Editing Alko

{{short description|Alcoholic beverage retailing monopoly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox company 
  |name             = Alko Inc
  |logo             = Alko.svg
  |type             = [[List of Finnish government enterprises|Government enterprise]]
  |industry         = [[Alcoholic beverage]]s 
  |key_people       = Leena Laitinen ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
  |products         = [[Alcoholic beverages]]
  |revenue          = [[Euro|€]]1,174.8 million (2017)
  |num_employees    = 2,401 (2017)
  |company_slogan   =  
  |foundation       = {{Start  date  and  age |1932}}  
  |location_city    =  [[Helsinki]]
  |location_country = [[Finland]]
  |homepage         = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Alko Inc''' is the national [[alcohol monopoly|alcoholic beverage retailing monopoly]] in [[Finland]]. It is the only store in the country which retails [[beer]] over 8% [[alcohol by volume|ABV]], [[wine]] (except in vineyards) and [[Distilled beverage|spirits]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concealedwines.com/page.asp?pageID=3244 |title=Domestic Alcohol Policy – Finland – ALKO |publisher=Concealedwines.com |date=2012-08-20 |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121201/http://www.concealedwines.com/page.asp?pageID=3244 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Changes to Finland's alcohol law hit Alko sales |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20098967 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=YLE News |language=en}}</ref> Alcoholic beverages are also sold in licensed restaurants and bars but only for consumption on the premises.

Alko is required by law to sell drinks with lower alcohol content than 8% and non-alcoholic alternatives, but in practice carries a very limited stock of low alcohol beer, cider and non-alcoholic drinks and others as supermarkets are allowed to sell those at a substantially lower price. By law, alcoholic drinks may only be sold to those aged 18 or above.

==Products==
As the only retailer of strong [[alcoholic beverage]]s in Finland, Alko has an extensive range of products ranging from rare wines to bulk vodka. Its wine selection has grown in recent decades as there has been an increase in consumption and a government drive to change Finnish drinking habits to a more "European" style, which means a move from hard liquor to wine and beer. While wine consumption has increased, this has not replaced consumption of other alcoholic beverages, negating the "Europeanisation" argument.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} Nowadays wines occupy most of the shelf space in an Alko shop. Its beer selection is concentrated on stronger versions of the domestic bulk lagers and some high-quality strong beers from major beer-producing countries as well as traditional [[Sahti]] at some locations. Hard spirits include several Finnish brands of vodka and all major types of hard liquor. Alko also sells brands of drinks produced by the Finnish state-owned company [[Altia]], which are traditional products and not sold abroad. Many of these date back to the first products launched after the end of [[prohibition in Finland]]. These are usually for mixing drinks.

In 2024, Alko's strongest selling liquor is a tar liquor called 762 Tumma, which, as the name suggests, has an alcohol content of 76.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000010500468.html|title=Tämä on väkevintä viinaa, mitä Alkosta saa|first1=Sallamaari|last1=Niittymäki|first2=Simo|last2=Holopainen|work=[[Ilta-Sanomat]]|date=16 June 2024|access-date=20 July 2024|language=fi}}</ref>

==Legal status==
[[File:Alko interior 20190202.jpg|thumb|A photo from inside the Alko in [[Lappajärvi]].]]
Alko is a government-owned enterprise reporting to the Finnish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. {{As of|2017|12}}, it has 368 stores and 143 order pick-up points throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alko’s mission is: the most responsible way to sell alcohol in the world. |url=https://www.alko.fi/en/alko-inc/about-alko/alko-in-brief |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Alko |language=en}}</ref> Alko shop locations have to be approved by [[National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Finland)|National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health]] (Finnish abbreviation ''Valvira''). Only once has an application for a new Alko shop been denied: in 2003, an application for a location in [[Koivukylä]], [[Vantaa]], was rebuffed because there was a kindergarten next to the planned location. Earlier shops were located separately from other retail outlets, but beginning in the 1990s a growing number of Alkos have appeared in malls and supermarkets, some even in gas stations. Under the Alcohol Act, Alkos cannot have a [[display window|window display]], so stores often have a display of [[wine glass]]es and catalogues.

Alko can advertise beverages that contain up to 22% alcohol. In practice, manufacturers or distributors, not Alko, advertise their products. There is a total ban on advertising beverages stronger than 22%.

On February 3, 2005, the Finnish Food Marketing Association (a pressure group of the country's supermarkets like [[K-Kauppa]] and [[S-Group]]) asked the European Union to challenge the legality of Alko's monopoly, which it disputes. 

