Editing Allen Dulles

{{Short description|Director of the CIA from 1953 to 1961}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Allen Dulles
| image               = Allen w dulles.jpg
| caption             = 
| office              = 5th [[Director of Central Intelligence]]
| president           = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]<br>[[John F. Kennedy]]
| deputy              = [[Charles P. Cabell]]
| term_start          = February 26, 1953
| term_end            = November 29, 1961
| predecessor         = [[Walter Bedell Smith]]
| successor           = [[John A. McCone]]
| office1             = 4th [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of Central Intelligence]]
| president1          = [[Harry S. Truman]]<br>Dwight D. Eisenhower
| term_start1         = August 23, 1951
| term_end1           = February 26, 1953
| predecessor1        = [[William Harding Jackson|William H. Jackson]]
| successor1          = 
| office2             = [[Director of the National Clandestine Service|Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Plans]]
| president2          = Harry S. Truman
| term_start2         = January 4, 1951
| term_end2           = August 23, 1951
| predecessor2        = Position established
| successor2          = 
| office3             = Director of [[Office of Strategic Services]]
| president3          = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br>Harry S. Truman
| term_start3         = June 13, 1942
| term_end3           = September 20, 1945
| predecessor3        = [[William J. Donovan]]
| successor3          = [[John A. McCone]]
| birth_name          = Allen Welsh Dulles
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1893|04|07}}
| birth_place         = [[Watertown (city), New York|Watertown]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1969|01|29|1893|04|07}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| restingplace        = [[Green Mount Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| education           = [[Princeton University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br>[[George Washington University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|Martha "Clover" Todd|1920}}
| children            = 3
| relatives           = [[John Foster Dulles]] (brother)<br>[[John Watson Foster]] (uncle)<br> [[John Welsh Dulles]] (grandfather)<br>[[Miron Winslow]]<br>(great-grandfather)<br>[[Harriet Winslow]]<br>(great-grandmother)<br>[[Avery Dulles|Avery Cardinal Dulles]] (nephew)<br>[[:Category:Dulles family|Dulles family]]
}}

'''Allen Welsh Dulles''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|l|ɪ|s}} {{respell|DUL|iss}}; April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American lawyer who was the first civilian [[Director of Central Intelligence|director of central intelligence]] (DCI), and its longest serving director. As head of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) during the early [[Cold War]], he oversaw numerous activities, such as the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]], the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]], the [[Project MKUltra]] mind control program, and the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in 1961. As a result of the failed invasion of Cuba, Dulles was fired by President [[John F. Kennedy]].

Dulles was a member of the [[Warren Commission]] that investigated [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy's assassination]]. A [[CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory|conspiracy theory]] suggesting that Dulles and the CIA were somehow involved in Kennedy's assassination and its potential cover up in the Warren Commission have been subject to popular debate among historians, political commentators, and conspiracy theorists. In 1979, the [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) concluded that the CIA was not involved in the assassination of Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>

Between his stints of government service, Dulles was a corporate lawyer and partner at [[Sullivan & Cromwell]]. His older brother, [[John Foster Dulles]], was the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] during the [[Eisenhower Administration|Eisenhower administration]] and is the namesake of [[Dulles International Airport]].<ref name=obit/>

==Early life and family==
Dulles was born on April 7, 1893, in [[Watertown, New York]],<ref name=EB1970YB>{{Citation|contribution=Obituaries 1969|title=Britannica Book of the Year 1970|year=1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/britannicabookof00noau/page/580 580]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|place=Chicago|isbn=0-85229-144-2|url=https://archive.org/details/britannicabookof00noau/page/580}}</ref> one of five children of [[Presbyterian]] minister Allen Macy Dulles, and his wife, Edith ({{nee}} Foster) Dulles.  Allen Macy Dulles mixed theological liberalism with stern orthopraxy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Archives |url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/archives/cul-4492444 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Columbia University |language=en}}</ref>

He was five years younger than his brother, [[John Foster Dulles]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] and chairman and senior partner of [[Sullivan & Cromwell]], and two years older than his sister, the diplomat [[Eleanor Lansing Dulles]]. His maternal grandfather, [[John W. Foster]], was Secretary of State under [[Benjamin Harrison]], while his uncle by marriage, [[Robert Lansing]] was Secretary of State under [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref name=CNN/> Growing up in a [[parsonage]], Dulles was made to attend church daily. As his parents distrusted public education, Dulles was [[Homeschooling|homeschooled]] by various private tutors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Q&A with Stephen Kinzer {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?315393-1/qa-stephen-kinzer |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blake |first=Henry |date=2024-03-14 |title=Meet the Kleptocrats: How Two Brothers Undermined Democracy in America and the World |url=https://medium.com/@henryblake_48596/meet-the-kleptocrats-how-two-brothers-undermined-democracy-in-america-and-the-world-b1e31c22e198 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

