers, it conflicted with the ideal Soviet persona. Pushkin was reputed as a [[libertine]] with aristocratic tendencies, which clashed with Soviet values and led to a form of repressive revisionism, akin to the Stalinist reworking of Tolstoy's [[Christian anarchism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Simon |title=Sergey Prokofiev and His World |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2008 |page=60}}</ref>

==Honours==
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Bolshiye Vyazyomy, Moskovskaya oblast', Russia - panoramio (27).jpg|thumb|Pushkin Museum, [[Bolshiye Vyazyomy]] in [[Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast|Golitsyno]], Moskovskaya oblast, which Pushkin visited several times in his youth]]
[[File:Пам`ятник Пушкiну в Чернiговi.jpg|thumb|180px|Now [[Derussification in Ukraine|dismantled monument]] in [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine as it was in 2019]]
*Shortly after Pushkin's death, contemporary Russian romantic poet [[Mikhail Lermontov]] wrote "[[Death of the Poet]]". The poem, which ended with a passage blaming the aristocracy being (as oppressors of freedom) the true culprits in Pushkin's death,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homeenglish.ru/ArticlesLermontov.htm |title=Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov Biography |year=2005 |work=Home English |access-date=4 March 2011}} {{in lang|en}}</ref> was not published (nor could have been) but was informally circulated in St. Petersburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Lermontov.html |title=Mikhail Iurevich Lermontov (1814-1841) |author=C. T. Evans |year=2010 |work=Nova Online |access-date=4 March 2011}} {{in lang|en}}</ref> Lermontov was arrested and exiled to a regiment in the Caucasus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rulex.ru/01120263.htm |title=Лермонтов Михаил Юрьевич |trans-title=Mikhail Lermontov |work=Russian Biographical Dictionary a|access-date=4 March 2011}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*Montenegrin poet and ruler [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]] included in his 1846 poetry collection ''Ogledalo srpsko'' (The Serbian Mirror) a poetic ode to Pushkin, titled ''Sjeni Aleksandra Puškina''.
*In 1929, Soviet writer, Leonid Grossman, published a novel, ''The d'Archiac Papers'', telling the story of Pushkin's death from the perspective of a French diplomat, being a participant and a witness of the fatal duel. The book describes him as a liberal and a victim of the Tsarist regime. In Poland the book was published under the title ''Death of the Poet''.
*In 1937, the town of [[Pushkin, Saint Petersburg|Tsarskoye Selo]] was renamed Pushkin in his honour.
*There are several museums in Russia dedicated to Pushkin, including two in Moscow, one in Saint Petersburg, and a [[Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve|large complex in Mikhaylovskoye]].
*Pushkin's death was portrayed in the 2006 biographical film ''Pushkin: The Last Duel''. The film was directed by [[Natalya Bondarchuk]]. Pushkin was portrayed on screen by [[Sergei Bezrukov]].
*His life was dramatised in the 1951 Australian radio play ''[[The Golden Cockerel (radio play)|The Golden Cockerel]]''
* In 2000, the [[Statue of Alexander Pushkin (Washington, D.C.)]] was erected as part of a cultural exchange between the cities of Moscow and Washington. In return, a statue of the American poet [[Walt Whitman]] was erected in Moscow.
*The Pushkin Trust was established in 1987 by the [[Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn|Duchess of Abercorn]] to commemorate the creative legacy and spirit of her ancestor and to release the creativity and imagination of the children of Ireland by providing them with opportunities to communicate their thoughts, feelings and experiences.
*A minor planet, [[2208 Pushkin]], discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer [[Nikolai Chernykh]], is named after him.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Schmadel| first = Lutz D.| title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names| page = 179| edition = 5th | year = 2003| publisher=Springer Verlag| location = New York | isbn = 3-540-00238-3}}</ref> A [[List of craters on Mercury|crater on Mercury]] is also named in his honour.
[[File:RR5009-0012R 1 рубль 1999 медно-никелевый 200-летие со дня рождения А.С. Пушкина реверс.gif|thumb|180px|1999 Russian [[Russian ruble|1 rouble]] coin commemorating the 200th anniversary of Pushkin's birth]]
* [[MS Marco Polo#Service as Aleksandr Pushkin|MS ''Aleksandr Pushkin'']], second ship of the Russian Ivan Franko class (also referred to as "poet" or "writer" class).
* A [[Pushkin (Tashkent Metro)|station of Tashkent metro]] was named in his honour.
* The Pushkin Hills<ref name="CGNDBHills">{{cite cgndb|id= FCIXD|title= Pushkin Hills|access-date= 25 May 2014}}</ref> and Pushkin Lake<ref name="CGNDBLake">{{cite cgndb|id= FCIXE|title= Pushkin Lake|access-date= 25 May 2014}}</ref> were named in his honour in [[Ben Nevis Township]], Cochrane District, in Ontario, Canada.
* [[UN Russian Language Day]], established by the United Nations in 2010 and celebrated each year on 6 June, was scheduled to coincide with Pushkin's birthday.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Ashley|title=Celebrating Russian Language Day|url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/06/russian-language-day/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608214306/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/06/russian-language-day/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2013|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=Oxford Dictionaries|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
* A statue of Pushkin was unveiled inside the [[Mehan Garden]] in Manila, Philippines to commemorate the [[Philippines–Russia relations]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite sign|title=Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837) |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlexanderPushkinMonumentjf4497_02.JPG |location=Plaque on the pedestal of Pushkin's statue at the Mehan Garden, Manila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927225601/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAlexanderPushkinMonumentjf4497_02.JPG |archive-date=27 September 2015 }}</ref>
* The [[Alexander Pushkin (diamond)|Alexander Pushkin diamond]], the second largest found in Russia (Russia was at the time part of the USSR), was named after him.
* On 28 November 2009, a Pushkin Monument was erected in [[Asmara]], capital of [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Эритрее появится памятник Пушкину|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=327939|work=Vesti|date=26 November 2009|access-date=23 April 2017|language=ru}}</ref>
* In 2005 a monument to Pushkin and his grandmother [[:ru:Ганнибал, Осип Абрамович|Maria Hannibal]] was commissioned by an enthusiast of Russian culture Just Rugel in Zakharovo, Russia. Sculptor V. Kozinin
*In 2019, Moscow's [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] was named after Pushkin in accordance to the Great Names of Russia contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sheremetyevo-named-for-pushkin-in-national-airport-s-454162/|title=Sheremetyevo named for Pushkin in national airport scheme|last=Kaminski-Morrow|first=David|date=5 December 2018|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

