Editing Algonquin Round Table

{{Short description|Group of actors, critics, wits, and writers}}
{{good article}}
[[File:Algonquin Round Table.gif|thumb|Members and associates of the Algonquin Round Table ca. 1919: (''standing, left to right'') Art Samuels and [[Harpo Marx]]; (''sitting'') [[Charles MacArthur]], [[Dorothy Parker]], and [[Alexander Woollcott]]]]
The '''Algonquin Round Table''' was a group of [[New York City]] writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a [[practical joke]], members of "The Vicious Circle", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the [[Algonquin Hotel]] from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.

Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a [[revue]] called ''No Sirree!'' which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler [[Robert Benchley]].

In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.

==Origin==
The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent [[John Peter Toohey]]. Toohey, annoyed at ''[[The New York Times]]'' drama critic [[Alexander Woollcott]] for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients ([[Eugene O'Neill]]) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from [[World War I]], where he had been a correspondent for ''[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]''. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Herrmann
| first =Dorothy
| author-link =
| title =With Malice Toward All: The Quips, Lives and Loves of Some Celebrated 20th-Century American Wits
| publisher =G. P. Putnam's Sons
| year =1982
| location = New York
| pages =17–18
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-399-12710-0}}</ref><ref name="p269739634">{{Cite news |last=Musial |first=Robert |date=20 June 1994 |title=New York's Algonquin Hotel celebrates the literary Round Table's 75th anniversary |page=D4 |work=The Spectator |id={{ProQuest|269739634}}}}</ref>

The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the [[Algonquin Hotel#Oak Room|Oak Room]]) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager [[Frank Case]] moved them to the Rose Room and a round table.<ref>Hermann, pp. 19–20</ref> Initially the group called itself "The Board" and the luncheons "Board meetings". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself "Luigi Board". Finally, they became "The Vicious Circle" although "The Round Table" gained wide currency after a [[caricature]] by cartoonist [[Edmund Duffy]] of the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.<ref>Herrmann, p. 20</ref>

==Membership==
[[File:Algonquin Round Table, by Bill Breck.svg|thumb|A 1923 group caricature of the Round Table by Bill Breck]]
Charter members of the Round Table included:
<!--

  Harpo Marx was NOT a charter member of the Round Table. He was an associate. Please stop adding him as a charter member. Thank you.