Dulles graduated from [[Princeton University]], where he participated in the [[American Whig–Cliosophic Society]].<ref>{{cite magazine |issn=0885-7601 |volume=36 |issue=29 |magazine=[[The Daily Princetonian]] |page=457 |title=Twelve Freshman Debates Chosen From Whig Hall |publication-place=[[Princeton, New Jersey]], USA |publisher=The Daily Princetonian Publishing Company [[Princeton University Press]] |editor1-first=Charles |editor1-last=Scribner |editor2-first=Frank D. |editor2-last=Halsey |editor3-first=Spencer L. |editor3-last=Jones |first=R. |last=McLean |editor4-first=C. |editor4-last=Belknap |via=Princeton University Library |editor5-first=E.W. |editor5-last=Thomas |date=March 31, 1911 |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=Princetonian19110331-01.2.26 |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref> He taught school in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] before entering the diplomatic service in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Mark Patrick |date=2023-12-15 |title=OSS Spymaster Allen Dulles |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/oss-spymaster-allen-dulles/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1920, he married Martha "Clover" Todd (March 5, 1894 – April 15, 1974). They had three children: daughters Clover and Joan,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/04/archives/fritz-molden-divorced-former-joan-dulles-charges-cruelty-will-be.html |title=FRITZ MOLDEN DIVORCED; Former Joan Dulles Charges Cruelty -- Will Be Wed Again |date=February 4, 1954 |access-date=April 4, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and son Allen Macy Dulles II (1930–2020), who was wounded and permanently disabled in the [[Korean War]] and spent the rest of his life in and out of medical care.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=457}} 

According to his sister, Eleanor, Dulles had "at least a hundred" extramarital affairs, including some during his tenure with the CIA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/10/opinion/when-a-cia-director-had-scores-of-affairs.html |title=When a C.I.A. Director Had Scores of Affairs |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref>

==Early career==
Initially assigned to [[Vienna]], he was transferred to [[Bern]], Switzerland, along with the rest of the embassy personnel shortly before the U.S. entered the First World War.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=26}} Later in life Dulles said he had been telephoned by [[Vladimir Lenin]], seeking a meeting with the American embassy on April 8, 1917,{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=26}} the day before Lenin left Switzerland to travel to [[Saint Petersburg]] aboard a German train. After recovering from the [[Spanish flu]] he was assigned to the American delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], along with his elder brother Foster.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=36, 46}} 

In 1921, while at the US Embassy in [[Istanbul]], he helped expose ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' as a forgery. Dulles unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the [[US State Department]] to publicly denounce the forgery.<ref>[[Richard Breitman]] et al. (2005). OSS Knowledge of the Holocaust. In: U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. pp. 11–44. [Online]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online {{doi|10.1017/CBO9780511618178.006}} [Accessed April 20, 2016]. page 25</ref>{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=65, 80–81}}

From 1922 to 1926, Dulles served as chief of the [[Near East]] division of the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]. He then earned a law degree from [[George Washington University Law School]] and took a job at [[Sullivan & Cromwell]], the New York firm where his brother, John Foster Dulles, was a partner. He became a director of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1927, the first new director since the Council's founding in 1921. He was the Council's secretary from 1933 to 1944 and its president from 1946 to 1950.<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/historical-roster-directors-and-officers Historical Roster of Directors and Officers], Council on Foreign Relations</ref>

During the late 1920s and the early 1930s, he served as legal adviser to the delegations on arms limitation at the [[League of Nations]]. He met with [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini]], Soviet Foreign Minister [[Maxim Litvinov]], and the prime ministers of Britain and France.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=100, 112}} In April 1933, Dulles and [[Norman Davis (diplomat)|Norman Davis]] met with Hitler in Berlin on [[United States Department of State|State Department]] duty. After the meeting, Dulles wrote to his brother Foster and reassured him that conditions under Hitler's regime "are not quite as bad" as an alarmist friend had indicated. Dulles rarely spoke about his meeting with Hitler, and future CIA director [[Richard Helms]] had not even heard of their encounter until decades after the death of Dulles and expressed shock that his former boss had never told him about it. After meeting with German Information Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]], Dulles stated he was impressed with him and cited his "sincerity and frankness" during their interaction.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=111-116}}

In 1935, Dulles returned from a business trip to Germany concerned by the [[Nazi]] treatment of [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jews]] and, despite his brother's objections, led a movement within the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell to close their Berlin office.{{sfn|Mosley|1978|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=121–122}} The effort was successful, and the firm ceased to conduct business in Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Srodes|1999|pp=189–190}}

As the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] began to divide into [[isolationism|isolationist]] and [[interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] factions, Dulles became an outspoken interventionist, running unsuccessfully in 1938 for the Republican nomination in New York's [[New York's 16th congressional district|Sixteenth Congressional District]] on a platform calling for the strengthening of U.S. defenses.{{sfn|Srodes|1999|pp=189–190}} Dulles collaborated with [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]], the editor of ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' magazine, on two books, ''Can We Be Neutral?'' (1936), and ''Can America Stay Neutral?'' (1939). They concluded that diplomatic, military, and economic isolation, in a traditional sense, were no longer possible in an increasingly interdependent international system.{{sfn|Dulles|Armstrong|1936a}}{{page needed|date=September 2011}} Dulles helped some German Jews, such as the banker Paul Kemper, escape to the United States from Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Grose|1994|p=121}}

== World War II and OSS career ==
Dulles was recruited into the [[Office of Strategic Services]] by [[William J. Donovan]] in October 1941, after the outbreak of the World War II in Europe, and on November 12, 1942, he moved to Bern, Switzerland, where he lived at [[Herrengasse 23 (Bern)|Herrengasse 23]] for the duration of World War II.{{sfn|Dulles|Petersen|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG2P4hC8JBYC&pg=PA563 Notes]|p=563}} As Swiss Director of the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]],<ref name=EB1970YB/> Dulles worked on intelligence about German plans and activities, and established wide contacts with German émigrés, resistance figures, and anti-Nazi intelligence officers. He was assisted in intelligence-gathering activities by [[Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz]], a German emigrant. Dulles also received valuable information from [[Fritz Kolbe]], a German diplomat, one whom he described as the best spy of the war. Kolbe supplied secret documents about active German spies and plans for the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] jet fighter.

