Editing Always Coming Home

{{Short description|1985 novel by Ursula K. Le Guin}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2011}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name          = Always Coming Home
| title_orig    = 
| translator    = 
| image         = Achnavalleyorig.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author        = [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]
| illustrator   = Margaret Chodos
| cover_artist  = 
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| series        = 
| genre         = [[Science fiction]]
| published     = 1985 ([[Harper and Row]])
| media_type    = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| pages         = 523
| isbn          = 0-06-015545-0
| dewey= 813/.54 19
| congress= PS3562.E42 A79 1985
| oclc          = 11728313
| preceded_by   = 
| followed_by   = 
}}
[[File:Californie submergee simulation.svg|thumb|Submerged California, the setting of the book. The Old Straight Road is the [[California State Route 29|SR 29]], the Grandmother Mountain (Ama Kulkun) is [[Mount Saint Helena]].]]
[[File:Double spirale.svg|thumb|''Heyiya-if'', a holy symbol for the Kesh.]]
[[File:Kesh aiha LeGuin Always Coming Home alphabet.svg|thumb|The Kesh ''aiha'' alphabet]]

'''''Always Coming Home''''' is a 1985 science fiction novel by American writer [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]. It is in parts narrative, pseudo-textbook and pseudo-anthropologist's record. It describes the life and society of the Kesh people, a cultural group who live in the distant future long after modern society has collapsed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernardo |first1=Susan M. |last2=Murphy |first2=Graham J. |year=2006 |title=Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion |pages=19–20 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> It is presented by Pandora, who seems to be an [[anthropology|anthropologist]] or [[ethnography|ethnographer]] from the readers' contemporary culture, or a culture very close to it. Pandora describes the book as a protest against contemporary civilization, which the Kesh call "''the Sickness of Man''".

==Setting==
The book's setting is a time so post-apocalyptic that no cultural source can remember the apocalypse, though a few folk tales refer to our time. The only signs of our civilization that have lasted into their time are indestructible artefacts such as [[styrofoam]] and a self-manufacturing, self-maintaining, solar-system-wide [[computer network]]. There has been a great [[sea level rise]] since our time, flooding much of northern California, where the story takes place.

The Kesh use technological inventions of civilization such as writing, steel, guns, electricity, trains, and a computer network (see below). However, unlike one of their neighboring societies – the Dayao or Condor People – they do nothing on an industrial scale, reject governance, have no non-laboring caste, do not expand their population or territory, consider disbelief in what we consider “supernatural” absurd, and deplore human domination of the natural environment. Their culture blends millennia of human economic culture by combining aspects of [[hunter-gatherer]], agricultural, and industrial societies, but rejects cities (literal “[[civilization]]”). In fact, what they call “towns” would count as villages for the reader – a dozen or a few-dozen multi-family or large family homes. What they call “war” is a minor skirmish over hunting territories, and is considered a ridiculous pastime for youngsters, since an adult person should not throw his life away.

Pandora observes that a key difference between the Kesh and the readers' [her?] society is the size of their population: "There are not too many of them.".<ref name=ACH>{{cite book |last=Le Guin |first=Ursula K. |title=Always Coming Home |year=1986 |publisher=Bantam Spectra |isbn=0-553-26280-7 |page=509}}</ref>  Their low [[population density]] means that [[carrying capacity|they can feed themselves from their land]]. The Kesh [[human population planning|maintain this low population]] without coercion, which would be antithetical to their loosely organized society.  They carry a large accumulation of genetic damage, which leads to fewer successful pregnancies and higher infant mortality.  They also have social taboos against multiple siblings and early pregnancies; a third child is considered shameful, and the Dayao's practice of large families is referred to as "incontinence". Abortions are practiced freely.

