Editing Allium tuberosum

{{short description|Species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Allium tuberosum kz01.jpg
| image_caption = Flowering garlic chives
| image2 = Garlic chives 1.jpg
| image2_caption = ''Allium tuberosum'' from a store
| taxon = Allium tuberosum
| parent = Allium subg. Butomissa
| authority = Rottler ex [[Spreng.]] 1825 not Roxb. 1832{{sfn|WCSPF|2015}}{{sfn|Linnaeus|1825}}
| synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Allium angulosum'' <small>Lour. 1790, illegitimate homonym not L. 1753</small>
|''Allium argyi'' <small>H.Lév.</small>
|''Allium chinense'' <small>Maxim 1859, illegitimate homonym not G.Don 1827</small>
|''Allium clarkei'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
|''Allium roxburghii'' <small>Kunth</small>
|''Allium sulvia'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don</small>
|''Allium tricoccum'' <small>auct. non Blanco</small>
|''Allium tuberosum'' <small>Roxb. 1832, illegitimate homonym not Rottler ex Spreng. 1825 </small>
|''Allium tuberosum'' f. ''yezoense'' <small>(Nakai) [[M.Hiroe]]</small>
|''Allium uliginosum'' <small>G.Don</small>
|''Allium yesoense'' <small>Nakai</small>
|''Allium yezoense'' <small>Nakai</small>
|''Nothoscordum sulvia'' <small>(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kunth</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref ={{sfn|WCSPF|2015}}{{sfn|TPL|2013}}
}}

'''''Allium tuberosum''''' ('''garlic chives''', '''Oriental garlic''', '''Asian chives''', '''Chinese chives''', '''Chinese leek''') is a species of plant native to the Chinese province of [[Shanxi]], and cultivated and [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] elsewhere in Asia and around the world.{{sfn|WCSPF|2015}}<ref name="Flora of China" /><ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN|id=2409}}</ref>{{sfn|PFAF|2012|loc=[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+tuberosum Allium tuberosum – Rottler. ex Spreng.]}} It has a number of uses in Asian cuisine.

== Description ==
''Allium tuberosum'' is a rhizomatous, clump-forming [[perennial]] plant growing from a small, elongated [[bulb]] (about {{convert|10|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=in|disp=semicolon}}, across) that is tough and fibrous.{{sfn|RHS|2015}}{{sfn|PFAF|2012|loc=[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+tuberosum Allium tuberosum – Rottler. ex Spreng.]}}{{sfn|Floridata|2015|loc=[http://www.floridata.com/Plants/Amaryllidaceae/Allium%20tuberosum/632 Steve Christman. ''Allium tuberosum'' 12 December 2003]}} Unlike either [[onion]] or [[garlic]], it has strap-shaped leaves with triangular bases, about {{convert|1.5|to|8|mm|2|frac=64|abbr=on}} wide.{{sfn|McGee|Stuckey|2002}} It produces many white flowers in a round cluster ([[umbel]]) on [[scape (botany)|stalks]] {{convert|25|to|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name="Flora of China">{{EFloras|2|200027544|Allium tuberosum|family=Liliaceae|last1=Xu |first1=Jiemei<!-- name is given at Allium as Xu Jiemei; presumably Xu is family name and Jiemei given name. --> |first2=Rudolf V. |last2=Kamelin}}</ref> It grows in slowly expanding perennial clumps, but also readily sprouts from seed. In warmer areas ([[Hardiness zone|USDA zone]] 8 and warmer), garlic chives may remain green all year round. In cold areas (USDA zones 7 to 4b), leaves and stalks completely die back to the ground, and resprout from roots or rhizomes in the spring.<ref>{{cite book |last=Soule |first=J.A. |date=2016 |title=Month by Month Guide to Gardening in the Southwest |publisher=Cool Springs Press}}</ref>

