Editing Algherese dialect

{{Short description|Catalan variant spoken in Alghero, Sardinia, Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Algherese
| altname = Alguerese
| nativename = {{lang|ca-IT|alguerés}}
| states = [[Italy]]
| region = [[Alghero]]
| speakers = 20,000–30,000<ref name=":0" />
| date = 
| ref = 
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4 = [[Latin]]
| fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam8 = Gallo-Iberian?<ref name="glottoGI">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113834/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref>
| fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]{{Efn|Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Catalan as [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian Romance]].|name="alternative classification"}}
| fam10 = [[Occitano-Romance languages|Occitano-Romance]]{{Efn|name="alternative classification"}}
| fam11 = [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| fam12 = [[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]]
| fam13 = [[Insular Catalan|Insular]]
| ancestor = [[Old Occitan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Catalan]]
| script = [[Catalan alphabet]]
| glotto = algh1238
| glottorefname = Algherese
| ietf = ca-IT
| map = Situació de L'Alguer.jpg
| mapcaption = A satellite photo of the island of [[Sardinia]] with the location of the Algherese-speaking area being marked in yellow.
|isoexception = dialect
| map2          = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2   = {{center|{{small|Algherese Catalan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| notice        = IPA
}}

{{Catalan-Valencian cultural domain|image=[[File:Catalan dialects-en.png|220px]]}}

'''Algherese''' or '''Alguerese''' ([[endonym and exonym|autonym]]: {{lang|ca-IT|alguerés}} {{IPA|ca-IT|alɣaˈɾes|}}){{efn|[[Catalan language|Standard Catalan]]: {{lang|ca|alguerès}} {{IPA|ca|əlɣəˈɾɛs|}}.}} is the [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of  [[Catalan language|Catalan]] spoken in the city of [[Alghero]] ({{lang|ca|L'Alguer}} in Catalan), in the northwest of [[Sardinia]], Italy.

The dialect has its roots in 1372, when Catalan-speaking colonists were allowed to repopulate Alghero and expel the [[Sardinians|native population]], after several revolts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://prosodia.upf.edu/coalgueres/en/algueres.html |title=L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan – Oral Corpus of Alguerese|website=prosodia.upf.edu |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Catalan was replaced as the official language by [[Spanish language|Spanish]], then by [[Italian language|Italian]] in the mid-18th century. Today the language has semi-official recognition alongside Italian.

Studies give an approximate number of 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Logudorese dialect|Logudorese]] [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] are often used as well.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Algherese is a regional dialect spoken by anywhere from 20,000 to 30,000 individuals, most of whom reside in the town of [[Alghero]], located in the northwest of [[Sardinia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salminen |first=Tapani |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |location=London |pages=235 |language=en |chapter=Europe and North Asia}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/944|title=Did you know Algherese Catalan is vulnerable?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The language, though distinct, is initially derived from, and thus considered a variant of, the [[Catalan language]].<ref name=":0"/> The origins of the language can be traced back to 1372, when Catalan invaders repopulated the city of [[Alghero]] after exiling the indigenous populations in [[Sardinia]].<ref name=":0" /> Despite the city's increasing [[Italianisation]], the use of this Catalan dialect remained widespread until at least the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Minder |first1=Raphael |title=Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html |work=The New York Times |date=21 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

===Present status===
As a result of the city's extensive Italianisation, [[Italian language|Italian]] is now the predominant language in Alghero,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://prosodia.upf.edu/coalgueres/en/algueres.html|title=Corpus Oral de l'Alguerès|website=prosodia.upf.edu|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> being estimated by a 2004 survey to be first language of close to 60% of those surveyed.<ref>{{harvp|Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística|2004|p=24}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The use of the dialect in schools and media, to name a few, remains sparse. Teaching of the dialect in school is also rare. However, in an attempt to reverse the trend, the Regional Council of Sardinia officially recognised "Algherese Catalan" as a separate language in 1997, in order to promote its use and circulation.<ref name=":1" /> According to the 2004 survey, Algherese was used by approximately 14% of the population for daily interactions.<ref>{{harvp|Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística|2004|p=25}}</ref> The dialect is mostly a local language, often used to supplement [[Italian language|Italian]] and/or [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] in relatively small circles.<ref>{{harvp|Argenter|2008}}</ref>

