Editing Alick Downer

{{Short description|Australian politician (1910–1981)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]  
| name = Sir Alick Downer
| birth_name = Alexander Russell Downer
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|KBE}}
| image = Alecdowner.jpg
| office = [[Minister for Immigration (Australia)|Minister for Immigration]]
| caption = Official portrait, 1950
| primeminister = [[Robert Menzies]]
| term_start = 19 March 1958
| term_end = 18 December 1963
| predecessor = [[Athol Townley]]
| successor = [[Hubert Opperman]]
| office2             = [[List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner to the United Kingdom]]
| term_start2         = 25 October 1964	
| term_end2           = 24 October 1972	
| predecessor2        = [[Eric Harrison]]
| successor2          = [[John Armstrong (Australian politician)|John Armstrong]]
| constituency_MP3 = [[Division of Angas (1949–77)|Angas]]
| parliament3 = Australian
| predecessor3 = ''New seat''
| successor3 = [[Geoffrey Giles]]
| term_start3 = 10 December 1949
| term_end3 = 23 April 1964
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|4|7}}
| birth_place = [[North Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], Australia
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1981|3|30|1910|4|7}} 
| death_place = [[Tanunda, South Australia|Tanunda]], South Australia, Australia
| nationality = Australian
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Downer|Mary Gosse]]|23 April 1947}}
| party = [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| father = [[John Downer|John William Downer]]
| children = 4, including [[Alexander Downer|Alexander]]
| residence = [[Arbury Park, South Australia|Arbury Park]], South Australia
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
|allegiance         = Australia
|branch             = [[Second Australian Imperial Force]]
|serviceyears       = 1940–1945
|rank               = [[Sergeant]]
|unit               = [[2/14th Field Regiment (Australia)|2/14th Field Regiment]]
|battles            =
{{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Battle of Singapore]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
'''Sir Alexander Russell "Alick" Downer''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|KBE}} (7 April 1910 – 30 March 1981) was an Australian politician and diplomat. He was a member of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] between 1949 and 1963, representing the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]], and served as [[Minister for Immigration (Australia)|Minister for Immigration]] in the [[Menzies Government (1949–66)|Menzies Government]]. He was later [[Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner to the United Kingdom]] from 1963 to 1972.

==Family, early life and career==
Downer was born in [[Adelaide]] as a member of the influential [[Downer family]]. His father, [[John Downer|Sir John Downer]], was a [[Premier of South Australia]] and a member of the [[Australian Senate]] and was 66-years old at the time of his birth; he died when Alick was aged five.<ref name=adb>{{cite book | url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/downer-sir-alexander-russell-alick-12434 |title=Downer, Sir Alexander Russell (Alick) (1910–1981)|chapter=Sir Alexander Russell (Alick) Downer (1910–1981) |work=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]|publisher=[[Australian National University]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> His mother was Una Russell, daughter of [[Henry Chamberlain Russell]], who remarried when Alick was eight, to D’Arcy Wentworth Addison.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123226399 |title=Interesting Weddings. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sydney, Australia)|Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW : 1895–1930)]] |location=Sydney, NSW |date=2 March 1919 |accessdate=3 February 2016 |page=2 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref><ref>Downer, Alick (2012). ''The Downers of South Australia'', p. 114. Wakefield Press, Adelaide. {{ISBN|9781743051993}}</ref> Sir Alick's son, [[Alexander Downer]], also a Liberal politician, was Leader of the Opposition in 1994–95 and Foreign Minister of Australia from 1996 to 2007, before becoming [[Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom]] from 2014 to 2018, five decades after Alick held the same role.

He was educated at [[Geelong Grammar School]] and at the [[University of Oxford]], where he graduated in economics and political science. He was the godfather of [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]], brother of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]. The Earl's godmother was [[Queen Elizabeth II]].