[[File:Bundesarchiv RH8II Bild-B0788-42 BSM, Peenemünde, Startvorbereitungen V2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Allen Dulles used information from [[Heinrich Maier]]'s resistance group for the very important [[Operation Crossbow]].]]
Dulles was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]], who collected information through many different contacts with scientists and the military. From 1943 onward, he received very important information from this resistance group about [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]], [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]], and other aircraft and the related factories. This helped Allied bombers to target war-decisive armaments factories. In particular, Dulles then had crucial information for [[Operation Crossbow]] and [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]]. The group reported to him about the mass murder in Auschwitz. Through the Maier Group and Kurt Grimm, Dulles also received information about the economic situation in the Nazi sphere of influence. After the resistance group was uncovered by the Gestapo, Dulles sent American agents to Austria to contact any surviving members.<ref>Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, January 5, 1996.</ref><ref>Fritz Molden "Fires In The Night: The Sacrifices And Significance Of The Austrian Resistance" ((2019).</ref><ref>Helga Thoma "Mahner-Helfer-Patrioten: Porträts aus dem österreichischen Widerstand" (2004), pp 150.</ref><ref>Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3902494832}}, pp. 299–305.</ref><ref>Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 187.</ref>

Although Washington barred Dulles from making firm commitments to the plotters of the July 20, 1944 [[20 July plot|attempt to assassinate Hitler]], the conspirators nonetheless gave him reports on developments in Germany, including sketchy but accurate warnings of plans for Hitler's [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] and [[V-2]] missiles.{{sfn|Grose|1994|pp=214}}

As the Third Reich neared defeat in 1944 and 1945, Dulles and his law firm, Sullivan & Cromwell, worked with several German industrialists to move Nazi funds out of Germany's territory.<ref>Mark Felton, "Himmler's Fourth Reich - SS Assets Saved in Global Conspiracy" (Oct. 9, 2024), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKDI2rxQ-fA&t=712s</ref> [[Heinrich Himmler]], Reichsführer of the German SS, began transferring Nazi wealth, including that stolen from Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims, to other countries to support a postwar "Fourth Reich."  Brigadeführer [[Kurt Baron von Schröder]], who cooperated with Himmler on his plan, was a business associate of Dulles.  Dulles and Schröder created companies through which they moved Nazi wealth to other nations. This operation infuriated U.S. [[FBI]] Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], who unsuccessfully pressured President [[Harry S. Truman]] to disrupt the plan.  However, given the ties of the [[British Royal Family]] to German wealth, no formal investigation began.<ref>Id.</ref>

Dulles was involved in [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]], secret negotiations in March 1945 to arrange a local surrender of German forces in northern Italy. His actions in Operation Sunrise have been criticized by historians for offering German SS General [[Karl Wolff]] protection from prosecution at the Nuremberg trial, and creating a diplomatic rift between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. After the war in Europe, Dulles served for six months as the OSS Berlin station chief and later as station chief in Bern.<ref>Talbot, David (2015). The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-0062276216}}</ref> The Office of Strategic Services was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments.

In 1947, Dulles served as a senior staffer on the [[Herter Committee]].<ref name=Final>{{cite report |title=Certain Reports and Proposals on Foreign Aid |chapter=Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid (PART I. Studies undertake prior to and in preparation for implementation of the Marshall Plan) |page=1 |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]], USA |editor1-first=John W. |editor1-last=McDonald Jr. |department=[[International Cooperation Administration|United States International Cooperation Administration (ICA)]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]/[[Executive Office of the President]] of the United States (EOP) |author=[[Council of Economic Advisers|United States Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)]] |via=Marshall Foundation |date=October 1, 1947 |url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Studies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>

==CIA career==
[[File:Colonel Edward Lansdale at The Pentagon in 1955.jpg|left|thumb|222x222px|(from l. to r.) [[Director of Central Intelligence|C.I.A. Director]] Allen Dulles with C.I.A. [[Counter-insurgency]] expert Colonel [[Edward Lansdale]], [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|United States Air Force Chief of Staff]] General [[Nathan F. Twining]], and [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|C.I.A. Deputy Director]] Lieutenant General [[Charles P. Cabell]] at the Pentagon in 1955.]]

In the [[1948 United States presidential election|1948 Presidential election]], Dulles was, together with his brother, an advisor to Republican nominee [[Thomas E. Dewey]]. The Dulles brothers and [[James Forrestal]] helped form the [[Office of Policy Coordination]]. During 1949 he co-authored the [[Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report]], which was sharply critical of the Central Intelligence Agency, which had been established by the [[National Security Act of 1947]]. Partly as a result of the report, Truman named a new Director of Central Intelligence, Lieutenant General [[Walter Bedell Smith]].{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Smith recruited Dulles into the [[CIA]] to oversee the agency's covert operations as [[Deputy Director for Plans]], a position he held from January 4, 1951. On August 23, 1951, Dulles was promoted to deputy director of Central Intelligence, second in the intelligence hierarchy. In this capacity, in 1952–53 he was one of five members of the [[State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament]] during the last year of the [[Truman administration]].<ref name="b-141">{{cite magazine |jstor=2538857 |title=Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb? |first=Barton J. |last=Bernstein |pages=132–160 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]/[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] ([[Harvard University]]) |volume=14 |issue=2 |magazine=International Security |via=[[Project MUSE]] |issn=1531-4804 |oclc=44911437 |publication-place=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], USA |editor1-first=Steven E. |editor1-last=Miller |s2cid=154778522 |doi=10.2307/2538857 |date=October 1, 1989 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/446829 |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>

After the election of Dwight Eisenhower in 1952, Bedell Smith shifted to the Department of State and Dulles became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence. Dulles played a role in convincing Eisenhower to follow one of the conclusions of the State Department Panel report, that the American public deserved to be informed of the perils of possible nuclear war with the Soviet Union, because even though America held numerical nuclear superiority, the Soviets would still have enough nuclear weapons to severely damage American society regardless of how many more such bombs the United States might possess or how badly those U.S. weapons could destroy the Soviets.<ref name=b-141/>

The Agency's covert operations were an important part of the [[Eisenhower administration]]'s new Cold War [[national security]] policy known as the "[[New Look (policy)|New Look]]".