The flavor is more like garlic than [[chive]]s.{{sfn|McGee|Stuckey|2002}}

== Taxonomy ==
Originally described by [[Johan Peter Rottler]], the species name was validly published by [[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel]] in 1825.{{sfn|Linnaeus|1825}} ''A. tuberosum'' is classified within ''Allium'' in [[subgenus]] ''Butomissa'' <small>(Salisb.) N. Friesen</small>, section ''Butomissa'' <small>(Salisb.) Kamelin</small>, a group consisting of only ''A. tuberosum'' and ''[[Allium ramosum|A. ramosum]]'' <small>L.</small>,{{sfn|Friesen|Fritsch|Blattner|2006}}{{sfn|Li et al.|2010}} which have been variously regarded as either one or two genetic entities.{{sfn|Fritsch|Friesen|2003}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Allium tuberosum'' originated in the Siberian–Mongolian–North Chinese [[steppes]],{{sfn|Friesen|Fritsch|Blattner|2006}} but is widely cultivated and naturalised. It has been reported as growing wild in scattered locations in the United States ([[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Ohio]], [[Nebraska]], [[Alabama]], [[Iowa]], [[Arkansas]], and [[Wisconsin]]).{{sfn|USDA|2015}}{{sfn|Hilty|2015}}<ref>{{BONAP|ref|genus=Allium|species=tuberosum|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> However, it is believed to be more widespread in North America because of the availability of seeds and seedlings of this species as an exotic herb and because of its high aggressiveness. This species is also widespread across much of mainland Europe{{sfn|Flora Italia|2014}} and invasive in other areas of the world.{{sfn|Randall|2007}}

== Ecology ==
A late summer- to autumn-blooming plant,{{sfn|PFAF|2012|loc=[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+tuberosum Allium tuberosum – Rottler. ex Spreng.]}} ''A. tuberosum'' is one of several ''Allium'' species known as wild onion and/or wild garlic that, in various parts of the world, such as Australia, are listed as [[noxious weed]]s or as invasive "serious high impact environmental and/or agricultural weeds that spread rapidly and often create monocultures".{{sfn|USDA|2015}}{{sfn|Randall|2007}}

== Cultivation ==
[[File:HK 深水埗 Sham Shui Po 104 福華街 Fuk Wa Street 圓方餃子粥麵 Yuen Fong restaurant green 韮菜 Allium tuberosum Dec 2018 SSG 01.jpg|thumb|Garlic chives being sold in [[Hong Kong]]]]
Often grown as an [[ornamental plant]] in gardens, several [[cultivars]] are available. ''A. tuberosum'' is distinctive by blooming later than most native or naturalised species of ''Allium''.{{sfn|Hilty|2015}} It is cold-hardy to USDA zones 4–10 ({{convert|-30|to|+35|F|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}).{{sfn|Floridata|2015|loc=[http://www.floridata.com/Plants/Amaryllidaceae/Allium%20tuberosum/632 Steve Christman. ''Allium tuberosum'' 12 December 2003]}} Garlic chives are regarded as easy to grow in many conditions and may spread readily by seeds or can be intentionally propagated by dividing their clumps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/1085072/overview|title = Chinese chives - Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref>

A number of varieties have been developed for either improved leaf (''e.g.'' 'Shiva') or flower stem (''e.g.'' 'Nien Hua') production.{{sfn|Larkcom|Douglass|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Reqk636tqWAC&pg=PA80 p.&nbsp;80]}} While the emphasis in Asia has been primarily culinary, in North America, the interest has been more as an ornamental.{{sfn|Mahr|2010}} 'Monstrosum' is a giant ornamental cultivar.{{sfn|Staudengärtnerei|2015}}