-->{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Franklin Pierce Adams]], columnist<ref name="n111735112">{{Cite news |last=Blades |first=John |date=November 7, 1990 |title=Facelift won't erase literati's lines |pages=65, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111735150/algonquin/ 69] |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111735112/facelift-wont-erase-literatis/ |access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1977-10-16">{{Cite news |last=Ehrlich |first=Arnold W. |date=October 16, 1977 |title=The Algonquin at 75 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/16/archives/the-algonquin-at-75.html |access-date=October 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Robert Benchley]], humorist and actor<ref name="n111735112"/><ref name="nyt-1977-10-16"/>
* [[Heywood Broun]], columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale)<ref name=nyt-1994-06-28>{{Cite news|last=Grimes|first=William|date=1994-06-28|title=Wit at the Round Table: Was It, Er, Um, Square?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/28/arts/wit-at-the-round-table-was-it-er-um-square.html|access-date=2022-10-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Marc Connelly]], playwright<ref name=nyt-1994-06-28/>
* [[Ruth Hale (feminist)|Ruth Hale]], freelance writer who worked for women's rights<ref name=nyt-1987-09-27/>
* [[George S. Kaufman]], playwright and director<ref name="n111735112"/><ref name="nyt-1977-10-16"/>
* [[Dorothy Parker]], critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter<ref name="n111735112"/><ref name="nyt-1977-10-16"/>
* [[Brock Pemberton]], [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer<ref name="Fitzpatrick-Benchley">{{cite book |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Kevin |author-link= |author2=Nat Benchley |title=The Lost Algonquin Round Table: Humor, Fiction, Journalism, Criticism and Poetry from America's Most Famous Literary Circle |publisher=Donald Books |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=259 |url= |doi= |id= |isbn=978-1-4401-5152-1 |type=hardcover}}</ref>
* Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer<ref name="Fitzpatrick-Benchley"/>
* [[Harold Ross]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'' editor<ref name=nyt-1987-09-27>{{Cite news|last=Mitgang|first=Herbert|date=1987-09-27|title=Television; The Illustrious Lunchers At the Algonquin Recalled|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/27/movies/television-the-illustrious-lunchers-at-the-algonquin-recalled.html|access-date=2022-10-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Robert E. Sherwood]], author and playwright<ref name=nyt-1987-09-27/>
* [[John Peter Toohey]], [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] publicist<ref name="Fitzpatrick Melchiorri 2015 p. 11">{{cite book | last=Fitzpatrick | first=Kevin C. | title=The Algonquin Round Table New York: A Historical Guide | publisher=Lyons Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4930-1673-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coybBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | page=11}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Woollcott]], critic and journalist<ref name="n111735112"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Meade |first=Marion |author-link= |title=Dorothy Parker: What Fresh Hell is This? |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1987 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dorothyparkerwha00mead/page/75 75] |url=https://archive.org/details/dorothyparkerwha00mead |url-access=limited |doi= |id= |isbn=0-14-011616-8 |type=paperback}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Membership was not official or fixed. Many others moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included:<ref name="Algonquin Round Table">{{cite web | title=Members | website=Algonquin Round Table | url=https://algonquinroundtable.org/members/ | access-date=October 24, 2022}}</ref>
<!--DO NOT ADD NAMES TO THIS LIST WITHOUT ATTRIBUTION TO A RELIABLE SOURCE -->
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Tallulah Bankhead]], actress
* [[Norman Bel Geddes]], stage and industrial designer<ref>Szerlip, B. A. ''The Man Who Designed The Future'' Melville House Publishing (2017) Brooklyn, NY P. 56-57. {{ISBN|9781612195629}}.</ref>
* [[Noël Coward]], playwright<ref>Payn, G. ''My Life with Noel Coward''. Applause Books (2000), p. 159. {{ISBN|1557831904}}.</ref>
* [[Blyth Daly]], actress
* [[Edna Ferber]], author and playwright<ref name="n111735112"/>
* [[Eva Le Gallienne]], actress
* [[Stephen Courtleigh]] Broadway, radio and film actor<ref>{{cite book |first=James R. |last=Gaines |title=Wit's End: Days and Nights of the Algonquin Round Table |publisher=Harcourt Trade Publishers |year=1977}}</ref>
* [[Margalo Gillmore]], actress
* [[Jane Grant]], journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross)
* [[Beatrice Kaufman]], editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman)
* [[Margaret Leech]], writer and historian
* [[Herman J. Mankiewicz]], screenwriter 
* [[Harpo Marx]], comedian and film star
* [[Neysa McMein]], magazine illustrator
* [[Alice Duer Miller]], writer
* [[Katherine Sproehnle]], writer<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teichmann |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=239bAAAAMAAJ&q=Sproehnle+Algonquin+Fairbanks |title=Smart Aleck: The Wit, World, and Life of Alexander Woollcott |date=1976 |pages=120–121|publisher=Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-03034-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Laurence Stallings]], writer
* [[Donald Ogden Stewart]], playwright and screenwriter
* [[Frank Sullivan (writer)|Frank Sullivan]], journalist and humorist
* [[Deems Taylor]], composer
* [[Estelle Winwood]], actress and comedian
* [[Peggy Wood]], actress<ref>{{cite book |last=Altman |first=Billy |title=Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of Robert Benchley |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1997 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/laughtersgentles00altm/page/167 167–8] |isbn=0-393-03833-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/laughtersgentles00altm/page/167}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Activities==
In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including [[cribbage]] and [[poker]]. The group had its own poker club, the [[Thanatopsis]] Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers [[Herbert Bayard Swope]], silk merchant [[Paul Hyde Bonner]], baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor [[Harpo Marx]], and writer [[Ring Lardner]] sometimes sitting in.<ref>Meade, pp. 76–7</ref> The group also played [[charades]] (which they called simply "The Game") and the "I can give you a sentence" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word ''horticulture'': "You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think."<ref>Herrmann, p. 23</ref>

