Editing Alternative DNS root

{{short description|Unofficial alternatives to the official DNS Root Zone}}
The [[Internet]] uses the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) to associate numeric computer [[IP address]]es with human-readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the [[DNS root]], contains the [[top-level domain]]s that appear as the suffixes of all Internet [[domain name]]s. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is administered by the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate '''alternative DNS roots''', often referred to as '''alt roots'''. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root [[name server]]s and commonly administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains.

The [[Internet Architecture Board]] (IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternative roots in {{IETF RFC|2826}}.<ref>{{IETF RFC|2826}} (informational), ''IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root'', Internet Architecture Board, The Internet Society (May 2000), Quote: "There is no getting away from the unique root of the public DNS." (page 5)</ref>

==Overview==
The [[DNS root zone]] consists of pointers to the [[Authoritative name server|authoritative domain name servers]] for all [[top-level domain]]s (TLDs). The root zone is hosted on a collection of [[Root name server|root servers]] operated by several organizations around the world that all use a specific, approved list of domains that is managed by [[ICANN]]. By contrast, alternative roots typically include pointers to all of the [[Top-level domain|TLD]] servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other, custom top-level domains that are not sanctioned by ICANN. Some alternative roots are operated by the organizations that manage these alternative TLDs.

Zach Bastick proposes that alternative DNS roots have allowed for more democratic control of the Internet:

{{blockquote|The implementation of alternative gTLDs predates any significant debate on name space extension by official actors, and this exemplifies how democratising the DNS alters the pace of developing Internet policy, the nature of decisions that justify that policy development, and political dynamics and user autonomy in the network infrastructure.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bastick|first=Zach|title=Our Internet and Freedom of Speech 'Hobbled by History': Introducing Plural Control Structures Needed to Redress a Decade of Linear Policy|journal=European Commission: European Journal of EPractice|year=2012|series= Policy lessons from a decade of eGovernment, eHealth & eInclusion|issue=15|pages=97–111|url=http://www.epractice.eu/files/Journal_Volume_15_PART8_0.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|103}}}}

Unless one specifically changes their [[DNS resolver|DNS resolution]] settings, alternative DNS top level domains are generally unreachable, and very few [[Internet service provider]]s provide this configuration by default.

==Implementations==
Some organizations provide alternative DNS root services, such as additional [[top-level domain]]s.

=== Handshake ===
''Handshake'' is a [[Decentralization|decentralized]] implementation of a [[DNS root zone]] using [[blockchain]] and [[cryptocurrency]] technology to create a [[peer-to-peer]] alternative to the 13 root name servers managed by [[ICANN]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decentralized naming and certificate authority An experimental peer-to-peer root naming system|url=https://handshake.org/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Handshake|language=en}}</ref>

Unlike other attempts, Handshake does not aim to replace the existing DNS; rather, it seeks to supplement and enhance it by allowing anyone to bid, register, and manage their own TLDs without an intermediate registrar or delegating authority. Since the [[root zone file]] records are not centrally managed, and instead are stored on a public blockchain, owners of Handshake TLDs can add or change top-level [[resource record]]s to delegate [[authoritative name server]]s and set up [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]] zone signing directly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ambitious plan to reinvent how websites get their names|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/04/239039/the-ambitious-plan-to-make-the-internets-phone-book-more-trustworthy/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/07/844900/handshake-network-dns-live/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref>

Existing TLDs are reserved in the Handshake blockchain such that resolving traditional domain names (i.e. zones under [[.com]], [[.org]], [[.net]], etc.) through a Handshake node or name server are directed back to ICANN's root servers. In addition, the top 100,000 most popular domains are reserved as Handshake TLDs which can be redeemed by the original domain owner.<ref name=":0" />

===Namecoin===
{{further|Namecoin}}
''Namecoin'' is a [[blockchain]] and [[cryptocurrency]] to support the alternative top-level domain .bit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bit.namecoin.org/|title=Dot-Bit: Secure Decentralized DNS|website=bit.namecoin.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

