Editing Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)

{{short description|Soviet–American theoretical physicist (1928–2017)}}
{{for|his father, physician|Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Family name hatnote|Alexeyevich|Abrikosov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}{{Infobox scientist
| native_name       = {{nobold|Алексей Абрикосов}}
| native_name_lang  = ru
| image             = AA Abrikosov ANL1.jpg
| caption           = Abrikosov in 2003
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1928|6|25}}
| birth_place       = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2017|3|29|1928|6|25}}
| death_place       = [[Palo Alto]], [[California]], [[United States]]
| citizenship       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Soviet Union]] (1928–1991)
*  [[Russia]] (since 1992)
*  [[United States]] (since 1999)}}
| alma_mater        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Moscow State University]]
* [[USSR Academy of Sciences]]}}
| doctoral_advisor  = Lev. D Landau<ref name="marriage"/>
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abrikosov vortex]]
* [[Fermi liquid theory]]
* [[Quantum triviality]]
* [[Condensed matter physics]]
* [[Type-II superconductor]]}}
| website           = {{URL|http://www.msd.anl.gov/abrikosov}}
| spouse            = {{marriage|Svetlana Yuriyevna Bunkova|1977}}
| children          = 3
| field             = [[Physics]]
| work_institution  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics|Landau Institute]]
* [[Moscow State University]]
* [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]
* [[Argonne National Laboratory]]
* [[University of Chicago]]}}
| prizes            = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lenin Prize]] (1966)
* [[List of Fritz London Memorial Prizes|Fritz London Prize]] (1972)
* [[USSR State Prize]] (1982)
* [[Landau Gold Medal]] (1989)
* Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2000)<ref name=nas>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819045412/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3009280.html|archive-date=2015-08-19|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3009280.html|title=Alexei A. Abrikosov, Argonne National Laboratory|publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (2001)<ref name=frs/>
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2003)
}}
}}
'''Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov''' ({{langx|ru|Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов}}; June 25, 1928 – March 29, 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.ru/world/556104|title=Прощание с нобелевским лауреатом Абрикосовым состоится 31 марта в Калифорнии|newspaper=Interfax.ru |date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/02/science/alexei-abrikosov-nobel-laureate-in-physics-dies.html|title=Alexei Abrikosov, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Dies at 88|work=The New York Times|author=Kenneth Chang|date=2 Apr 2017|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]], [[Russia]]n and American<ref name="NobelPrize.org">Alexei A. Abrikosov. [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/abrikosov-bio.html Autobiography]. Nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Prize, 2003</ref> [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] whose main contributions are in the field of [[condensed matter physics]]. He was the co-recipient of the 2003 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], with [[Vitaly Ginzburg]] and [[Anthony James Leggett]], for theories about how matter can behave at extremely low temperatures.<ref name="NobelPrize.org" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osti.gov/search/author:abrikosov/nobel:true|title=Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov's Nobel Prize winning research associated with the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies}}</ref><ref>[http://www.msd.anl.gov/personnel/abrikosov/ A Short Biography of Abrikosov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175238/http://www.msd.anl.gov/personnel/abrikosov/ |date=2016-03-03 }}, on the website of the Material Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory</ref>

== Education and early life ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Abrikosov was born in [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union, on June 25, 1928, to a couple of [[physician]]s: [[Aleksey Abrikosov]] and Fani ({{née}} Wulf). His mother was [[Jews|Jewish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Physics |url=https://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Physics.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.jinfo.org}}</ref> After graduating from high school in 1943, Abrikosov began studying energy technology. He graduated from [[Moscow State University]] in 1948. From 1948 to 1965, he worked at the Institute for Physical Problems of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]], where he received his Ph.D. in 1951 for the theory of thermal diffusion in [[Plasma (physics)|plasmas]], and then his [[Doctor of Science|Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences]] (a "higher doctorate") degree in 1955 for a thesis on [[quantum electrodynamics]] at high energies. Abrikosov moved to the US in 1991 and lived there until his death in 2017, in Palo Alto, California. While in the US, Abrikosov was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2000, and in 2001, to be a foreign member of the [[Royal Society]].<ref name="marriage" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varlamov |first1=Andrey |last2=Littlewood |first2=Peter |date=2024 |title=Alexei Alekseevich Abrikosov. 25 June 1928 — 29 March 2017 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=76|pages=9–26 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2023.0030 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Career==
From 1965 to 1988, he worked at the [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]] (USSR Academy of Sciences). He has been a professor at Moscow State University since 1965. In addition, he held tenure at the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] from 1972 to 1976, and at the [[Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys]] from 1976 to 1991. He served as a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1987 to 1991. In 1991, he became a full member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].