After graduating from Oxford in 1932 he read law in London, and in 1934 he was admitted to the bar at [[Inner Temple]]. Returning to Adelaide, he joined the South Australian Bar in 1935. He practised as a barrister until joining the [[Australian Army]] in 1940. He served in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and was a prisoner-of-war for three years,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040522092342/http://www.angelfire.com/alt2/prisonersofwar/ AUSTRALIAN PRISONERS of WAR – World War 2<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> where he set up a camp library and gave lessons to other prisoners. He was promoted to [[sergeant]] due to these efforts, but the promotion was not recognised upon his release.<ref>Downer, Alick (2012). ''The Downers of South Australia'', p. 123. Wakefield Press, Adelaide. {{ISBN|9781743051993}}</ref>

His book ''Six prime ministers'' ([[Robert Menzies]], [[John Gorton]], [[Harold Holt]], [[Harold Wilson]], [[Edward Heath]], [[Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough]]) was published in 1982.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1854912 | title=Six prime ministers | publisher=Hill of Content | author=Downer, Alexander | year=1982 | location=Melbourne | pages=324 | isbn=0855721294}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:AlexanderDowner1958.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Downer in 1958.]]
After the war, Downer joined the newly formed [[Liberal Party of Australia]], and in 1949 he was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] for the rural-based [[Division of Angas (1949–77)|Division of Angas]]. By invitation of the premier, [[Thomas Playford IV|Thomas Playford]], he joined the board of the [[Electricity Trust of South Australia]] for three years and the [[Art Gallery of South Australia|Art Gallery]] board where he remained for seventeen years until his appointment as [[High Commission of Australia, London|High Commissioner]].<ref>Downer, Alick (2012). ''The Downers of South Australia'', p. 124. Wakefield Press, Adelaide. {{ISBN|9781743051993}}</ref> He served as [[Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)|Minister for Immigration]] from 1958 to 1963. One of his first acts was to oversee the passage of the ''[[Migration Act 1958]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1958-05-01/0127/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Migration Bill 1958|work=[[Hansard]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|date=1 May 1958}}</ref> which replaced the earlier ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]'' that had formed the basis of the [[White Australia policy]]. During his term in office, reforms to migration laws led to the arrival of hundreds of thousands of migrants, mostly from Britain and Europe, where new recruitment posts had been created. Many refugees were also accepted. As a result of his experience as a prisoner of war, he arranged for non-criminal deportees to be held in detention centres instead of being sent to jail.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hancock, I.R.  |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/downer-sir-alexander-russell-alick-12434|title= Downer, Sir Alexander (Alick), 1910–1981|chapter= Downer, Sir Alexander Russell (Alick) (1910–1981)|date = 2007 |website= Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher= National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|accessdate= 2 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
He retired from Parliament upon his appointment as Australian High Commissioner in London,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Opinion/A-journey-into-Downers-dark-past/2005/05/31/1117305617682.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=A journey into Downer's dark past | date=1 June 2005}}</ref> a position he held until 1972. The building of the High Commission, Australia House, has a Downer Room on the first floor, named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=list_code%3DCHL%3Blegal_status%3D35%3Bkeyword_PD%3D0%3Bkeyword_SS%3D0%3Bkeyword_PH%3D0;place_id=106165|title= Australia House, The Strand, London, OS, United Kingdom|date = 2014 |website= Australian Heritage Database |accessdate= 2 May 2014 }}</ref> Downer was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the [[1965 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43668 |date=4 June 1965 |page=5508 |supp=y}}</ref> He was made a [[List of Honorary Freemen of the City of London|Freeman of the City of London]] in 1965.

Downer actively lobbied both the prime minister, [[William McMahon]], and the British government directly, for a [[peerage]] of the UK Parliament. McMahon wrote to 10 Downing Street with a proposal, but it was declined. Downer was reportedly "very bitter" about this rejection.<ref>[[Anne Twomey (academic)|Anne Twomey]], "Defacing the record - how Archives black out history", ''Weekend Australian'', 22–23 January 2022, Inquirer, p. 16</ref>