===OpenNIC===
{{further|OpenNIC}}
OpenNIC is a user owned and controlled alternative to [[InterNIC]] and ICANN providing a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registries. OpenNIC servers are able to resolve all ICANN top-level domains, some OpenNIC original top-level domains, and the resolution of other Alternate DNS Roots with which they have reached peering agreements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/FAQ|title=What is OpenNIC?:OpenNIC Wiki|website=wiki.opennicproject.org|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118054231/http://wiki.opennicproject.org/FAQ|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|title=OpenNIC Peers:OpenNIC Wiki|website=wiki.opennicproject.org|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227052650/http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Yeti DNS Project===
Yeti DNS Project is an attempt to build an alternative root server dedicated to [[IPv6]]. Sponsored by a Chinese state agency, the project aims at experimenting with different new DNS-related technology and enabling sovereign countries to explore and control the internet and enhance their [[network sovereignty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internetgovernance.org/2016/04/07/alternate-dns-roots-and-the-abominable-snowman-of-sovereignty/|title=Alternate DNS roots and the abominable snowman of sovereignty|first1=Brenden|last1=Kuerbis|first2=Milton|last2=Mueller|date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.c114.com.cn/579/a1035022.html|title=Yeti DNS Project:Building Autonomous & Controllable Internet Infrastructures From the Root Server - ICT\cn-c114 ¡ª C114 - China Communication Network|website=en.c114.com.cn}}</ref>

===.chn===
{{further|:zh:.chn}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=tech|date=March 2020}}
.chn is a new top-level domain with its own root DNS server for an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) network in China. The company developing this alternative root claims that China has its own intellectual right on this new alternative domain name root and the associated IoT network, and that it will become the second computer network in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Plj9R97cv4xlLipeKNPmeQ|title=意义重大！我国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相|author=观察者网综合自央视网、科技日报、天涯论坛、人民网强国论坛等|date=2019-05-18|work=环球时报微信公众号|publisher=|accessdate=|language=|format=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518195555/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Plj9R97cv4xlLipeKNPmeQ|archive-date=2019-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7mll6Tsujsu|title=意义重大！中国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相|author=|date=2019-05-18|work=凤凰网转载环球网|publisher=|accessdate=|language=|format=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518195814/https://news.ifeng.com/c/7mll6Tsujsu|archive-date=2019-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> It is claimed to be part of a "[[IPv9 (China)|IPv9]]" decimal network/numeric domain name system developed and innovated in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwzg.cn/theory/201706/36655.html|title=牟承晋：关于IPV9的几个问题（修订版）_洞幽察微_察网|website=www.cwzg.cn|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626203737/http://www.cwzg.cn/theory/201706/36655.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Russian National Domain Name System===

The Russian National Domain Name System ({{langx|ru|НСДИ}}) is an alternative DNS root project started in 2019 by [[Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media|Roskomnadzor]], a government department,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://52.rkn.gov.ru/directions/p2363/p30512/|title=Об утверждении Положения о национальной системе доменных имен|website=rkn.gov.ru|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214720/https://52.rkn.gov.ru/directions/p2363/p30512/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is to gradually become mandatory for all ISPs in Russia. As of March 2021, servers are located on the [[Moscow Internet Exchange]]. The mission of the project is to provide an alternative DNS root for all users of the Internet within [[Russia]]. The main goal is to continue the functioning of the Russian Internet subnetwork in case of its disconnection from the rest of the Internet ([[Sovereign Internet Law]]).