== Uses ==
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Garlic chives
| pic = Cut Garlic Chives.jpg
| name1 = Chinese name
| c = 韭菜
| p = jiǔ cài
| w = chiu<sup>3</sup> ts'ai<sup>4</sup>
| j = gau<sup>2</sup> coi<sup>3</sup>
| y = gáu choi
| h = kíu chhoi
| poj = kú chhài
| tl = kú tshài
| hangul = 부추
| rr = buchu
| mr = puch'u
| kanji = 韮
| kana = にら/ニラ
| revhep = nira
| nep = <!-- Nepali language -->
| tha = กุยช่าย
| rtgs = kuichai
| vie = hẹ
| chunom = 𦵠
| dungan = джуцей
| lang1             = [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
| lang1_content     = жусай
| hide = no
}}
Uses include as [[ornamental plant]]s, including cut and dried flowers, and as a culinary herb. Garlic chives have been widely cultivated for centuries in [[East Asia]] for their culinary value.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The flat leaves, the stalks, and immature, unopened flower buds are used as flavouring.{{sfn|Larkcom|Douglass|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Reqk636tqWAC&pg=PA75 p.&nbsp;75]}} Another form is "blanched" by regrowing after cutting under cover to produce white-yellow leaves and a subtler flavor.{{sfn|Larkcom|Douglass|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Reqk636tqWAC&pg=PA78 p.&nbsp;78]}}

=== China ===
The leaves are used as a flavoring in a similar way to chives or [[scallion]]s, and as a [[Stir frying|stir fry]] ingredient. They are often used in [[dumpling]]s with eggs, shrimp, and/or pork. A Chinese flatbread similar to the [[Cong you bing|scallion pancake]] may be made with garlic chives instead of scallions. Garlic chives are also one of the main ingredients used with [[yi mein]] dishes. Its flowers are fermented to make [[Garlic Chive Flower Sauce|garlic chive flower sauce]] ({{lang|zh|韭花酱}}).

When the leaves of garlic chives are blanched by growing them in dark environments these are called {{Transliteration|cmn|jiǔhuáng}} ({{lang|zh|韭黄}}) or {{Transliteration|cmn|Pinyin|jiǔ cài huáng}} ({{lang|zh|韭菜黄}}), known in English as yellow garlic chives. These are considered a delicacy and are used in various [[Stir frying|stir fry]] dishes.<ref name="FoodPlantsChina">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Shiu-ying |title=Food Plants of China |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-962-996-229-6 |page=53}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jiucai Hezi at Dongsi Minfang Restaurant, Chongwenmen (20220215114852)-cropped.jpg|''[[Jiucai hezi]]'', or chive pockets
File:Profile of Jiucai Hezi (20220215115029).jpg|''Jiucai hezi'', cut open
File:Rebanira 1.jpg|Stir-fried liver and garlic chives
</gallery>

=== India===
In [[Manipur]] and other northeastern states of India, it is grown and used as a substitute for garlic and onion in cooking and is known as ''maroi nakuppi'' in Manipuri.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Japan ===
In Japan, where the plant is known as {{Transliteration|ja|nira}} ({{lang|ja|ニラ}}), it is used both for its garlic-like flavor and its sweetness, in [[miso soup]]s and salads, stir-fries with eggs, and Japanese dishes such as [[gyōza]] dumplings and fried liver.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Central Asia ===
In [[Central Asia]]n countries such as [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], where the plant has been introduced through cultivation by [[Dungan people|Dungan]] farmers and ties with neighboring China, garlic chives are known by transliterations of their name. Used in cooking,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuisine of the Duncan (Hui) People |url=http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=466 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.flavorandfortune.com}}</ref> it is sometimes added as a filling to [[Manti (food)|manty]], [[Samsa (food)|samsa]], [[Laghman (food)|laghman]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Ode to Lagman |url=https://www.asia-travel.uz/en/uzbekistan/cuisine/lagman/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.asia-travel.uz}}</ref> yuta, ashlan-fu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan's Traditional Hangover Cure is a Mix of History and Assimilation |url=https://matadornetwork.com/read/kyrgyzstan-traditional-cuisine-hangover-cure/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Matador Network |language=en-US}}</ref> and other typical dishes.