==Personal life==
On 23 April 1947, he married [[Mary Downer|Mary Gosse]], daughter of Sir [[James Hay Gosse|James Gosse]], whom he had met at a cocktail party in Adelaide.<ref>Downer, Alick (2012). ''The Downers of South Australia'', p. 125. Wakefield Press, Adelaide. {{ISBN|9781743051993}}</ref> Together they had four children, Stella Mary (born 1948), Angela (born 1949), [[Alexander Downer]] (born 1951), who would later serve as the leader of the Liberal Party (1994 to 1995) and Minister for Foreign Affairs under the Howard government, and Una Joanna (born 1955).{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Arbury Park==
In 1932,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59304091 |title=Real Estate News |newspaper=[[The Mail (Adelaide)]] |volume=20 |issue=1,038 |location=South Australia |date=16 April 1932 |accessdate=31 October 2023 |page=5 (Women's Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Downer bought the property known as Raywood in the [[Adelaide Hills]], which he renamed [[Arbury Park, South Australia|Arbury Park]] after [[Arbury Hall]], near [[Nuneaton]], [[Warwickshire]] where his friends the [[Francis Newdegate|Newdigate family]] lived. He was responsible for the construction of the large [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] mansion and extensive formal gardens and deer park,<ref name=oats>{{cite web | title=The Mansion Adelaide Hills 1969 |first=Sydney| last=Oats|author2=South Australian Heritage| website=[[Flickr]] |date=12 May 2010| quote=Info Courtesy of South Australian Heritage.| url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/57768042@N00/4599990950/ | access-date=31 October 2021}} [https://www.flickr.com/photos/57768042@N00/sets/72157623918667235/ Album]</ref> "which was important to his concept of the property as an English estate". The property, after reversion to its former name when bought by the state government in 1965, is [[heritage-listed]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Heritage details: Dwelling ('Raywood', previously 'Arbury Park') Garden, Chapel, Driveway and Gates | website=SA Heritage Places Database Search| url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=17272 | access-date=31 October 2021}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International  (CC BY 4.0)] licence.</ref>

==Electoral history==
===Federal===
====House of Representatives====
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Election year
! Electorate
! colspan ="2" | Party
! Votes
! colspan ="2" | FP%
! colspan ="2" | 2PP%
! Result
|-
! [[1949 Australian federal election|1949]]
| rowspan ="7" | [[Division of Angas (1949–1977)|'''Angas''']]
| rowspan ="7" {{Australian party style|liberal|width:4px}} |
| rowspan ="7" | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| 23,987
| 60.8%
| {{increase}} 8.9
| 63.1%
| {{increase}} 8.1
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
! [[1951 Australian federal election|1951]]
| 25,323
| 63.9%
| {{increase}} 3.1
| 63.9%
| {{increase}} 3.1
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
! [[1954 Australian federal election|1954]]
| colspan ="6",  | {{Center|''unopposed''}}
|-
! [[1955 Australian federal election|1955]]
| 26,823
| 70.0%
| {{decrease}} 30.0
| 72.2%
| {{decrease}} 27.8%
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
! [[1958 Australian federal election|1958]]
| 23,987
| 61.4%
| {{decrease}} 8.6
| 67.7%
| {{decrease}} 4.5
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
! [[1961 Australian federal election|1961]]
| 22,798
| 56.7%
| {{decrease}} 4.7
| 61.6%
| {{decrease}} 6.1
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
! [[1963 Australian federal election|1963]]
| 25,676
| 61.9%
| {{increase}} 5.2
| 62.2%
| {{increase}} 0.6
| {{yes2|First}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Downer family]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://guides.library.unisa.edu.au/specialandarchivalcollections/downer The Alexander Downer Collection at the University of South Australia Library]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before= [[Athol Townley]] }}
{{s-ttl | title= [[Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)|Minister for Immigration]] |years=1958–1963 }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Hubert Opperman]] }}
{{s-par | au}}
{{s-new | division }}
{{s-ttl | title=Member for [[Division of Angas (1949-77)|Angas]] | years=1949–1964}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Geoffrey Giles]] }}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Eric Harrison|Sir Eric Harrison]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of Australian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom|Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom]] | years=1964–1972 }}
{{s-aft |after= [[John Armstrong (Australian politician)|John Armstrong]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Downer, Alexander Sr.}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Angas]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People educated at Geelong Grammar School]]
[[Category:Politicians from Adelaide]]
[[Category:Downer family|Alick]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Australia to the International Maritime Organization]]
[[Category:Australian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Australian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Australian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1949–1951]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1951–1954]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1954–1955]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1955–1958]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1958–1961]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1961–1963]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1963–1966]]