The following figures were obtained from the ''Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a l'Alguer'' ("Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero", EULAL) of 2004<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/eula2004.pdf |title=Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a l'Alguer |last=Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística |date=2004 |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística |language=ca |trans-title=Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero}}</ref> and the ''Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer'' of 2015 (EULA 2015),<ref>{{cite report |date=2017 |title=Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer, 2015 |trans-title=Linguistic usage in Alghero, 2015 |language=ca |url=http://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/publicacions/btpl/arxius/20_Usos_linguistics_Alguer_2015.pdf |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya }}</ref> both of which were studies conducted in the town of Alghero about the general use of Algherese in several media.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Language status
!
!2004
!2015
|-
|Oral Comprehension
|90.1% (Sardinian oral comprehension: 69.7%)
|88.2%
|-
|Oral Expression
|61.3% (Sardinian oral expression: 33.9%)
|50.5%
|-
|Written Comprehension
|46.6% (Sardinian written comprehension: 35.4%)
|35.6%
|-
|Written Expression
|13.6% (Sardinian written expression: 15.4%)
|8.1%
|-
|First Language
|22.4% (59.2% Italian)
|17.5%
|-
|Habitual Language
|13.9%
|9.1%
|}

===Official recognition===
In 1999, Catalan and Sardinian were among the twelve minority languages officially recognised as Italy's "[[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|historical linguistic minorities]]" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.<ref>Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999</ref> Prior to this, the Regional Council of Sardinia had passed the Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997 which, aside from promoting the equality in dignity of the Sardinian language with the Italian language throughout the island, provided that the other languages of smaller scope be afforded the same treatment as the aforementioned languages, among which Catalan is cited, in the city of Alghero.<ref>[http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026 Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997. "Promozione e valorizzazione della culture e della lingua della Sardegna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026 |date=26 February 2021 }}. Articles 2.1 and 2.4 . Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna</ref> The city council, for its part, promulgated its protection and standardisation in its city statute.<ref>[http://www.ciutatdelalguer.it/statuto.pdf Communal Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030108/http://www.ciutatdelalguer.it/statuto.pdf |date=22 July 2011 }}. Article 9. City of Alghero.</ref>

==Phonology==
{{See also|Catalan phonology|Help:IPA/Insular Catalan}}

;Vowels
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ {{no wrap|Vowels of Older Algherese}}
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}
|}
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ {{no wrap|Vowels of Modern Algherese}}
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}} || {{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}
|}

:Notes:
:* The close-mid and mid-close vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, e/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ, o/}} merge into [[mid vowel]]s ({{IPAblink|e̞}} and {{IPAblink|o̞}}, here transcribed without diacritics) in Modern Alguerese.
:* Coalescing of unstressed vowels {{IPA|/a/}}, ({{IPA|/ɛ/}}) and {{IPA|/e/}} to [{{IPAlink|ä}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɐ}}] (transcribed as {{IPA|/a/}}) unlike the rest of [[Eastern Catalan]], which uses {{IPAblink|ə}} or even {{IPAblink|ɐ}} (transcribed as {{IPA|/ə/}}): ''aur'''a''''' ('aura') {{IPA|[ˈawɾə]}} (Eastern Standard), {{IPA|[ˈawɾa]}} (Algherese).
:* Unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} ({{IPA|/ɔ, o/}}) reduces to {{IPA|[u]}} like most Eastern Catalan dialects.

;Consonants

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants of Algherese
! colspan=2 |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| ({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ|t͡ʃ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʑ|d͡ʒ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ|ʃ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ|ʒ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotics]]
! <small>[[Trill consonant|trill]]</small>
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Tap consonant|tap]]</small>
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|}

