Editing Allamanda

{{Short description|Genus}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Hoa Thang Giu.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Allamanda cathartica]]''
|display_parents = 3
|parent_authority = A.DC. in DC. & A.DC.
|taxon = Allamanda
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Orelia'' <small>Aubl.</small>
   }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=6151
|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
|access-date=May 22, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Allamanda''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Apocynaceae]]. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from [[Mexico]] to [[Argentina]]. Some species are familiar as [[ornamental plant]]s cultivated for their large, colorful flowers. Most species produce yellow flowers; ''A. blanchetii'' bears pink flowers.<ref name=calcicola>de Souza-Silva, R. F. and A. Rapini. (2009). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12225-008-9087-x#page-1 ''Allamanda calcicola'' (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone  outcrops in the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil.] ''Kew Bulletin'' 64(1), 171–74.</ref> The genus name ''Allamanda'' honors the [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[botany|botanist]] and physician [[Frédéric-Louis Allamand]] (1736–1809).<ref name=wa>[https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21926 ''Allamanda''.] FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.</ref> It is the official flower of [[Kuching North City Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dbku.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-288-325-tid.html |title=Laman Web Rasmi Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara |access-date=2017-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001535/http://www.dbku.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-288-325-tid.html |archive-date=2017-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Description==
Plants of the genus are [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s,<ref name=wa/> [[shrub]]s, or [[vine]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}  They contain a white [[latex]]. The leaves are opposite or arranged in whorls of up to 5. The blades are generally oval and smooth-edged, and some are leathery or lightly hairy. The [[inflorescence]] is a compound cyme. The flower has five lobed [[sepal]]s and a bell- or funnel-shaped corolla of five petals, yellow in most species. The fruit is a [[schizocarp]] containing two to four seeds.<ref name=wa/>
[[File:Allemanda neriifolia 12.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Allamanda schottii]]'']]
[[File:Starr 071024-9779 Allamanda schottii.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Allamanda schottii]]'' fruit]]

==Chemistry and medicine==
In lab analyses ''Allamanda'' species have yielded several chemical compounds, including [[iridoid]] [[lactone]]s such as allamandin, plumericin, and plumierides. Plumericin particularly was demonstrated to be a highly potent [[NF-κB]] inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'', while its structurally related derivatives plumierdin, plumeridoid C, and allamandicin did not have activity.<ref>Fakhrudin N, Waltenberger B, Cabaravdic M, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Schachner D, Heiss EH, Liu R, Noha SM, Grzywacz AM, Mihaly-Bison J, Awad EM, Schuster D,
Breuss JM, Rollinger JM, Bochkov V, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12558/abstract Identification of plumericin as a potent new scaffold inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo.] Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Dec 16. {{doi|10.1111/bph.12558}}. {{PMID|24329519}}</ref> The [[lignan]] [[pinoresinol]] and [[coumarin]]s such as [[scopoletin]] and [[scoparone]] have been isolated from ''A. schottii''.<ref name=schm>Schmidt, D. D. F. N., et al. (2006). [https://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_2/Angela_Malheiros/MS_435.htm Evaluation of the anti-proliferative effect the extracts of ''Allamanda blanchetti'' and ''A. schottii'' on the growth of leukemic and endothelial cells.] ''J Pharm Pharm Sci'' 9, 200–08.</ref>

''Allamanda'' species have been used in systems of [[traditional medicine]] for various purposes. ''A. cathartica'' has been used to treat [[liver tumor]]s,<ref name=schm/> [[jaundice]], [[splenomegaly]], and [[malaria]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}  In analyses, some species have shown some activity against [[carcinoma]] cells, [[pathogenic fungi]], and [[HIV]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}

In June 2022 a research team in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, observed an [[orangutan]] chewing the stem and leaves of this plant, locally known as akar kuning, and applying the resulting paste and chewed leaves to a serious wound on its face. This is considered the first time a non-human species was seen deliberately preparing and applying medicine. After five days, the wound had closed, and fully healed three weeks later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=Wounded orangutan seen using plant as medicine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68942123 |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Orangutan Seen Treating A Wound With A Medicinal Plant In World-First Observation |url=https://www.iflscience.com/orangutan-seen-treating-a-wound-with-a-medicinal-plant-in-world-first-observation-74034 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=IFLScience |language=en}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
In the wild, allamandas grow along riverbanks and other open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade or salty or alkaline soils, and they are sensitive to frost. They grow rapidly, sometimes spreading 3 meters per year. They can be propagated from cuttings.

Can be trained as a standard.

==Ecology==
Allamandas have become naturalized throughout the tropics, growing in roadside ditches, abandoned yards, and dumps. ''A. cathartica'' in particular is an [[invasive species]] in [[Queensland]].<ref>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Allamanda-cathartica.htm ''Allamanda cathartica''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513110213/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Allamanda-cathartica.htm |date=2013-05-13 }} Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> Cutting is ineffective as a means of control, because the plants respond to [[coppicing]].

==Taxonomy==
There are about 12 to 15 valid species in the genus.<ref name=wa/>
[[File:Allamanda blanchetii 1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Allamanda blanchetii]]'']]
Species and synonyms include:
[[File:Allamanda angustifolia - Pohl-cropped.jpg|thumb|right|170px|''[[Allamanda angustifolia]]'' by [[Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl|Johann Pohl]]]]
*''[[Allamanda angustifolia]]'' <small>Pohl</small>
*''[[Allamanda blanchetii]]'' <small>A.DC.</small> &ndash; purple allamanda, violet allamanda, violet trumpetvine
*''[[Allamanda calcicola]]''<ref name=calcicola/>
*''[[Allamanda cathartica]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; yellow allamanda, golden-trumpet, common trumpetvine<ref>{{GRIN | ''Allamanda cathartica'' | 312549 | accessdate = 29 December 2017}}</ref> brownbud allamanda<ref>[http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1434 ''Allamanda cathartica''.] Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. University of South Florida.</ref>
*''[[Allamanda doniana]]'' <small>Müll.Arg.</small>
*''[[Allamanda laevis]]'' <small>Markgr.</small>
*''[[Allamanda martii]]'' <small>Müll.Arg.</small>
*''[[Allamanda nobilis]]'' <small>T.Moore</small>
*''[[Allamanda oenotherifolia]]'' <small>Pohl</small>
*''[[Allamanda polyantha]]'' <small>Müll.Arg.</small>
*''[[Allamanda puberula]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
*''[[Allamanda schottii]]'' <small>Pohl</small> &ndash; bush allamanda<ref>{{GRIN | ''Allamanda schottii'' | 2209 | accessdate = 29 December 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Allamanda setulosa]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
*''[[Allamanda thevetifolia]]'' <small>Müll.Arg.</small>
*''[[Allamanda weberbaueri]]'' <small>Markgr.</small>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Allamanda}}
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Allamanda%20cathartica.pdf ''Allamanda cathartica''.] In: Francis, J. K. ''Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories''. USDA Forest Service, IITF, Shrub Sciences Laboratory.
*{{in lang|pt}} [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=1424 ''Allamanda''.] Flora Brasiliensis.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1262196}}

[[Category:Allamanda| ]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]]