Editing Allan MacEachen

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{for|the Canadian judge and lawyer|Allan McEachern}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix        = [[The Honourable]]
| image                   = Allan MacEachen.jpg
| honorific-suffix        = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|OC|size=100%}}
| caption                 = MacEachen shortly after first being elected to the House of Commons
| office1                 = 1st [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]]
| primeminister1          = [[Pierre Trudeau]]
| term_start1             = March 3, 1980
| term_end1               = June 29, 1984
| predecessor1            = ''Himself'' {{small|(1979)}}
| successor1              = [[Jean Chrétien]]
| primeminister2          = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start2             = September 16, 1977
| term_end2               = June 4, 1979
| predecessor2            = ''Position established''
| successor2              = ''Himself'' {{small|(1980)}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| cont             = yes
| Ministerial offices
| titlestyle       = border:1px dashed lightgrey;
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed            = yes
| office3                 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Secretary of State for External Affairs]]
| primeminister3          = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start3             = September 10, 1982
| term_end3               = June 29, 1984
| predecessor3            = [[Mark MacGuigan]]
| successor3              = Jean Chrétien
| primeminister4          = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start4             = August 8, 1974
| term_end4               = September 13, 1976
| predecessor4            = [[Mitchell Sharp]]
| successor4              = [[Don Jamieson (politician)|Donald Jamieson]]
| office5                 = [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister5          = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start5             = March 3, 1980
| term_end5               = September 9, 1982
| predecessor5            = [[John Crosbie]]
| successor5              = [[Marc Lalonde]]
| office6          = [[President of the Privy Council]]
| primeminister6   = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start6      = September 15, 1976
| term_end6        = June 3, 1979
| predecessor6     = Mitchell Sharp
| successor6       = [[Walter Baker (Canadian politician)|Walter Baker]]
| primeminister7   = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start7      = September 24, 1970
| term_end7        = August 7, 1974
| predecessor7     = [[Donald Stovel Macdonald]]
| successor7       = Mitchell Sharp
| primeminister8   = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start8      = May 2, 1968
| term_end8        = July 5, 1968
| predecessor8     = Pierre Trudeau (Acting)
| successor8       = Donald Stovel Macdonald
| termlabel8          = Acting
| office9             = [[Leader of the Government in the House of Commons]]
| primeminister9      = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start9         = September 14, 1976
| term_end9           = March 26, 1979
| predecessor9        = Mitchell Sharp
| successor9          = Walter Baker
| primeminister10      = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start10         = September 24, 1970
| term_end10           = May 9, 1974
| predecessor10        = Donald Stovel Macdonald
| successor10          = Mitchell Sharp
| primeminister11      = [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| term_start11         = May 4, 1967
| term_end11           = April 23, 1968
| predecessor11        = [[George McIlraith]]
| successor11          = Donald Stovel Macdonald
| office12             = [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration|Minister of Manpower and Immigration]]
| primeminister12   = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start12      = July 6, 1968
| term_end12        = September 23, 1970
| predecessor12     = [[Jean Marchand]]
| successor12       = [[Otto Lang]]
 | office13             = [[Health and Welfare Canada|Minister of National Health and Welfare]]
| primeminister13      = Lester B. Pearson<br />Pierre Trudeau
| term_start13         = December 18, 1965
| term_end13           = July 5, 1968
| predecessor13        = [[Judy LaMarsh]]
| successor13          = [[John Munro (Canadian politician)|John C. Munro]]
| office14             = [[Minister of Sport and Physical Activity|Minister of Amateur Sport]]
| primeminister14      = Lester B. Pearson<br />Pierre Trudeau
| term_start14         = December 18, 1965
| term_end14           = July 5, 1968
| predecessor14        = Judy LaMarsh
| successor14          = John C. Munro
| office15                 = [[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]]
| primeminister15          = Lester B. Pearson
| term_start15             = April 22, 1963
| term_end15               = December 18, 1965
| predecessor15            = [[Michael Starr (politician)|Michael Starr]]
| successor15              = [[John Robert Nicholson]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| cont             = yes
| last             = yes
| Parliamentary offices
| titlestyle       = border:1px dashed lightgrey;
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed            = yes
| office          = [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] for [[List of Nova Scotia senators|Highlands-Canso]], Nova Scotia
| appointed       = [[John Turner]]
| term_start      = June 29, 1984
| term_end        = July 6, 1996
| riding1                 = [[Cape Breton Highlands—Canso]]<br />{{small|([[Inverness—Richmond]]; 1953–1968)}}
| parliament1       = Canadian
| term_start1             = June 18, 1962
| term_end1               = June 28, 1984
| predecessor1            = [[Robert MacLellan (politician, born 1925)|Robert MacLellan]]
| successor1              = [[Lawrence O'Neil]]
| term_start2             = August 10, 1953
| term_end2               = March 30, 1958
| predecessor2            = [[William F. Carroll]]
| successor2              = Robert MacLellan
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name              = Allan Joseph MacEachen
| birth_date              = {{Birth date|1921|7|6}}
| birth_place             = [[Inverness, Nova Scotia|Inverness]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
| death_date              = {{death date and age|2017|09|12|1921|07|06}}
| death_place             = [[Antigonish, Nova Scotia]], Canada
| alma_mater              =
{{Ubl|
* [[St. Francis Xavier University]]
* [[University of Toronto]]
* [[University of Chicago]]
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
}}
| profession              = {{hlist|Politician|Economist|Professor}}
| party                   = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
}}