At Dulles's request, President Eisenhower demanded that Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] discontinue issuing [[subpoena]]s against the CIA. In March 1950, McCarthy had initiated a series of investigations into potential [[communism|communist]] subversion of the Agency. Although none of the investigations revealed any wrongdoing, the hearings were potentially damaging, not only to the CIA's reputation but also to the security of sensitive information. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles's orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him, in order to stop his investigation of alleged communist infiltration of the CIA.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|pp=105–106}}

[[File:Identification Card of Allen W. Dulles.jpg|thumb|CIA ID card of Allen Dulles|alt=|222x222px]]In the early 1950s, the [[United States Air Force]] conducted a competition for a new photo reconnaissance aircraft. [[Lockheed Aircraft Corporation]]'s [[Skunk Works]] submitted a design number called the CL-282, which married sailplane-like wings to the body of a supersonic interceptor. This aircraft was rejected by the Air Force, but several of the civilians on the review board took notice, and [[Edwin Land]] presented a proposal for the aircraft to Dulles. The aircraft became what is known as the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] 'spy plane', and it was initially operated by CIA pilots. Its introduction into operational service in 1957 greatly enhanced the CIA's ability to monitor [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] activity through overhead photo surveillance. The aircraft eventually entered service with the Air Force.<ref name=Powers>{{cite book |last=Powers |first=Francis |title=Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57488-422-7 |page=324}}</ref> The Soviet Union [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down and captured a U-2]] in 1960 during Dulles's term as CIA chief.<ref name=EB1970YB/>

Dulles is considered one of the creators of the modern United States intelligence system and was a guide to clandestine operations during the Cold War. He established intelligence networks worldwide to check and counter Soviet and eastern European communist advances as well as international communist movements.{{sfn|Srodes|1999|p=22}}{{sfn|Grose|1994|p=121}}{{sfn|Dulles|Armstrong|1939a}}{{page needed|date=September 2011}}

===Coup in Iran===
In 1953, Dulles was involved, along with [[Frank Wisner]],{{sfn|Trento|2001}}{{page needed|date=September 2011}} in [[Operation Ajax]], the covert operation that led to the removal of democratically elected prime minister of [[Iran]], [[Mohammad Mossadegh]],<ref>Loretta Capeheart and Dragan Milovanovic, ''Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements'' (Rutgers University Press, 2007; {{ISBN|0813540380}}), p. 186.</ref> and his replacement with [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], Shah of Iran. Rumors of a Soviet takeover of the country had surfaced due to the nationalization of the [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]].<ref>{{cite news |title=With Sten guns and sovereigns Britain and US saved Iran's throne for |date=March 15, 1997 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/with-sten-guns-and-sovereigns-britain-and-us-saved-iran-s-throne-for-the-shah-1272932.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106201615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/with-sten-guns-and-sovereigns-britain-and-us-saved-iran-s-throne-for-the-shah-1272932.html |archive-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref> By coincidence, on August 18, 1953, Dulles was taking a vacation in Rome while the Shah fled there after a setback in the coup, and the two met while checking in to the [[The Westin Excelsior Rome|Hotel Excelsior]]. The meeting turned out to be fortuitous for the United States and the coup. CIA and independent historians say that the meeting was happenstance, but conspiracy theories abound.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/iran/2018-02-12/cia-declassifies-more-zendebad-shah-internal-study-1953-iran-coup |title=CIA declassifies more of "Zendebad, Shah!" – internal study of 1953 Iran coup |work=[[National Security Archive]]}}</ref>

===Coup in Guatemala===
President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzman]] of [[Guatemala]] was removed in 1954 in a [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|CIA-led coup]] carried out under the code name Operation PBSuccess.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=133-160}}

[[Eduardo Galeano]] described Dulles as a former member of the [[United Fruit Company]]'s Board of Directors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galeano |first1=Eduardo |title=Open Veins of Latin America |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=1-58367-311-3 |page=113 |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPFzV9VRFuEC |access-date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> However, in a detailed examination of the connections between the United Fruit Company and the Eisenhower Administration, Immerman makes no mention of Dulles being part of the United Fruit Company's Board, although he does note that Sullivan & Cromwell had represented the company.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=124}}

===Congo===
Dulles was strongly opposed to Congolese Prime Minister [[Patrice Lumumba]]. In 1960 a plan to kill Lumumba was considered and Dulles allocated $100,000 to the plan, but it never materialised.<ref>{{cite journal| first= Herbert F.| last= Weiss| title= Review "INSIDE THE CIA: CONGO IN THE 1980s", of book by Larry Devlin. Chief of Station, ''Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67''. New York: Public Affairs| date= 2007| journal= African Studies Review| volume= 51| issue= 2| pages= 143–145| doi= 10.1353/arw.0.0078| s2cid= 145650236| doi-access= free}}</ref> Dulles believed that Lumumba posed "a grave danger as long as he was not disposed of".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities |title=Alleged assassination plots involving foreign leaders |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=62}}</ref>