=== Korea ===
Known as {{Transliteration|ko|buchu}} ({{lang|ko|부추}}), garlic chives are widely used in [[Korean cuisine]]. They can be eaten fresh as {{Transliteration|ko|[[namul]]}}, pickled as [[kimchi]] and {{Transliteration|ko|[[jangajji]]}}, and pan-fried in {{Transliteration|ko|[[buchimgae]]}} (pancake). They are also one of the most common herbs served with {{Transliteration|ko|[[gukbap]]}} (soup with rice), as well as a common ingredient in {{Transliteration|ko|[[mandu (dumpling)|mandu]]}} (dumplings).<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ko:부추로 만드는 요리 베스트 10 |trans-title=Best 10 Recipes Using Garlic Chives |script-website=ko:만개의레시피 |trans-website=10,000 Recipes |url=https://www.10000recipe.com/bbs/1864 |date=2016-07-25}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Buchujeon(garlic chive pancake).jpg|{{Transliteration|ko|Buchu-[[buchimgae|jeon]]}} (garlic chive pancakes)
File:Buchu-geotjeori.jpg|{{Transliteration|ko|Buchu-[[geotjeori]]}} (garlic chive fresh kimchi)
File:Korean.cuisine-Buchu kimchi-01.jpg|{{Transliteration|ko|Buchu-[[kimchi]]}} (garlic chive kimchi)
File:Chueotang chopi (Zanthoxylum piperitum) deulkkae (Perilla frutescens) buchu (Allium tuberosum).jpg|{{Transliteration|ko|[[Chueo-tang]]}} (loach soup) served with garlic chives
File:Jaecheop-guk.png|{{Transliteration|ko|[[Jaecheop-guk]]}} ([[Corbicula leana|jaecheop clam]] soup) with chopped garlic chives in it
File:Aehobak-buchu-buchimgae 3.jpg|Garlic chive ''[[buchimgae]]'' (pancake)
</gallery>

=== Nepal ===
In Nepal, cooks fry a curried vegetable dish of potatoes and ''A. tuberosum'' known as ''dunduko sag''.{{sfn|Majupuria|1993}}

=== Vietnam===
In [[Vietnam]], the leaves of garlic chives, known as {{lang|vi|hẹ}}, are cut up into short pieces and used as the only vegetable in a [[broth]] with sliced pork [[kidney]]s.{{sfn|Vietnamese herbs|2015}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Allium tuberosum by Taraxacumseeds 01.jpg|Growing as garden herb
File:Chive flower.jpg|Inflorescence
File:Allium tuberosum by Taraxacumseeds 02.jpg|Individual flower
File:Chive seeds.jpg|Seeds of garlic chives
File:Allium tuberosum MHNT.BOT.2013.22.61.jpg|Fruit and seeds
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Books and monographs ===
* {{cite book|last1=Linnaeus|first1=Carl|editor1-last=Sprengel|editor1-first=Curt Polycarp Joachim|title=Systema Vegetabilium vol.&nbsp;ii|date=1825|page=38|edition=16th|publisher=Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae|location=[[Göttingen]]|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/817978|access-date=14 October 2015}}
* {{cite book|last1=Block|first1= Eric|title=Garlic and other alliums : the lore and the science|date=2009|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-85404-190-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brewster|first1=James L.|title=Onions and other vegetable alliums|date=2008|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, UK|isbn=978-1-84593-622-8|page=20|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW_TiZ1jHCkC&q=Allium%20tuberosum%20morphology&pg=PA20|access-date=14 October 2015|chapter=Chinese chives, ''Allium tuberosum'' Rottl.}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kays|first1=Stanley J.|title=Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon|date=2011|publisher=Wageningen Academic|location=Wageningen|isbn=9789086867202|chapter=7.13 ''Allium tuberosum''|page=33|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA33}}
* {{cite book|last1=Larkcom|first1=Joy|last2=Douglass|first2=Elizabeth|title=Oriental vegetables : the complete guide for the gardening cook|date=2008|publisher=Kodansha International|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56836-370-7|edition= 2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Reqk636tqWAC|access-date=17 October 2015}}
* {{cite book|last1=Majupuria|first1=Indra|title=Joys of Nepalese cooking : a most comprehensive and practical book on Nepalese cookery : 371 easy-to-make, kitchen-tested recipes|date=1993|publisher=S. Devi|location=Lashkar (Gwalior), India|isbn=9789747315318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOTgAAAAMAAJ|access-date=18 October 2015}}
* {{cite book | last1 =McGee | first1 =Rose Marie Nichols  | last2=Stuckey|first2= Maggie | title =The Bountiful Container | publisher = Workman Publishing | year = 2002|isbn=978-0-7611-1623-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bInlEEdea4gC}}
* {{cite book | last1=Rabinowitch|first1= H. D.|last2= Currah|first2= L. | title=Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grUinwEACAAJ|publisher=CABI Publishing | year=2002 | isbn= 0-85199-510-1|ref={{harvid|Rabinowitch|Currah|2003}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Randall|first1=RP|title=The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status|date=2007|publisher=Australian Weed Management, University of Adelaide|isbn=978-1-920932-60-2|url=http://www.iewf.org/intro_flora_australia.pdf|access-date=15 October 2015}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Zeder|editor1-first=Melinda A.|editor2-last=Bradley|editor2-first=Daniel G|editor3-last=Emshwiller|editor3-first=Eve|editor4-last=Smith|editor4-first=Bruce D|title=Documenting domestication: new genetic and archaeological paradigms|date=2006|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif.|isbn=978-0-520-24638-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC|access-date=14 October 2015|ref={{harvid| Zeder et al|2006}}}}