== Works ==
{{citations needed|section|date=September 2024}}
=== Narrative poems ===
* 1820&nbsp;– ''Ruslan i Ludmila (Руслан и Людмила)''; English translation: ''[[Ruslan and Ludmila (poem)|Ruslan and Ludmila]]''
* 1820–21&nbsp;– ''Kavkazskiy plennik (Кавказский пленник)''; English translation: ''[[The Prisoner of the Caucasus (poem)|The Prisoner of the Caucasus]]''
* 1821 – ''Gavriiliada (Гавриилиада)''; English translation: ''[[The Gabrieliad]]''
* 1821–22&nbsp;– ''Bratia razboyniki (Братья разбойники)''; English translation: ''[[The Robber Brothers]]''
* 1823&nbsp;– ''Bakhchisarayskiy fontan (Бахчисарайский фонтан)''; English translation: ''[[The Fountain of Bakhchisaray]]''
* 1824&nbsp;– ''Tsygany (Цыганы)''; English translation: ''[[The Gypsies (poem)|The Gypsies]]''
* 1825&nbsp;– ''Graf Nulin (Граф Нулин)''; English translation: ''[[Count Nulin]]''
* 1829&nbsp;– ''[[Poltava (poem)|Poltava]]'' (Полтава)
* 1830&nbsp;– ''Domik v Kolomne (Домик в Коломне)''; English translation: ''[[The Little House in Kolomna (Pushkin)|The Little House in Kolomna]]''
* 1833 – ''Andzhelo (Анджело)''; English translation: ''Angelo''
* 1833&nbsp;– ''Medny vsadnik (Медный всадник)''; English translation: ''[[The Bronze Horseman (poem)|The Bronze Horseman]]''
* 1825–1832 (1833)&nbsp;– ''Evgeniy Onegin (Евгений Онегин)''; English translation: ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''

=== Drama ===
* 1825&nbsp;– ''Boris Godunov (Борис Годунов)''; English translation by [[Alfred Hayes (poet)|Alfred Hayes]]: ''[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]''
* 1830&nbsp;– ''Malenkie tragedii (Маленькие трагедии)''; English translation: {{ill|Little Tragedies (Pushkin)|lt=''Little Tragedies''|ru|Маленькие трагедии}}
** ''Kamenny gost (Каменный гость)''; English translation: ''[[The Stone Guest (play)|The Stone Guest]]''
** ''Motsart i Salieri (Моцарт и Сальери)''; English translation: ''[[Mozart and Salieri (play)|Mozart and Salieri]]''
** ''Skupoy rytsar (Скупой рыцарь)''; English translations: ''[[The Miserly Knight]]'', or ''The Covetous Knight''
** ''Pir vo vremya chumy (Пир во время чумы)''; English translation: ''[[A Feast in Time of Plague]]''