===Bay of Pigs===
Several failed assassination plots utilizing CIA-recruited operatives and anti-Castro Cubans directly against Castro undermined the CIA's credibility. The reputation of the agency and its director declined drastically after the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] fiasco of 1961. President Kennedy reportedly said he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the winds."{{cn|date=April 2025}} However, following a "rigorous inquiry into the agency's affairs, methods, and problems&nbsp;... [Kennedy] did not 'splinter' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision. Instead, President Kennedy transferred the CIA's command of foreign paramilitaries to the Department of Defense under the close supervision and control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff which would also report on CIA plans and operations to the President."<ref name=NYTimes/>

===Dismissal===
[[File:Allen Dulles appointed DCI, 26 February 1953.jpg|thumb|180px|Kennedy presents the National Security Medal to Dulles, November 28, 1961.]]
During the Kennedy administration, Dulles faced increasing criticism.<ref name=EB1970YB/> In autumn 1961, following the Bay of Pigs incident and the [[Algiers putsch of 1961|Algiers putsch]] against [[Charles de Gaulle]], Dulles and his entourage, including [[Deputy Director for Plans]] [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]] and Deputy Director [[Charles Cabell]], were forced to resign. On November 28, 1961, Kennedy presented Dulles with the [[National Security Medal]] at the CIA Headquarters in [[Langley, Virginia]].<ref>John F. Kennedy. [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8461 Remarks Upon Presenting an Award to Allen W. Dulles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017041752/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8461 |date=October 17, 2016}}, November 28, 1961 (Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project).</ref> The next day, November 29, the White House released a resignation letter signed by Dulles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-029-021.aspx |title=Dulles, Allen W., June 1959-November 1962 |publisher=Jfklibrary.org |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> He was replaced by [[John McCone]].

Dulles referred to the Bay of Pigs failure as "the worst day of my life"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rorabaugh |first1=W.J. |title=Kennedy and the Promise of the Sixties |date=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=29}}</ref> and developed a strong dislike of Kennedy, later telling journalist [[Willie Morris]] "that little Kennedy, he thought he was a god".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Willie |title=New York Days |date=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |page=36}}</ref> Dulles found life outside the CIA difficult, with his friend [[James Angleton]] recalling "He had a very difficult time to decompress".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holzman |first1=Michael Howard |title=James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |page=332}}</ref>

==Later life==
Later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, on November 22, 1963, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] appointed Dulles as one of seven commissioners of the [[Warren Commission]] to investigate the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|assassination of the U.S. President John F. Kennedy]]. Some historians later criticized the appointment, noting that Kennedy fired him. Therefore, he was unlikely to be impartial in passing the judgments charged to the Warren Commission. In the view of journalist and author [[Stephen Kinzer]], Johnson appointed Dulles primarily so that Dulles could "coach" the Commission on how to interview CIA witnesses and what questions to ask because Johnson and Dulles were both anxious to ensure that the Commission did not discover Kennedy's secret involvement in the administration's illegal plans to assassinate Castro and other foreign leaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/the-dulles-brothers-and-their-secret-wars/5141016 |title=The Dulles brothers and their secret wars |work=Radio National |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/10/jfk-assassination-john-mccone-warren-commission-cia-213197 |title=Yes, the CIA Director Was Part of the JFK Assassination Cover-Up |first=Philip |last=Shenon |website=[[Politico]] |date=October 6, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref> [[Robert F. Kennedy]] also urged Lyndon Johnson to put Allen Dulles on the Warren Commission most likely fearing revelation of Kennedy's clandestine involvement in Cuba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shenon |first=Philip |title=Yes, the CIA Director Was Part of the JFK Assassination Cover-Up |website=[[Politico]] |date=October 6, 2015 |language=en |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/10/jfk-assassination-john-mccone-warren-commission-cia-213197 |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref>

In 1966, [[Princeton University]]'s [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]] awarded Dulles the [[James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service]].<ref>{{cite letter |recipient=[[Kofi Annan]] |first=Xiuhiu |last=Lim |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]], USA |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |format=PDF |department=[[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]]/[[United Nations Secretary-General|UN Office of the Secretary-General]] |publisher=[[Princeton University]]/[[United Nations]] |subject=Letter from Xiuhiu Lim to Kofi Annan |date=November 1, 2002 |url=http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/552938/view/Item-in-KAA%20Schoolsuniversities%202002%20-%20oct.%20-%20dec..PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226142153/http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/552938/view/Item-in-KAA%20Schoolsuniversities%202002%20-%20oct.%20-%20dec..PDF |archive-date=December 26, 2012}}</ref>

Dulles published the book ''The Craft of Intelligence'' in 1963,{{sfn|Dulles|1963}} and edited ''Great True Spy Stories'' in 1968.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