'''Allan Joseph MacEachen''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|OC}} ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|k|ɛ|k|ən}}; July 6, 1921 – September 12, 2017) was a Canadian politician and statesman who served as a senator and several times as a Cabinet minister. He was the first [[deputy prime minister of Canada]] and served from 1977 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984.

==Early life==
Born in [[Inverness, Nova Scotia|Inverness]] on [[Nova Scotia]]'s [[Cape Breton Island]], MacEachen graduated from [[St. Francis Xavier University]], and lectured in [[economics]] for several years at the school. He was the son of Annie Gillies and Angus MacEachen, a coal miner from [[Inverness County, Nova Scotia]]. MacEachen's maternal grandfather immigrated to Cape Breton Island from [[Morar]], Scotland, in 1865. MacEachen's parents both spoke the distinctive [[Canadian Gaelic|Nova Scotia dialect]] of [[Scottish Gaelic]] at home and MacEachen himself was a fluent speaker.<ref name=postobit>{{cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/former-federal-liberal-cabinet-minister-allan-maceachen-dies-at-age-96-2 |title=Allan MacEachen, overseer of social reform and skilled politician, dies at 96 |work=National Post |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

==Early political career==
MacEachen was elected for the first time to the [[House of Commons of Canada]] in the [[1953 Canadian federal election|1953 election]] as a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] under the leadership of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Louis St-Laurent]]. MacEachen was re-elected in the [[1957 Canadian federal election|1957 election]] but was defeated in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[John Diefenbaker|Diefenbaker]] sweep in the [[1958 Canadian federal election|1958 election]], the largest federal electoral victory in Canadian history.

MacEachen was re-elected to [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] in the [[1962 Canadian federal election|1962 general election]] and again in the [[1963 Canadian federal election|1963]], [[1965 Canadian federal election|1965]], [[1968 Canadian federal election|1968]], [[1972 Canadian federal election|1972]], [[1974 Canadian federal election|1974]], [[1979 Canadian federal election|1979]], and [[1980 Canadian federal election|1980 elections]].

==Cabinet minister==
When [[Lester B. Pearson]] formed a Liberal government in 1963, he appointed MacEachen to [[Cabinet of Canada|cabinet]] as [[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]]. It was the beginning of a lengthy career in cabinet in which MacEachen served in several portfolios under Prime Ministers Pearson, [[Pierre Trudeau]] and [[John Turner]]. Over the course of his career, MacEachen held the following portfolios: Labour, [[Minister of National Health and Welfare (Canada)|National Health and Welfare]], [[Minister of Manpower and Immigration (Canada)|Manpower and Immigration]], [[President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Privy Council]], [[Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)|External Affairs]], and [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Finance]].