=== Articles and chapters ===
* {{cite journal|last1=Friesen|first1=N|last2=Fritsch|first2=RM|last3=Blattner|first3=Frank R|title=Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of ''Allium'' (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences|journal=Aliso|date=2006|volume=22|pages=372–395|doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.31|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228372845|access-date=13 October 2015|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Q.-Q.|last2=Zhou|first2=S.-D.|last3=He|first3=X.-J.|last4=Yu|first4=Y.|last5=Zhang|first5=Y.-C.|last6=Wei|first6=X.-Q.|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China|journal=Annals of Botany|date=21 October 2010|volume=106|issue=5|pages=709–733|doi=10.1093/aob/mcq177|pmc=2958792|ref={{harvid|Li et al.|2010}}|pmid=20966186}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Oyuntsetseg|first1=B|last2=Blattner|first2=F. R.|last3=Friesen|first3=N.|title=Diploid ''Allium ramosum'' from East Mongolia: A missing link for the origin of the crop species ''A. tuberosum''?|journal=Erforsch. Biol. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale)|date=2012|volume=12|pages=415–424|url=https://www.academia.edu/5324410}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Saini|first1=N|last2=Wadhwa|first2=S|last3=Singh|first3=G. K.|title=Comparative study between cultivated garlic (''Allium sativum'') and wild garlic (''Allium tuberosum'')|journal=Global R Trad Rep|date=2013|volume=1|issue=1|pages=12–24|url=http://www.grtr.info/index.php/grtr/article/view/8|access-date=2015-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090546/http://www.grtr.info/index.php/grtr/article/view/8|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blattner|first1=Frank R|last2=Friesen|first2=N|title=Relationship between Chinese chive (''Allium tuberosum'') and its putative progenitor ''A. ramosum'' as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259786742|access-date=14 October 2015}} in {{harvtxt| Zeder et al|2006|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC&pg=PA134 Chapter 10. pp.&nbsp;134–142]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fritsch|first1=RM|last2=Friesen|first2=N|title=Evolution, domestication and taxonomy|ref={{harvid|Fritsch|Friesen|2003}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Rabinowitch|Currah|2003|loc=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikolai_Friesen/publication/237309729_1_Evolution_Domestication_and_Taxonomy/links/0046352c8105f81b19000000.pdf pp.&nbsp;5–30]}}