==Defunct implementations==

===Open Root Server Network (ORSN)===
{{further|ORSN}}
Open Root Server Network (ORSN) was a network of Domain Name System root nameservers for the Internet. ORSN root zone information was normally kept in synchronization with the "official" root nameservers coordinated by ICANN. ORSN Public DNS Servers were operated by the community of ORSN, providing Domain Name System access freely for everyone, without any limitation. ORSN public DNS servers did not log usage. "The ORSN project was canceled on May 2019 and will never come back." {{Cite web|url=http://www.orsn.org/en/faq/|title=Open Root Server Network - General Information about this Project|website=ORSN.org|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006125625/http://www.orsn.org/en/faq/|url-status=dead}}

===AlterNIC===
{{main|AlterNIC}}
AlterNIC was created before ICANN's creation to challenge the monopoly of [[InterNIC]] on domain name governance at the time.<ref name="anicws">{{cite web|url=http://www.alternic.net/TLDS.html |title=AlterNIC website |accessdate=2017-04-11 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970125144823/http://www.alternic.net/TLDS.html |archivedate=25 January 1997 }}</ref><ref name="sw1">George Lawton,{{cite web|url=http://www.sun.com/sunworldonline/swol-09-1996/swol-09-domain.html |title=''New top-level domains promise descriptive names'' |accessdate=2016-10-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221193305/http://www.sun.com/sunworldonline/swol-09-1996/swol-09-domain.html |archivedate=1996-12-21 }}, SunWorld, 1996-09-16, retrieved through Archive.org</ref>

===eDNS===
eDNS (Enhanced Domain Name Service) was founded by a coalition of ISPs led by [[Karl Denninger]] of the Chicago-area MCSNet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9707181217/schism-hits-domain-name-system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190527/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9707181217/schism-hits-domain-name-system|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-29|first=Will|last=Rodger|title=Schism hits Domain Name System|work=Inter@ctive Week|date=February 1997|volume=4|number=5|accessdate=2013-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/Rogue-domains-revolt/2100-1023_3-275957.html|title=Rogue domains revolt|work=[[CNET]]|date=1997-03-04|accessdate=2013-01-06}}</ref> It ceased operation in 1998. It served the following domains:  biz (general business use), corp (corporations), fam (for and about family), k12 (for and about children), npo (non-profit organizations), per (personal domains), web (web-based sites, Web pages).

===Open RSC===
One of the notable challengers to ICANN's control of the DNS namespace was ''Open RSC'' (''Open Root Server Confederation''), a group that grew out of private discussions and developed into a public [[Listserv|mailing list]].  It grew large enough that the group decided to submit an application to the United States government to run the DNS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/ORSC_PRO.htm |title=ORSC proposal of 8 October 1998 |publisher=Ntia.doc.gov |accessdate=2009-11-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109182608/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/ORSC_PRO.htm| archivedate= 9 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

The organization posted bylaws and articles of incorporation outlining ORSC's position following extensive public discussion regarding the manner in which the DNS was operated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/bylaws.html |title=ORSC bylaws |publisher=Ntia.doc.gov |accessdate=2009-11-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091021022746/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/bylaws.html| archivedate= 21 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/ORSC_PRO.htm |title=ORSC articles of incorporation |publisher=Ntia.doc.gov |accessdate=2009-11-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109182608/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/ORSC_PRO.htm| archivedate= 9 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

ICANN chairwoman [[Esther Dyson]] acknowledged adopting features such as membership from ORSC in her response to the United States Department of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/press/icann111098.htm |title=NTIA Reviewing ICANN November 6 Submission |publisher=Ntia.doc.gov |accessdate=2009-11-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091108032422/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/press/ICANN111098.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

ORSC publishes a root zone containing additional top level domains not found in the [[ICANN]] root zone.

===RealNames===
Microsoft offered the [[RealNames]] service on its Internet Explorer browser address bar. RealNames, to users of Internet Explorer, was in effect a [[domain registry]]. RealNames shut down operations in 2002 following a decision by Microsoft to redirect the 1 billion page views per calendar quarter that RealNames was resolving from the browser address bar into its [[MSN search engine]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

== See also ==
* [[Domain Name System]]
* [[Open Root Server Network]]
* [[Public recursive name servers]]
* [[Root nameserver]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alternative Dns Root}}
[[Category:Alternative Internet DNS services| ]]
[[Category:Internet governance]]