In addition to his ministerial responsibilities, MacEachen served as [[Government House Leader]] on three occasions and became the first [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]] in 1977 under Trudeau, a post that was held whenever Trudeau was in office until the latter retired.

In his memoirs, published in 1993, Trudeau wrote that MacEachen "had a very good strategic sense, both in and out of Parliament, and he lived and breathed politics." For Trudeau, he "was always a source of shrewd advice" and "was the kind of man I respected, because he had no ulterior motives; he said what he thought, and the reasons he would give were always his real reasons."<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoirs |first=Pierre Elliott |last=Trudeau |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |location=[[Toronto]] |date=1993 |isbn=0-7710-8588-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/memoirs00trud/page/176 176]–177 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirs00trud}}</ref>

In 1968 MacEachen contested the leadership of the Liberal Party but did not do well, largely because there was a second Nova Scotian on the ballot. He was courted to run for leader again in 1984 but opted to support [[John Turner]], the eventual winner.

In 1979, when the Liberals lost the election to [[Joe Clark]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives]], MacEachen served as interim [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]] when Trudeau announced his retirement from politics. Trudeau's short-lived retirement ended with the defeat of Clark's government in a vote of confidence of [[1979 Canadian federal budget|his budget]] and the Liberals' return to power with a majority government on February 18, 1980.

MacEachen took the role of Finance Minister and announced the [[National Energy Policy]] as part of his [[1980 Canadian federal budget|1980 budget]]. He also angered public sector unions in his [[1982 Canadian federal budget|1982 budget]] by imposing a [[incomes policy|wage restraint]] package dubbed "six and five," which limited wage increases to 6% and 5% for the next two years.<ref name=":LeaderPost">{{Cite web|date= 29 June 1982 |title=The Leader-Post|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=w9EjUEod0xMC&dat=19820629&printsec=frontpage&hl=fr|access-date=2020-06-17|website=news.google.com}}</ref> That was while double-digit interest rates and inflation were common.

==Senator==
Turner, the new party leader and prime minister, recommended MacEachen for appointment to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]], where MacEachen became [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)|Leader of the Government in the Senate]]. MacEachen was in that position only briefly, as Turner lost the [[1984 Canadian federal election|1984 election]], but MacEachen started the practice of allowing opposition senators to chair a number of committees, a practice that continues today.

From 1984 to 1991, he served as leader of the opposition in the Senate, where he was regarded as the primary opposition to the Conservative [[Brian Mulroney]]'s first term because of Mulroney's substantial majority in the Commons, with an opposition that was spread nearly equally between Turner's Liberals and [[Ed Broadbent]]'s [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic Party]]. In 1988, after a request by Turner, MacEachen blocked the [[Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement]] in the Senate to force an election before the issue was settled. The agreement was the main issue of the [[1988 Canadian federal election|1988 election]]. After Mulroney's victory, MacEachen and the Senate passed the agreement.

After the election, MacEachen again used the Senate to block the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]]. Mulroney recommended for appointment several new senators and used an emergency power in the [[Constitution Act, 1867]], to allow him to recommend for appointment eight new senators. MacEachen then led a [[filibuster]] against the bill, with Liberal members defying Speaker [[Guy Charbonneau]], who voted for Conservative motions. The Liberal senators used other tactics to delay Senate business. Soon, the motion was passed, and the Progressive Conservative majority passed new rules for the Senate to forbid such actions.

MacEachen retired from the Senate in 1996 after he had reached the [[mandatory retirement age]] of 75, and he became a dollar-per-year adviser to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Further controversy ensued in 1998, when it was discovered that he was still using a full Senate office.