He died on January 29, 1969, of [[influenza]], complicated by [[pneumonia]], at the age of 75, in [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown, D.C.]]<ref name=obit>{{cite news |page=1 |issue=23 |volume=CIIXX |title=Allen W. Dulles, C.I.A. Director From 1953 to 1961, Dies at 75; Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence From 1953 to 1961, Is Dead at 75 |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |department=Main section |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |editor1-first=Arthur Ochs |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor1-link=Punch Sulzberger |author=|date=January 31, 1969 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/31/archives/allen-w-dulles-cia-director-from-1953-to-1961-dies-at-75-allen-w.html |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref><ref name=EB1970YB/> He was buried in [[Green Mount Cemetery]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite news |page=72 |volume=CIIXX |issue=10 |title=Dignitaries attend funeral for Dulles |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |department=National news |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |editor1-first=Arthur Ochs |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor1-link=Punch Sulzberger |author=|date=February 2, 1969 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/02/archives/dignitaries-attend-funeral-for-dulles.html |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Fictional portrayals==
*''[[Liberation (film series)|Liberation]]'' (1970–1971), a multinational fictional film series that shows Dulles in a photograph torn apart by [[Joseph Stalin]] in ''[[Liberation (film series)#Film IV: The Battle of Berlin|Film IV: The Battle of Berlin]]''.
*''[[Seventeen Moments of Spring]]'' (1973), a Soviet television miniseries in which Vyacheslav Salevich depicts Dulles's role in [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]] during [[World War II]].
*In the ''[[Blackford Oakes]]'' novels (1976–2005), a spy series written by [[William F. Buckley Jr.]], Dulles is portrayed in several books, acting in his role as director of the CIA.
*''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]'' (1991), a film that depicts [[Jim Garrison]], a [[New Orleans]] [[District Attorney]], as suspecting Dulles as a participant in the cover-up surrounding Kennedy's assassination and attempts to [[subpoena]] him.
*''The Commission'' (2003), a fictional film that depicts Dulles, played by [[Jack Betts]], as a participant in the [[Warren Commission]] and investigator into the Kennedy assassination.
*''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]'' (2006), a fictional film in which [[William Hurt]] portrays the fictional head of the CIA, Phillip Allen, who appears to be based on Dulles.
*''[[The Company (TV miniseries)|The Company]]'' (2007), an American miniseries based on the novel ''[[The Company (Littell novel)|The Company: A Novel of the CIA]]'' (2002) by American novelist [[Robert Littell (author)|Robert Littell]].
*''[[Honor Bound series#The Honor of Spies (2009) (with William E. Butterworth IV)|The Honor of Spies]]'' (2009) in the ''[[Honor Bound series]]'' and also the ''[[Men at War (series)|Men At War series]]'', a novel series written by [[W.E.B. Griffin]] and his son. Dulles is portrayed as part of the European Head of the OSS and the Swiss Agent in Charge respectively.
*''Nick and Jake'' (2012), a novel co-written by [[Tad Richards]] and [[Jonathan Richards (author)|Jonathan Richards]] and published by [[Arcade Publishing]]. Allen Dulles is depicted as plotting a coup to overthrow the government of France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcadepub.com/book/?GCOI=55970100128110&CFID=3154273&CFTOKEN=753943e90e86eca3-27C46959-C29B-B0E5-3E73D80721899C9A&jsessionid=8430d2aa9f57e0b98c223a58542510777772 |title=Arcade Publishing |website=Arcadepub.com |date=September 1, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110005117/http://www.arcadepub.com/book/?GCOI=55970100128110&CFID=3154273&CFTOKEN=753943e90e86eca3-27C46959-C29B-B0E5-3E73D80721899C9A&jsessionid=8430d2aa9f57e0b98c223a58542510777772 |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

*''[[Bridge of Spies (film)|Bridge of Spies]]'' (2015), a movie about the exchange of [[Rudolf Abel]] and [[Francis Gary Powers]], depicts a conversation between [[James B. Donovan]] (portrayed by [[Tom Hanks]]) and Dulles (portrayed by [[Peter McRobbie]]).
*''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0jnhxbr?partner=uk.co.bbc&origin=share-mobile Central Intelligence]'' (2024) is a ten-part dramatisation of the emergence and development of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) told from the perspective of Eloise Page. Broadcast on BBC Radio 4, the series features [[Ed Harris]] as Allen Dulles.

==Publications==
===Articles===
* "The Power of the President Over Foreign Affairs." ''[[Michigan Law Review]]'', vol. 14, no. 6 (April 1, 1916), pp. 470–478. [[University of Michigan Law School]]. {{doi|10.2307/1275947}}. {{JSTOR|1275947}}.
* "New Uses for the Machinery for the Settlement of International Disputes: Discussion." ''[[Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science]]'', vol. 13, no. 2 (1929), pp. 100–104. {{doi|10.2307/1172785}}. {{JSTOR|1172785}}.
* {{cite magazine |pages=413–424 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |jstor=20028543 |title=Some misconceptions about disarmament |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |issn=0015-7120 |editor1-first=Archibald Cary |editor1-last=Coolidge |editor1-link=Archibald Cary Coolidge |publication-place=New York, NY |doi=10.2307/20028543 |date=April 1, 1927}}
* {{cite magazine |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |issn=0015-7120 |editor1-first=Hamilton Fish |editor1-last=Armstrong |editor1-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |publication-place=New York, NY |title=Progress toward Disarmament |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |jstor=20030483 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=54–65 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/20030483 |date=October 1, 1932}}
* {{cite magazine |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |issn=0015-7120 |editor1-first=Archibald Cary |editor1-last=Coolidge |editor1-link=Archibald Cary Coolidge |publication-place=New York, NY |title=Alternatives for Germany |pages=421–432 |volume=25 |issue=3 |jstor=20030052 |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/20030052 |date=April 1, 1925}}
* {{cite magazine |oclc=46968396 |lccn=12032979 |title=Review: [Untitled]: Reviewed work: Communism and Revolution: The Strategic Use of Political Violence by Cyril E. Black, Thomas P. Thornton |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=1500–1502 |magazine=[[Harvard Law Review]] |publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association ([[Harvard Law School]]) |publication-place=Cambridge, MA |jstor=1338919 |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Boudin |editor1-link=Michael Boudin |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Breyer |issn=0017-811X |doi=10.2307/1338919 |date=May 10, 1965}}