=== Fairy tales in verse ===
* 1822 – ''Царь Никита и сорок его дочерей''; English translation: ''Tsar Nikita and His Forty Daughters''
* 1825 – ''Жених''; English translation: ''[[The Robber Bridegroom (fairy tale)|The Bridegroom]]''
* 1830 – ''Сказка о попе и о работнике его Балде''; English translation: ''[[The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda]]''
* 1830 – ''Сказка о медведихе''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Female Bear'', or ''The Tale of the Bear'' (was not finished)
* 1831 – ''Сказка о царе Салтане''; English translation: ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]''
* 1833 – ''Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке''; English translation: ''[[The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish]]''
* 1833 – ''Сказка о мертвой царевне''; English translation: ''[[The Tale of the Dead Princess]]''
* 1834 – ''Сказка о золотом петушке''; English translation: ''[[The Tale of the Golden Cockerel]]''

=== Short poems ===
* 1817 – "[[Ode to Liberty (poem)|Ode to Liberty]]"
* 1829 – "[[I Loved You (poem)|I Loved You]]"
* 1831 – "[[To the Slanderers of Russia]]"

=== Novels ===
* 1828 – ''Arap Petra Velikogo (Арап Петра Великого)''; English translation: ''[[The Moor of Peter the Great]]'', unfinished novel
* 1829 – ''Roman v pis'makh (Роман в письмах)''; English translation: ''A Novel in Letters'', unfinished novel
* 1836 – ''Kapitanskaya dochka (Капитанская дочка)''; English translation: ''[[The Captain's Daughter]]'', novel
* 1836 – ''Roslavlev (Рославлев)''; English translation: ''[[Roslavlev (novel)|Roslavlev]]'', unfinished novel
* 1841 – ''Dubrovsky (Дубровский)''; English translation: ''[[Dubrovsky (novel)|Dubrovsky]]'', [[unfinished novel]]{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

=== Short stories ===
* 1831&nbsp;– ''Povesti pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina (Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина)''; English translation: ''[[The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin]]''
** ''Vystrel (Выстрел)''; English translation: ''[[The Shot (Pushkin)|The Shot]]'', short story
** ''Metel (Метель)''; English translation: ''[[The Blizzard]]'', short story
** ''Grobovschik (Гробовщик)''; English translation: ''The Undertaker'', short story
** ''Stantsionny smotritel (Станционный смотритель)''; English translation: ''The Stationmaster'', short story
** ''Baryshnya-krestianka (Барышня-крестьянка)''; English translation: ''The Squire's Daughter'', short story
* 1834 – ''Pikovaya dama (Пиковая дама)''; English translation: ''[[The Queen of Spades (story)|The Queen of Spades]]'', short story
* 1834 – ''Kirjali (Кирджали)''; English translation: ''[[Kirdzhali]]'', short story
* 1837 – ''Istoria sela Goryuhina (История села Горюхина)''; English translation: ''[[The Story of the Village of Goryukhino]]'', unfinished short story
* 1837 – ''Egypetskie nochi (Египетские ночи)''; English translation: ''{{ill|The Egyptian Nights|ru|Египетские ночи}}''

=== Non-fiction ===
* 1834 – ''Istoria Pugachyova (История Пугачева)''; English translation: ''[[A History of Pugachev]]'', study of the [[Pugachev's Rebellion]]
* 1836 – ''Puteshestvie v Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум)''; English translation: ''[[A Journey to Arzrum]]'', travel sketches