==Retirement and death==
After leaving the Senate, MacEachen retired to Nova Scotia spending the rest of his life at his house on [[Lake Ainslie]] in [[Inverness, Nova Scotia|Inverness County]], [[Cape Breton]] and in [[Antigonish, Nova Scotia|Antigonish]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/allan-maceachen-former-federal-liberal-cabinet-minister-dies-at-age-96/article36242416/ |title=Allan MacEachen, former federal Liberal cabinet minister, dies at age 96 |work=The Globe and Mail |last=Tutton |first=Michael |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> In 2006, MacEachen endorsed [[Bob Rae]]'s candidacy to [[2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|lead the Liberal Party]], and was appointed honorary campaign chair of Rae's campaign.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&pubid=968163964505&cid=1147428614862&col=968705899037&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News/News]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929171630/http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&pubid=968163964505&cid=1147428614862&col=968705899037&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News%2FNews |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref>

MacEachen died at the age of 96 on September 12, 2017, at St. Martha's Hospital in [[Antigonish, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Nova Scotia politician Allan J. MacEachen dead at 96 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/allan-maceachen-former-federal-liberal-cabinet-minister-dies-1.4286949 |work=CBC News |last=McMillan |first=Elizabeth |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former federal Liberal cabinet minister Allan MacEachen dies at age 96 |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/former-federal-liberal-cabinet-minister-allan-maceachen-dies-at-age-96 |work=National Post |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==
In 2008, he was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5601 |title=Governor General Announces New Appointments to the Order of Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121152728/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5601 |archive-date=2009-01-21 }}</ref>

St. Francis Xavier University holds the annual Allan J. MacEachen lecture in his honour. In 2000, the [[Allan J. MacEachen International Academic and Cultural Centre]] was opened in [[Mabou, Nova Scotia]]. The complex consists of a secondary school, [[Dalbrae Academy]], and [[Strathspey Place]], a performing arts centre. [[Dalhousie University]]'s MacEachen Institute for Public Policy and Governance is also named after him.<ref name=name>{{cite news |url=http://www.capebretonpost.com/news/local/2017/9/13/political-giant-allan-j--maceachen-remembered-as-the-laird-of-la.html |title=Political giant Allan J. MacEachen remembered as the 'Laird of Lake Ainslie' |work=Cape Breton Post |last=Pottie |first=Erin |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915024512/http://www.capebretonpost.com/news/local/2017/9/13/political-giant-allan-j--maceachen-remembered-as-the-laird-of-la.html |archive-date=September 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dal.ca/dept/maceachen-institute.html |title=MacEachen Institute for Public Policy and Governance |publisher=Dalhousie University |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

In 2021, Beaton Street, which is where MacEachen was raised in [[Inverness, Nova Scotia]], was renamed Allan J. Memorial Avenue. The renaming coincided with the hundredth anniversary of MacEachen's birth, and was widely celebrated by many in the small [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton]] community. Project chair Ben MacKay remarked at the unveiling ceremony that “There is no better example to leave behind for my generation, and all future generations of young people in this country.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allan J's Canada |url=https://www.invernessminersmuseum.com/blog/alanjscanada |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Inverness Miners Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=5592}}

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{{succession box|title=[[Deputy Leader]] of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]
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{{succession box
 |before=[[William F. Carroll]]
 |title=[[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Inverness—Richmond]]
 |years=1953–1958
 |after=[[Robert MacLellan (politician, born 1925)|Robert MacLellan]]
}}
{{succession box
| title  = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Inverness—Richmond]]
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{{succession box
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| title  = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition in the Senate of Canada]]
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| years  = September 16, 1984 – November 30, 1991
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{{Second Trudeau Ministry}}
{{First Trudeau Ministry}}
{{Pearson Ministry}}
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{{CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}}
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{{CA-Ministers of Labour}}
{{CA-Ministers of Manpower and Immigration}}
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{{CA-Leaders of the Government in the Senate}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maceachen, Allan Joseph}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Canada]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Canada]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Senate of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Politicians from Inverness County, Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:St. Francis Xavier University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of St. Francis Xavier University]]
[[Category:Canadian Secretaries of State for External Affairs]]
[[Category:Ministers of health and welfare of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the 19th Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the 20th Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Senate of Canada]]