===Book reviews===
* {{cite magazine |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |issn=0015-7120 |editor1-first=Hamilton Fish |editor1-last=Armstrong |editor1-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |publication-place=New York, NY |jstor=20033751 |title=That Was Then: Allen W. Dulles on the Occupation of Germany |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=2–8 |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |year=2003 |doi=10.2307/20033751}}

=== Books ===
* {{cite book |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]]/[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |publication-place=New York, NY |first1=Allen Wells |last1=Dulles |first2=Hamilton Fish |last2=Armstrong |author2-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |oclc=513361 |year=1936 |edition=1st |title=Can We Be Neutral?}}
* {{cite book |title=Can America Stay Neutral |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |publication-place=New York, NY |year=1939 |edition=1st |first1=Allen Wells |last1=Dulles |first2=Hamilton Fish |last2=Armstrong |author2-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |oclc=256170}}
* {{cite book |title=Germany's underground |publication-place=New York, NY |first=Allen Welsh |last=Dulles |publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] |year=1947 |edition=1st |lccn=47002566}}
* ''The Marshall Plan''. Co-authored by Michael Wala. Providence, RI: Berg, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0854963508}}
* {{cite book |title=From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945 |publication-place=Pennsylvania, PA |first1=Allen Welsh |last1=Dulles |first2=Nancy |editor1-first=Neal H. |editor1-last=Petersen |last2=Petersen |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-271-01485-2 |year=1996 |edition=1st |via=[[Google Books]] |ref=none |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG2P4hC8JBYC}}
* {{cite book |title=The Secret Surrender: The Classic Insider's Account of the Secret Plot to Surrender Northern Italy During WWII |publication-place=Guilford, CT |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]] |year=1966 |edition=1st |first=Allen Wells |last=Dulles |series=Popular Library |volume=60 |isbn=9789160042242}}
* {{cite book |first1=Allen Welsh |last1=Dulles |title=The Craft of Intelligence: America's Legendary Spy Master on the Fundamentals of Intelligence Gathering for a Free World |location=Guilford, CT |publisher=[[The Lyons Press]] |year=1963 |isbn=1592282970 |ref=none |url=https://archive.org/download/AllenDullesTheCraftOfIntelligenceBookZZ.org/%5BAllen_Dulles%5D_The_Craft_of_Intelligence%28BookZZ.org%29.pdf}}

===Books edited===
* [[iarchive:B-001-015-443|''Great True Spy Stories''.]] New York: [[Harper & Row]] (1968).

===Book contributions===
* [[iarchive:tobitterend00gise|Foreword]] to [[iarchive:tobitterend00gise|''To the Bitter End: An Insider's Account of the Plot to Kill Hitler'']], by Hans B. Gisevius. New York: [[Da Capo Press]] (1998). {{ISBN|978-0306808692}}.

==See also==
* [[John Foster Dulles]]
* [[Dulles' Plan]], a [[post-Cold War]] conspiracy theory centering around an alleged plan to destroy the Soviet Union