:Notes:
:* Algherese preserves {{IPA|/v/}} as a distinct phoneme from {{IPA|/b/}}, like [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]] and most of [[Valencian language|Valencian]]: '''''v'''iu'' ('he/she lives') {{IPA|[viw]}} (Algherese).
:* Mutation of intervocalic {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} to {{IPAblink|ɾ}}: ''Barce'''l'''oneta'' {{IPA|[bəɾsəluˈnɛtə]}} (Eastern Standard), {{IPA|[balsaɾuˈneta]}} (Algherese) 'Barcelonette'; and ''vi'''l'''a'' ('town') and ''vi'''d'''a'' ('life') are homophones in Algherese {{IPA|[ˈviɾa]}}.
:* Mutation of syllable final {{IPA|/r/}} (or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}) to lateral {{IPAblink|l}}, and the possible resulting group {{IPA|/r/}} + [[consonant]] is further simplified to {{IPAblink|l}}: ''fo'''r'''n'' {{IPA|[ˈfoɾn]}} (Eastern Standard), {{IPA|[ˈfol]}} (Algherese) 'oven'.
:* Depalatalisation of syllable final sonorants: lateral {{IPA|/ʎ/}} to {{IPAblink|l}}, nasal {{IPA|/ɲ/}} to {{IPAblink|n}}: '''''b'''all'' {{IPA|[ˈbaʎ]}} (Eastern Standard), {{IPA|[ˈbal]}} (Algherese) 'dance'; ''a'''ny''''' {{IPA|[ˈaɲ]}} (Eastern Standard), {{IPA|[ˈan]}} (Algherese) 'year'.

== Morphology ==
*The simple past is replaced by the present perfect (present of ''haver'' "to have" + past participle), possibly by Italian influence.
*The imperfect past preserves etymological -v- in all conjugations: 1st -''ava'', 2nd -''iva'', 3rd -''iva''  unlike modern Eastern and Western Standard Catalan, which use 1st -''ava'', 2nd -''ia'', 3rd -''ia'', a feature shared with the [[Ribagorçan dialect]].
*Large-scale lexical borrowing and [[calque]]s from [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]: nearly half of the vocabulary is not from Catalan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Caracterització del lèxic alguerès |last=Corbera Pou |first=Jaume |publisher=University of the Balearic Islands |year=2000 |location=Palma (Balears) |oclc=807849256}}</ref>

== Differences from Standard Catalan ==
The Algherese variant is [[Eastern Catalan]], but it has many differences from [[Central Catalan]], with some of the most obvious ones as follows:

=== Vocabulary ===
[[File:Monument langue Alghero.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Monument to the ''unitat de la llengua'' in Alghero]]<!-- [[File:Bilingual sign in Alghero Sardinia.jpg|thumb|202x202px|A bilingual sign in Alghero]] -->
<!-- [[File:Bilingual street sign in Alghero old town.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Bilingual street sign in the old town of Alghero]] -->

The following abbreviations are used: m. (masculine), f. (feminine), pl. (plural), f. pl. (feminine plural), inf. (informal), f. (formal).
The following phrases were gathered from a Catalan translation set, but the common phrases in Algherese are similar:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/catalan.php|title=Useful Catalan phrases|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! English
! Catalan
! Algherese
|-
| Welcome
| ''Benvingut'' (m.) <br /> ''Benvinguda'' (f.)
''Benvinguts'' (pl.) <br /> ''Benvingudes'' (f. pl.)
| ''Benvingut'' (m.) <br /> ''Benvinguda'' (f.)
''Benvinguts'' (pl.) <br /> ''Benvingudes'' (f. pl.)
|-
| Hello
| ''Hola''
| ''Txau''
|-
| My name is ... 
| ''Em dic ...''
| ''Me aquirr ...''
''Me dic ...''
|-
| Where are you from?
| ''D'on ets?'' (inf.)
''D'on és vostè?'' (f.)
| ''De ont ses?'' (inf.)
''De ont és vostè?'' (f.)
|-
| Good morning
| ''Bon dia''
| ''Bon dia''
|}

== Literature ==
[[File:Poster for Premi Rafael Sari 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Poster for the Premi Rafael Sari 2008|277x277px]]
The ''Premi Rafael Sari'', organised by the ''Obra Cultural de l'Alguer'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.obracultural.cat/qui-sem/ |title=Qui sem – Obra Cultural de l'Alguer |website=Obra Cultural de l'Alguer |language=ca-ES |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> is a series of prizes awarded in September each year to the best literary works of poetry and prose written in Algherese Catalan.

Notable poets include [[Rafael Sari]], [[Pasquale Scanu]] and [[Maria Chessa Lai]]. There is also a long tradition of writing and performing songs in Algherese Catalan and the ''Premi Pino Piras''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://notizie.alguer.it/n?id=20324 |title=Al Civico di Alghero il "Premio Pino Piras" |date=23 October 2008 |website=Alguer.it Notizie |language=it}}</ref> is awarded for new songs written in the language. Notable singer-songwriters include [[Pino Piras]] and [[Franca Masu]].