In two works in 1952 and 1957, Abrikosov explained how [[magnetic flux]] can penetrate a class of [[superconductors]]. This class of materials are called [[type-II superconductors]]. The accompanying arrangement of magnetic flux lines is called the [[Abrikosov vortex]] lattice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abrikosov |first=A. A. |date=2004-12-02 |title=Nobel Lecture: Type-II superconductors and the vortex lattice |url=https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.975 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=975–979 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.76.975}}</ref>

Together with [[Lev Gor'kov]] and [[Igor Dzyaloshinskii]], Abrikosov has written an iconic book on theoretical [[solid-state physics]], which has been used to train physicists in the field for decades.

From 1991 until his retirement, he worked at [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in the U.S. state of [[Illinois]]. Abrikosov was an Argonne Distinguished Scientist at the Condensed Matter Theory Group in Argonne's Materials Science Division. When he received the Nobel Prize, his research was focused on the origins of magnetoresistance, a property of some materials that change their resistance to electrical flow under the influence of a magnetic field.<ref>[http://chemistry.anl.gov/MSDReview/Superconductivity/Abrikosov.pdf  Abrikosov, A. A. “Theory of an Unusual Metal-Insulator Transition in Layered High-Tc Cuprates”, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy,(August 28, 2003)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620070540/http://chemistry.anl.gov/MSDReview/Superconductivity/Abrikosov.pdf |date=June 20, 2004 }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/750620-theory-high-tc-superconducting-cuprates-based-experimental-evidence Abrikosov, A. A. “Theory of High-<nowiki/>{Tc} Superconducting Cuprates Based on Experimental Evidence”, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy,(Dec. 10, 1999)].</ref><ref>[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/456355-new-developments-theory-htsc Abrikosov, A. A. “New Developments in the Theory of HTSC (High Temperature Superconductors)”, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research,(Sept. 1994)].</ref><ref>[http://www.fys.uio.no/super/vortex/1957.html  Abrikosov, A. A. "On the magnetic properties of superconductors of the second group", Soviet Physics JETP 5, 1174 (1957)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028101232/http://www.fys.uio.no/super/vortex/1957.html |date=October 28, 2006 }}, page scans of the original article.</ref><ref>[http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2003/news031007.htm “Argonne Scientist Wins 2003 Nobel Prize for Physics” McGregor, S., Oct. 7, 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222130005/http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2003/news031007.htm |date=2008-02-22 }}, press release.</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
Abrikosov was awarded the [[Lenin Prize]] in 1966, the [[Fritz London]] Memorial Prize in 1972, and the [[USSR State Prize]] in 1982. In 1989 he received the Landau Prize from the Academy of Sciences, Russia.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Two years later, in 1991, Abrikosov was awarded the Sony Corporation's John Bardeen Award. The same year he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> He shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was also a member of the Royal Academy of London, a fellow of the American Physical Society, and in 2000 was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences.<ref name=nas/> Other awards include:
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* Member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] (now Russian Academy of Sciences), 1964
* [[Honorary Doctor]] of the [[University of Lausanne]], 1975
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]], 1975
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]], 1988
* Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now Russian Academy of Sciences), 1987
* [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001|Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2001]]<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archive-date=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref>
* Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]], 2004<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
* Gold Medal of Vernadsky from [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]], 2015
{{Div col end}}

==Personal life==
Abrikosov was the son of the physicians [[Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov]] (1875-1955) and his second wife, Fania Davidovna Woolf (1895—1965). Through his father, Abrikosov was the nephew of the martyred Catholic nun [[Anna Abrikosova]] (1882-1936).

His sister was Maria Alekseevna Abrikósova (1929-1998), physician.

He married Svetlana Yuriyevna Bunkova and had 3 children.<ref name="NobelPrize.org" /><ref name="marriage">{{cite book |last1=Hargittai |first1=Balazs |title=Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists |date=2005 |publisher=Imperial College Press |isbn=1860945066 |page=185 |ref=can}}</ref>

He died in [[California]] on 29 March 2017 at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Alexei Abrikosov, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/02/science/alexei-abrikosov-nobel-laureate-in-physics-dies.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

== Books ==
* {{Cite book|title=Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics |publisher= Dover Publications|year=1975|isbn=978-0199232727|location=London, U.K.|last1=Abrikosov|first1=Alexey|last2=Gor'kov|first2=Lev|last3=Dzyaloshinskii|first3=Igor|url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486632288.html}}
* {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of the Theory of Metals  |publisher=North Holland|location=Amsterdam|year=1988|isbn=978-0444870940|last=Abrikosov|first=Alexey|url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486819019.html}}

== See also ==

* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Nobelprize|name=Alexei Abrikosov}} including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2003 ''Type II Superconductors and the Vortex Lattice''
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/abrikosov-alexei.pdf M. R. Norman, "Aleksei A. Abrikosov", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)]
{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 2001-2025}}
{{2003 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{FRS 2001}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abrikosov, Alexei Alexeyevich}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Russian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Jewish American physicists]]
[[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Moscow State University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Prize]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]
[[Category:Jewish Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Soviet physicists]]
[[Category:Superconductivity]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Soviet Jewish physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian physicists]]