Products under 22% [[Alcohol by volume|ABV]] can be purchased by individuals at least 18 years of age. The minimum age for products containing over 22% ABV is 20. When asked at checkout a customer must prove their age with an official ID (only a driver's licence, ID card or passport is accepted). Alcohol will not be sold to visibly intoxicated customers or when there is a reason to suspect misuse or illegal supply to a person who would not be authorized to buy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vapaatila.net/alko/myynninvalvonta/en/ |title=Ground rules for purchases |publisher=Vapaatila.net |date= |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101647/http://vapaatila.net/alko/myynninvalvonta/en/ |archive-date=2013-06-15 |url-status = dead|df= }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Alkoholiliike, Museokatu 10 - N210075 - hkm.HKMS000005-000001o1.jpg|thumb|''Alkoholiliike'' store in 1952, Helsinki]]
From 1919 to 1932, the distribution and consumption of [[alcoholic beverage]]s was forbidden in Finland.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 April 2011 – On this day in history: Prohibition ended in Finland, 1932|url=http://modernhistorian.blogspot.com/2011/04/on-this-day-in-history-prohibition.html|work=The Modern Historian Blog|accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> When the prohibition was lifted by the [[Government of Finland|Finnish government]] in 1932 following a [[1931 Finnish prohibition referendum|referendum]], they created a company called ''Oy Alkoholiliike Ab'' which was fully owned by the government.

The first stores were opened on 5 April 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tällainen on Alkon uusi tiskimyymälä – muistatko, kuinka viinakaupassa ennen asioitiin? 'Löytyisikö teiltä Erkin pikakivääriä?' |last=Halonen |first=Antti |work=Ilta-Sanomat |date=22 September 2017 |access-date=24 August 2021 |url= https://www.is.fi/ruokala/ajankohtaista/art-2000005378232.html |language=fi }}</ref>

During the 1939–40 [[Winter War]] the company mass-produced [[molotov cocktail]]s for the [[Finnish military]], production totalling 450,000 units.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Molotov Cocktail: One Cocktail You Don't Want To Drink|url=http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/the-molotov-cocktail-one-cocktail-you-dont-want-to-drink.html|work=War History Online.com|accessdate=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522180151/http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/the-molotov-cocktail-one-cocktail-you-dont-want-to-drink.html|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status = dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Between 1944 and 1970, Alko used the [[Bratt System]] from Sweden to control alcohol consumption, using a booklet called ''viinakortti'' whereby all alcohol sales were recorded and stamped into said booklet. Once a certain amount of alcohol was purchased, the owner of said booklet had to wait until next month to buy more.

In 1969 the company's name was changed to ''Oy Alko Ab''. This company not only distributed, but also imported and manufactured alcohol.

Between 1962 and 1998, Alko stores gradually switched from desk service (where customers asked shop attendants to retrieve products for them) to self-service.<ref>{{cite book|last=Häikiö|first=Martti|title=Alkon historia: Valtion alkoholiliike kieltolain kumoamisesta Euroopan Unionin kilpailupolitiikkaan 1932–2006|location=Helsinki|publisher=Otava|year=2007|page=247|language=fi|isbn=9789511213109}}</ref>
[[Image:Alko.png|thumb|Alko's previous logo, used until 2007]]

In 1995, when Finland joined the EU, the monopolies in production and import had to be lifted. Thus, the corporation was separated into ''Alko'' (distribution), ''Primalco'' (production of alcohol) and ''Havistra'' (bulk sales), which together formed the ''Altia Group''; only Alko retained a monopoly.

In 1998, Alko was [[Spin-off (corporate)|spun off]] entirely from the Altia Group, which was reorganized later to form [[Altia|Altia Oyj]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} While Altia Oyj and Alko remain legally separate, Alko is the major customer of Altia's products.

The history of Alko is presented at the [[Hotel and Restaurant Museum]] in Helsinki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotel and Restaurant Museum |url=http://www.hotellijaravintolamuseo.fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030226172414/http://www.hotellijaravintolamuseo.fi/ |url-status = dead|archive-date=2003-02-26 }}</ref>

From 10 June 2024, the maximum alcohol level which retailers could freely sell alcoholic beverages changed from 5.5% to 8% ABV. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Parliament to meet into July; votes on climate interpellation and alcohol law |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20092358 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=YLE News |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Aalto University students queueing to Otaniemi Alko.jpg|thumb|right|The Alko branch in [[Otaniemi]], [[Espoo]] opened in September 2018, which led to students from [[Aalto University]] trying to buy its entire supply already on opening day.<ref>Jokinen, Pauliina: [https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000005807716.html Teekkarit uhkaavat juoda Alkon tyhjäksi Otaniemessä – Alkon liiketoimintajohtajakin tulee myyntiavuksi: "Tarjoilemme alkoholittomia juomia"], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 29 August 2018. Accessed on 29 January 2021.</ref>]]

==See also==
* [[Alcohol monopoly]]
* [[Magyar Fehér Bor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|fi|sv|en}}
*[http://www.isokaato.com/hinnasto/ Isokaato.com, an unofficial price list included alcohol over 22%] {{in lang|fi}}

{{Finnish government enterprises}}
{{Supermarkets in Finland}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1932 establishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Alcohol monopolies]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1932]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Finland]]
[[Category:Drink companies of Finland]]