=== Websites ===
* {{Citation |contribution=Allium tuberosum|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=296861 |access-date=14 October 2015|ref={{harvid|WCSPF|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-296861?ref=tpl1|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species v.&nbsp;1.1|date=2013|ref={{harvid|TPL|2013}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ALTU3|title=USDA PLANTS database. ''Allium tuberosum''|ref={{harvid|USDA|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Floridata|url=http://www.floridata.com/home/|publisher=Floridata Plant Encyclopedia|date=2015|ref={{harvid|Floridata|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Plants For A Future|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/default.aspx|access-date=6 October 2015|ref={{harvid|PFAF|2012}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=RHS|title=Allium tuberosum (Chinese chives)|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/877/i-Allium-tuberosum-i/Details?returnurl=%2Fplants%2Fbulbs%3Faliaspath%3D%252fplants%252fbulbs|publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]|access-date=14 October 2015|date=2015}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00365 ''Allium tuberosum'' Rottl. ex Spreng.] Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{cite web|last=Hilty|first=John|title=Garlic chives|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/garlic_chives.htm|website=Illinois Wildflowers|date=2015|access-date=14 October 2015}}
* {{cite web|title=Allium tuberosum|url=https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/plant/plantDetail/1199|publisher=Kwantlen Polytechnic University: School of Horticulture|access-date=14 October 2015|date=2015}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web|title=Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.|url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=allium+tuberosum|website=Schede di botanica|publisher=Flora Italiana|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330023102/http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=allium+tuberosum|archive-date=30 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Flora Italia|2014}}}}
* {{cite news|last=Norrington-Davies|first=Tom|title=Spring it on them|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/recipes/3325176/Spring-it-on-them.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=17 October 2015|date=8 April 2006}}
* {{cite web|last1=Maangchi|title=Asian chives|url=http://www.maangchi.com/ingredient/asian-chives|access-date=18 October 2015|date=26 February 2008}}
* {{cite web|title=Chinese Chives – Hẹ|url=http://vietherbs.com/herb-directory/chinese-chives/|website=Vietnamese Herbs|access-date=18 October 2015|date=2015|ref={{harvid|Vietnamese herbs|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Goh|first1=Kenneth|title=Shredded Chicken Braised E-Fu Noodles (鸡丝韭黄伊府面）|url=https://kwgls.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/shredded-chicken-braised-e-fu-noodles-%E9%B8%A1%E4%B8%9D%E9%9F%AD%E9%BB%84%E4%BC%8A%E5%BA%9C%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89/|website=Guai Shu Shu|access-date=18 October 2015|date=30 March 2015}}
* {{cite web|last1=Mahr|first1=Susan|title=Garlic Chives, Allium tuberosum|url=http://wimastergardener.org/?q=GarlicChives|publisher=University of Wisconsin Extension Master Gardener Program|access-date=19 October 2015|date=30 August 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=Allium tuberosum|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=u770|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|access-date=19 October 2015|ref={{harvid|MBG|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Sally G|title=Garlic Chives- Great In the Garden, But...|url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/865/|website=Dave's Garden|access-date=19 October 2015|date=14 June 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Allium tuberosum|url=http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Allium_tuberosum|publisher=Hortipedia|access-date=19 October 2015}}
* {{cite web|title=Allium tuberosum 'Monstrosum'|url=https://www.pflanzenversand-gaissmayer.de/article_detail,Kraeuter+mit+Knoblaucharoma-Allium+tuberosum+Monstrosum+-+Riesen-Schnitt-Knoblauch,2fcdfd7261ba9a335855e389b5cd8050,E50A10F5D9154D49BD9A582CA3271A32,de.html|publisher=Staudengärtnerei Gaißmayer|access-date=19 October 2015|date=2015|ref={{harvid|Staudengärtnerei|2015}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons and category inline}}
* {{wikispecies-inline}}
* {{PFAF|Allium tuberosum}}

{{Allium}}
{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q42285}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allium|tuberosum]]
[[Category:Asian vegetables]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1825]]