Members often visited [[Neshobe Island]], a private island co-owned by several "Algonks"—but governed by Woollcott as a "benevolent tyrant", as his biographer [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]] charitably put it<ref>[[Adams, Samuel Hopkins]]. ''A. Woollcott: His Life and His World''. Reynold & Hitchcock, 1945. p. 186</ref>—located on several acres in the middle of [[Lake Bomoseen]] in [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web
 | last =Bailey
 | first =Craig C.
 | title =Famous Vermonters, Part II
 | publisher =Business Digest
 | date =August 1998
 | url =http://www.vermontguides.com/1998/profil74.htm
 | access-date = 2007-09-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070925171009/http://www.vermontguides.com/1998/profil74.htm| archive-date= 25 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> There they would engage in their usual array of games including [[wink murder]], which they called simply "Murder", plus [[croquet]].

A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott "What on earth is wrong with your portrait?" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait.<ref>Hermann, p. 28</ref>

==''No Sirree!''==
Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. ''No Sirree!'', staged for one night only in April 30, 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called ''[[La Chauve-Souris]]'', directed by [[Nikita Balieff]].<ref>{{cite book
| last =Kunkel
| first =Thomas
| author-link =
| title =Genius in Disguise: Harold Ross of The New Yorker
| publisher =Carroll & Graf Publishers (paperback)
| year =1995
| location =New York
| page =[https://archive.org/details/geniusindisguise00kunk/page/81 81]
| url =https://archive.org/details/geniusindisguise00kunk/page/81
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =0-7867-0323-7
}}</ref>

''No Sirree!'' had its genesis at the studio of [[Neysa McMein]], which served as something of a [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: "Opening Chorus" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist [[Jascha Heifetz]] providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; "He Who Gets Flapped", a musical number featuring the song "The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by "chorus girls" including [[Tallulah Bankhead]], [[Helen Hayes]], [[Ruth Gillmore]], [[Lenore Ulric]] and Mary Brandon; "Zowie, or the Curse of an [[Zoe Akins|Akins]] Heart"; "The Greasy Hag, an [[Eugene O'Neill|O'Neill]] Play in One Act" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and "Mr. Whim Passes By—An [[A. A. Milne]] Play."<ref>Altman, p. 203</ref>

The only item of note to emerge from ''No Sirree!'' was Robert Benchley's contribution, ''[[The Treasurer's Report]]''. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that [[Irving Berlin]] hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the ''Report'' as part of Berlin's ''[[Music Box Revue]]'' for $500 a week.<ref>Altman, p. 208–9</ref> In 1928, ''Report'' was later made into a [[short film|short]] [[sound film]] in the [[Movietone sound system|Fox Movietone]] sound-on-film system by [[Fox Film|Fox Film Corporation]]. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].

With the success of ''No Sirree!'' the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an "official" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named ''The Forty-niners''.<ref>Altman, p. 207</ref> The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.<ref>Meade, pp. 104–5</ref>

==Decline==
As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, "What became of the [[Croton Distributing Reservoir|reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street]]? These things do not last forever."<ref>Meade, p. 320</ref> Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.<ref>Altman 314</ref> Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.

==Public response and legacy==
Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits.

Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of ''[[logrolling]]'', or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance.<ref>Hermann, p. 29</ref> [[James Thurber]] (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. [[H. L. Mencken]], who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer [[Anita Loos]] that "their ideals were those of a [[vaudeville]] actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy".<ref>Hermann, p. 30</ref>

The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller ''[[Black Oxen]]'' by [[Gertrude Atherton]]. She sarcastically described a group she called "the Sophisticates":

{{blockquote|They met at the sign of the Indian Chief where the cleverest of them&mdash;and those who were so excitedly sure of their cleverness that for the moment they convinced others as well as themselves&mdash;foregathered daily. There was a great deal of scintillating talk in this group of the significant books and tendencies of the day....They appraised, debated, rejected, finally placed the seal of their august approval upon a favored few.<ref>Altman, p. 170</ref>}}

[[Groucho Marx]], brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked "The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed [[stiletto]]."<ref>{{cite web
 | last =Randall
 | first =David
 | author-link =David Randall
 | title =Dorothy, the Algonquin hotel and how the legend just kept growing
 | publisher =[[The Independent]] (London)
 | date = June 29, 2002
 | url =https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dorothy-the-algonquin-hotel-and-how-the-legend-just-kept-growing-182144.html
 | doi =
 | access-date = December 30, 2017 }}</ref> Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.