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<!-- <ref name=cfr>{{cite web |title=History of CFR: Appendix: Historical Roster of Directors and Officers |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url=http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html |access-date=September 16, 2011}}</ref> -->
<ref name=CNN>{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Allen Welsh Dulles – CIA director |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/allen.dulles/ |access-date=September 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101249/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/allen.dulles/ |archive-date=January 7, 2008}}</ref>
<!--<ref name=State Dept>{{cite web |url=http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |title=Church Report: Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973 |date=1975 |access-date=September 16, 2011}}</ref>-->
<ref name=NYTimes>{{cite news |title=C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?: Survey Finds Widely Feared Agency Is Tightly Controlled The C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool? Agency Raises Questions Around World SURVEY DISCLOSES STRICT CONTROLS But Reputation of Agency Is Found to Make It a Burden on U.S. Action |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |department=Main news |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |editor1-first=Arthur Ochs |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor1-link=Punch Sulzberger |author=|volume=CXV |page=1 |issue=82 |date=April 25, 1966 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/25/archives/cia-maker-of-policy-or-tool-survey-finds-widely-feared-agency-is.html |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]]/[[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |first1=Allen Wells |last1=Dulles |first2=Hamilton Fish |last2=Armstrong |author2-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |oclc=513361 |year=1936a |edition=1st |title=Can We Be Neutral?}}
* {{cite book |title=Can America Stay Neutral |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA |year=1939a |edition=1st |first1=Allen Wells |last1=Dulles |first2=Hamilton Fish |last2=Armstrong |author2-link=Hamilton Fish Armstrong |oclc=256170}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dulles |first1=Allen |title=Germany's Underground |publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] |location=New York |page=207 |year=1947 |lccn=47002566}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dulles |first1=Allen |last2=Wala |first2=Michael |title=The Marshall Plan |publisher=Berg |location=Providence, RI |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-85496-350-8}}
* {{cite book |title=From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945 |publication-place=Pennsylvania, PA |first1=Allen Welsh |last1=Dulles |first2=Nancy |editor1-first=Neal H. |editor1-last=Petersen |last2=Petersen |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-271-01485-2 |year=1996 |edition=1st |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG2P4hC8JBYC}}
* {{cite book |title=The Secret Surrender: The Classic Insider's Account of the Secret Plot to Surrender Northern Italy During WWII |publication-place=[[Guilford, Connecticut]], USA |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]] |year=1966 |edition=1st |first=Allen Wells |last=Dulles |series=Popular Library |volume=60 |isbn=9789160042242}}
* {{cite book |last=Dulles |first=Allen |title=The Craft of Intelligence: America's Legendary Spy Master on the Fundamentals of Intelligence Gathering for a Free World |publisher=[[The Lyons Press]] |location=Guilford, CT |year=1963 |isbn=1-59228-297-0 |url=https://archive.org/download/AllenDullesTheCraftOfIntelligenceBookZZ.org/%5BAllen_Dulles%5D_The_Craft_of_Intelligence%28BookZZ.org%29.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Grose |first=Peter |title=Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0395516072 |url=https://archive.org/details/gentlemanspylife00gros}}
* {{cite book |title=The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention |url=https://archive.org/details/ciainguatemalafo0000imme |url-access=registration |first=Richard H. |last=Immerman |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-292-71083-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kinzer |first1=Steven |title=[[The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War]] |publisher=[[Times Books]] |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0805094978}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lisagor |first1=Nancy |last2=Lipsius |first2=Frank |title=A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm Sullivan and Cromwell |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=0-688-04888-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawuntoitselfu00lisa}}
* {{cite book |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |title=Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster Dulles and their Family Network |url=https://archive.org/details/dullesbiographyo00mosl |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Dial Press]] |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=9780803717442}}
* Petersen, Neal H. ed. ''From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles 1942-1945'' (Penn State University Press, 1995)
* Poulgrain, Greg. ''JFK Vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia'' (Simon and Schuster, 2020).
* {{cite book |last=Srodes |author-link=James Srodes |first=James |title=Allen Dulles: Master of Spies |publisher=[[Regnery]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1999 |isbn=0-89526-314-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Trento |first=Joseph John |title=The Secret History of the CIA |publisher=[[Prima Publishing|Prima]] |location=Roseville, CA |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7615-2562-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofc0000tren}}
* Wardaya, Baskara T. "The Long Shadow of the Cold War: The Cold War Policies of the United States towards Asia and their Impact on Indonesia." ''International Quarterly for Asian Studies'' 52.3-4 (2021): 331–347.
* {{cite book |last=Weiner |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-51445-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofasheshis00wein}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Max Hastings|Hastings, Max]] (2015). ''The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas, 1939–1945''. London: [[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins]]. {{ISBN|978-0007503742}}
* Peyrefitte, Alain (2011). ''C'etait de Gaulle''. Distribooks. {{ISBN|978-2253151852}}
* Sharp, Tony (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-EVeBAAAQBAJ ''Stalin's American Spy: Noel Field, Allen Dulles and the East European Show-Trials'']. [[Hurst Publishers|Hurst]]. {{ISBN|978-1849044967}}
* [[David Talbot|Talbot, David]] (2015). ''The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government''. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|978-0062276216}}
* [[Kerstin von Lingen|von Lingen, Kerstin]] (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8VdsAAAAQBAJ ''Allen Dulles, the OSS, and Nazi War Criminals: The Dynamics of Selective Prosecution'']. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1107025936}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/305/allen-welsh-dulles Allen Dulles] at [[Find a Grave]]
*[https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2725398A/Allen_Dulles Allen Dulles] at [[Open Library]]
*[http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50030555/ Allen Dulles] at [[WorldCat]]

'''Works available online'''
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Allen+Dulles%22 Works by Allen Dulles] at [[Internet Archive]]
*[https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/allen-w-dulles Works by Allen Dulles] at ''[[Foreign Affairs]]''
*[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Allen+Dulles%22 Works by Allen Dulles] at [[JSTOR]]
*[https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Dulles%2c%20Allen%20Welsh%2c%201893%2d1969&c=x Works by Allen Dulles] at [[Online Books Page]]

'''Archival materials'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191226010633/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/advanced-search-view?keyword=Allen+Dulles&label=&sm_field_document_number=&sm_field_original_classification=&ds_field_pub_date_op=%3D&ds_field_pub_date%5Bvalue%5D=&ds_field_pub_date%5Bmin%5D=&ds_field_pub_date%5Bmax%5D=&sm_field_content_type=&sm_field_case_number=References to Allen Dulles] at [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
*[http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/736664491 Personal papers] at the [[Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library]] at [[Princeton University]]
*[[iarchive:AllenDulles|FBI file on Allen Dulles]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218172640/http://www.blackopradio.com/black252b.ram "The Role of Intelligence in Policy Making"] (RAM). Audio recording of a lecture given by Dulles.

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director of the National Clandestine Service|Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Plans]]|years=1951}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frank Wisner]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[William Harding Jackson|William H. Jackson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of Central Intelligence]]|years=1951–1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles P. Cabell]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Walter Bedell Smith|Walter B. Smith]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director of Central Intelligence]]|years=1953–1961}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John A. McCone|John McCone]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DCIA}}
{{Deputy DCIA}}
{{WarrenCommission}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dulles, Allen Welsh}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:American spies]]
[[Category:Burials at Green Mount Cemetery]]
[[Category:Deaths from influenza in the United States]]
[[Category:Deputy directors of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Dulles family]]
[[Category:George Washington University Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Guatemalan Revolution]]
[[Category:Members of the Warren Commission]]
[[Category:New York (state) lawyers]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:People of the Congo Crisis]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Council on Foreign Relations]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Project MKUltra]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Center]]
[[Category:Sullivan & Cromwell partners]]
[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]