In 2015 [[Carla Valentino]] published an Algherese translation of [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Prince nr. PP-3547 / Catalan Algherese |url=http://www.petit-prince-collection.com/lang/show_livre.php?lang=en&id=3547 |website=www.petit-prince-collection.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Catalan dialects|Catalan dialects and varieties]]
** [[Balearic Catalan|Balearic]]
** [[Valencian language|Valencian]]
** [[Central Catalan]]
** [[Northern Catalan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://library.brown.edu/record=b3625192 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070705064908/http://library.brown.edu/record=b3625192 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2007 |title=Diccionari català de l'Alguer |last=Sanna |first=Josep |date=1988 |publisher=Fundació del II Congrés de la Llengua Catalana |isbn=8471293919 |edition=1st |location=L'Alguer}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Marongiu |first=Antonietta Maria |title=Language Maintenance and Shift in Sardinia: A Case Study of Sardinian and Italian in Cagliari |date=2007 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |hdl=2142/86151 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Caracterització del lèxic alguerès |last=Corbera Pou |first=Jaume |date=2000 |publisher=Universitat de les Illes Balears  |location=Palma (Balears)}}
* {{Cite book |title=Català de l'Alguer. Criteris de llengua escrita |last=Scala |first=Luca |date=2003 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat |isbn=978-84-8415-463-1 |edition=1st |location=Barcelona}}
* Ballone, Francesc (2008). [http://prosodia.upf.edu/coalgueres/en/algueres.html L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan]. Corpus Oral de l'Algueres
* {{Cite journal |last=Argenter |first=Joan A. |date=2008 |title=L'Alguer (Alghero), a Catalan Linguistic Enclave in Sardinia |url=https://www.academia.edu/5492085 |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |issue=193/194 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2008.056|s2cid=145104205 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Perea |first=Maria-Pilar |chapter-url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/pfrlsu/documents/Perea,%20The%20Dialect%20of%20%20Alghero.pdf |title=Marginal Dialects: Scotland, Ireland and Beyond |publisher=Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-9566549-0-8 |editor-last=Millar |editor-first=Robert McColl |location=Aberdeen |pages=131–149 |chapter=The Dialect of Alghero: Continuity and Change}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Perea |first1=Maria-Pilar |last2=Sifre |first2=Manel |date=2013 |title=Dialectal Variation in a Nineteenth-Century Catalan Grammar Corpus |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=95 |pages=409–417 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.663|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tufi |first=Stefania |date=2013 |title=Language Ideology and Language Maintenance: The Case of Sardinia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=219 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2013-0009|s2cid=143748495 }}
* Cabrera-Callis, Maria (2015). [http://stel.ub.edu/gevad/sites/default/files/publicacio/arxius/1439044854CABRERA_article_LSRL.pdf Morphologically Conditioned Intervocalic Rhotacism in Algherese Catalan]. Variations within and Across Romance Languages
* Moseley, Christopher (2016). [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001870/187026e.pdf Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
* Hammarstrom, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian (2017). [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algh1238 Dialect: Algherese]. Glottolog
* Ager, Simon (1998–2017). [http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/catalan.php Useful Catalan Phrases]. Omniglot.
* Various Sources (2017). [http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/944 Algherese Catalan]. The Endangered Languages Project
* {{Cite thesis |last=Chessa |first=Enrico |title=Another Case of Language Death? The Intergenerational Transmission of Catalan in Alghero |date=2011 |degree=PhD |publisher=Queen Mary, University of London |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2502/1/CHESSAAnotherCase2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032001/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2502/1/CHESSAAnotherCase2012.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.algueres.net/inscripcio.aspx Diccionari d'alguerés]
* [https://salvemlallengua.wordpress.com/ Associació per a la Salvaguarda del Patrimoni Historico-cultural de l'Alguer]
* [http://prosodia.upf.edu/iari/enquestes/catalan/alguer/index.html Interactive Atlas of Romance Intonation, Catalan Alguerese]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Languages Struggles to Keep It Alive], ''New York Times'', 21 November 2016.

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[[Category:Catalan dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Sardinia]]
[[Category:Endangered diaspora languages]]
[[Category:Province of Sassari]]
[[Category:Alghero]]
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