{{blockquote|These were no giants. Think who was writing in those days&mdash;[[Ring Lardner|Lardner]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|Fitzgerald]], [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]] and [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]]. Those were the real giants. The Round Table was just a lot of people telling jokes and telling each other how good they were. Just a bunch of loudmouths showing off, saving their gags for days, waiting for a chance to spring them....There was no truth in anything they said. It was the terrible day of the wisecrack, so there didn't have to be any truth...<ref>Herrmann p. 85</ref>}}

Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now "[[famous for being famous]]" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]''. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen{{snd}}[[Tallulah Bankhead]] and [[Eva Le Gallienne]] became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.
[[File:Algonquin Hotel Landmark Sign.png|thumb|Algonquin Hotel Landmark Sign]]
The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets|New York City Historic Landmark]]. The hotel was so designated in 1987.<ref>{{Cite news
 | last =Anderson
 | first =Susan Heller
 | title =City Makes It Official: Algonquin is Landmark
 | newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
 | pages =
 | date =20 September 1987
 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/nyregion/city-makes-it-official-algonquin-is-landmark.html
}}</ref> In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the [[Friends of Libraries|Friends of Libraries USA]] based on the contributions of "The Round Table Wits". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.<ref>{{cite web
 | last =Friends of Libraries USA
 | author-link =
 | title =1996 dedications
 | publisher =
 | url =http://www.folusa.org/outreach/landmarks-year/1996.php
 | format =
 | doi =
 | access-date = 2007-09-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080506140823/http://www.folusa.org/outreach/landmarks-year/1996.php |archive-date = 2008-05-06}}</ref>
Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting ''A Vicious Circle'' by [[Natalie Ascencios]], depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.<ref>{{cite web
 | last =Iovine
 | first =Julie V.
 | author-link =
 | title =Algonquin, at Wits' End, Retrofits
 | work =New York Times
 | date =1998-05-28
 | url =https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/28/garden/algonquin-at-wits-end-retrofits.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=print
| format =
 | doi =
 | access-date = 2007-09-13 }}</ref> The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, ''The Talk of the Town'', in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web
 | last =Algonquin Hotel
 | author-link =
 | title =Algonquin Round Table Musical "The Talk of the Town" Returns to Original 1919 Oak Room Setting
 | publisher =
 | url =http://www.algonquinhotel.com/press_roundtablemusical.html
 | doi =
 | access-date = 2007-09-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070629132114/http://www.algonquinhotel.com/press_roundtablemusical.html |archive-date = June 29, 2007}}</ref>

A film about the members, ''[[The Ten-Year Lunch]]'' (1987), won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Thomas
 | first = Bob
 | title = 'Last Emperor' Leads Awards
 | newspaper = [[The Gainesville Sun]]
 | pages = 1A, 14A
 | publisher = Associated Press
 | date = 1988-04-12
 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PJ0RAAAAIBAJ&pg=5577,3293895&dq=ten-year+lunch+academy+award&hl=en
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130124144546/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PJ0RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5577,3293895&dq=ten-year+lunch+academy+award&hl=en
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 2013-01-24
 | access-date = 2009-10-07}}</ref>
The dramatic film ''[[Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle]]'' (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.<ref name="p269739634" />

== See also ==
* {{Portal-inline|1920s}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://algonquinroundtable.org/ Algonquin Round Table historical site] History notes and news since 1999
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/algonquin_round_table.html Algonquin Round Table] at PBS's American Masters
* {{cite web |url= http://archives.nypl.org/the/22110 |title= Aviva Slesin collection of research and production materials for the ten-year lunch: the wit and legend of the Algonquin Round Table (1920s&mdash;1988) |work= Billy Rose Theatre Division |publisher= [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]] }}

[[Category:American literary movements]]
[[Category:American humorists]]
[[Category:Culture of Manhattan]]
[[Category:Literary circles]]
[[Category:20th-century American literature]]
[[Category:Algonquin Round Table| ]]
[[Category:Writing circles]]