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Russia|Novels|Poetry|Children's literature}}
* [[Anton Delvig]]
* [[Aleksandra Ishimova]]
* [[Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy]]
* ''[[Literaturnaya Gazeta]]''
* [[Pushkin Prize]]
* [[Vasily Pushkin]]
* [[Vladimir Dal]]
* [[Kapiton Zelentsov]], contemporary illustrator of Pushkin's novels
* [[UN Russian Language Day]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[T. J. Binyon|Binyon, T.J.]] (2002) ''Pushkin: A Biography''. London: [[HarperCollins]] {{ISBN|0-00-215084-0}}; US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003 {{ISBN|1-4000-4110-4}}
* [[Yuri Druzhnikov]] (2008) ''Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism'', Transaction Publishers {{ISBN|1-56000-390-1}}
* Dunning, Chester, Emerson, Caryl, Fomichev, Sergei, Lotman, Lidiia, Wood, Antony (Translator) (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bLQEcJZSDNIC&q=Chester+Dunning:+The+Uncensored+Boris+Godunov ''The Uncensored Boris Godunov: The Case for Pushkin's Original Comedy''] [[University of Wisconsin Press]] {{ISBN|0-299-20760-9}}
* [[Elaine Feinstein|Feinstein, Elaine]] (ed.) (1999) ''After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets''. Manchester: Carcanet Press; London: Folio Society {{ISBN|1-85754-444-7}}
* Galgano Andrea (2014). ''The affective dynamics in the work and thought of Alexandr Pushkin'', Conference Proceedings, 17th World Congress of the World Association for Dynamic Psychiatry. Multidisciplinary Approach to and Treatment of Mental Disorders: Myth or Reality?, St. Petersburg, 14–17 May 2014, In Dynamische Psychiatrie. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse und Psychiatrie – International Journal for Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and Psychiatry, Berlin: Pinel Verlag GmbH, 1–3, Nr. 266–68, 2015, pp.&nbsp;176–91.
* Jakowlew, Valentin. "Pushkin's Farewell Dinner in Paris" (Text in Russian) Koblenz (Germany): Fölbach, 2006, {{ISBN|3-934795-38-2}}.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Pushkin, Alexander |volume= 22 |last= Morfill |first= William Richard |author-link= William Richard Morfill | pages = 668&ndash;669 }}
* Pogadaev, Victor (2003) ''Penyair Agung Rusia Pushkin dan Dunia Timur (The Great Russian Poet Pushkin and the Oriental World)''. Monograph Series. Centre For Civilisational Dialogue. University Malaya. 2003, {{ISBN|983-3070-06-X}}
* [[Henri Troyat|Troyat, Henri]] (1974) ''Pushkin. A Biography''. London: George Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|978-0-04928-028-1}}
* Vitale, Serena (1998) ''Pushkin's button''; transl. from the Italian by [[Ann Goldstein (translator)|Ann Goldstein]]. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux {{ISBN|1-85702-937-2}}
* DuVernet, M.A. (2014) ''Pushkin's Ode to Liberty''. US edition: [[Xlibris]] {{ISBN|978-1-4990-5294-7}}
* Телетова, Н.К. (Teletova, N.K.) (2007) ''Забытые родственные связи А.С. Пушкина'' (''The forgotten family connections of A.S. Pushkin''). Saint Petersburg: Dorn {{OCLC|214284063}}
* [[Markus Wolf|Wolfe, Markus]] (1998) ''Freemasonry in life and literature''. Munich: Otto Sagner ltd. {{ISBN|3-87690-692-X}}
* Wachtel, Michael. "Pushkin and the Wikipedia" ''Pushkin Review'' 12–13: 163–66, 2009–2010

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q7200|v=no|voy=no|species=no|s=Author:Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin|b=no|n=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alexander-pushkin}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=1457|name=Aleksandr Pushkin}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2523}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pdf/pushkin.pdf Biographical essay on Pushkin.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021011812/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pdf/pushkin.pdf |date=21 October 2012 }} By Mike Phillips, [[British Library]] (Pdf).
* [http://www.pushkiniana.org The ''Pushkin Review''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225223928/http://www.pushkiniana.org/ |date=25 February 2021 }}, annual journal of North American Pushkin Society. Retrieved 2010-10-19
* [http://poetarium.info/pushkin/english.php English translations of Pushkin's poems]. Retrieved 2013-04-26
* [https://www.artsocket.com/mag/russian-poem-translation-alexander-pushkin English translation of "The Tale of the Female Bear"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308075222/https://www.artsocket.com/mag/russian-poem-translation-alexander-pushkin/ |date=8 March 2021 }}
* [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~pml1/onegin/welcome.htm List of English translations of ''Eugene Onegin'' with extracts]
* [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~pml1/bronze_horseman/welcome.htm List of English translations of ''The Bronze Horseman'' with extracts]
* [http://samlib.ru/editors/a/as_w/mozart-solyery-transl.shtml Alexander Pushkin. Mozart and Saliery in English]
* [http://samlib.ru/editors/a/as_w/borisgodunov-engl.shtml Alexander Pushkin. Boris Godunov in English]
* [http://www.tyutchev.org.uk Alexander Pushkin. The Bronze Horseman in English]
* [http://stihipoeta.ru/poety-zolotogo-veka/pushkin/ Alexander Pushkin poetry](rus)
* [http://www.a-topic.com/articles/pushkins-poetry-with-translate.html Pushkin's poetry translated to English by Margaret Wettlin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021420/http://www.a-topic.com/articles/pushkins-poetry-with-translate.html |date=25 July 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013922}}
* {{in lang|ru}} [https://vseskazki.su/avtorskie-skazki/skazki-pushkina-online.html Alexander Pushkin Fairy Tales: Russian Text]

{{Alexander Pushkin|state=expanded}}
{{romanticism}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Associated subjects
|list1=
{{The Queen of Spades}}
{{Eugene Onegin}}
{{Boris Godunov}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushkin, Aleksandr}}
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