==Summary==
The book is divided into two parts: The first part consists mostly of Kesh texts and records of oral performances, interspersed with Pandora's commentary, accounts of a few aspects of Kesh life, and personal essays. The longest text is a personal history narrated by a woman called ''Stone Telling''.  Stone Telling's autobiography fills less than a third of the book, told in three sections with large gaps filled with other material.  The second part, called "The Back of the Book", contains a few Kesh texts but consists mostly of Pandora's accounts of various aspects of Kesh life.

Stone Telling recounts how she spent her childhood with her mother's people in the Valley, as a very young woman lived several years with her father's people in The City, and escaped from it with her daughter, who was born there. The two societies are contrasted through her narrative: the Kesh are peaceable and self-organized, whereas the Condor people of The City are rigid, patriarchal, hierarchical, militaristic, and expansionist. During the lifetime of Stone Telling, both The City and the Valley change, and for a time one changes the other. There are traces of this arc in other parts of the book.

The next longest piece in the main part, in the section "Eight Life Stories", is the novelette "The Visionary", which was published as a stand-alone story in ''[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]'' in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publication: Omni, October 1984|work=Internet Speculative Fiction Database|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?59903}}</ref> This part also includes history and legends, myths, plays, a chapter of a novel, and song lyrics and poetry.{{efn|Le Guin also separately published a Kesh-like spiritual poem "Totem", relating to the Mole Society (a cult), in her poetry collection ''Hard Words''.}} Some editions of the book were accompanied by a tape of Kesh music and poetry.

A number of these are attributed by Pandora to a Kesh woman named ''Little Bear Woman'';<ref name=LittleBear group=lower-alpha>The name ''Intrumo'' [ɪntrʌmɔ] "Little Bear Woman" is an exact equivalent of ''Ursula'', which is Latin for "little she-bear": [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dursa ''ursa'' "a she-bear"] + [[wiktionary:en:-ula|''-ula'']] fem. form of [[wiktionary:en:-ulus|''-ulus'']] "diminutive"; in Kesh the analysis is ''in-'' "little", ''trum'' "bear", ''-o'' "female".</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HzdkG3ZqFoC&q=%22Little+Bear+Woman%22+%22Ursula+K.+Le+Guin%22&pg=PA258 |title=Always Coming Home |isbn=9780520227354 |edition=2001 |via=Google Books|last1=Le Guin |first1=Ursula K. |last2=Barton |first2=Todd |last3=Chodos-Irvine |first3=Margaret |last4=Hersh |first4=George |date=27 February 2001 }}</ref> these are:
* Shahugoten. ''As told by Little Bear Woman of Sinshan to the Editor'' pp.&nbsp;57–59 [a legend]
* Coming Home to Up the Hill House. ''By Little Bear Woman'' p.&nbsp;258 [a poem]
* The Writer to the Morning in Up the Hill House in Sinshan. ''By Little Bear Woman'' p.&nbsp;258 [a poem]
* A Song to Up the Hill House in Sinshan. ''By Little Bear Woman'' p.&nbsp;259 [a poem]
* [https://www.ursulakleguin.com/kesh-maps Some of the paths around Sinshan Creek]. A Kesh map of the watershed of Sinshan Creek, ''given to the Editor by Little Bear Woman'' of Sinshan.

"The Back of the Book", about a fifth of the number of pages, presents cultural lore, with the format and attributions or annotations that an [[ethnography|ethnographic fieldworker]] might make. It includes discussions of village layout and landscaping, family and professional guilds, recipes, medical care, yearly ritual dances, and language.

==Awards==
The novel received the [[Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize]] and was a runner up for the [[National Book Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1985 |publisher=National Book Foundation |title=National Book Awards list |year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rochester.edu/College/WST/SBAI/recipients.html |title=Kafka Recipients}}</ref>

== Literary significance and criticism ==
It has been noted that ''Always Coming Home'' underscores Le Guin's long-standing [[anthropology|anthropological]] interests. The Valley of the Na [River] is modeled on the landscape of California's [[Napa County, California|Napa Valley]], where Le Guin spent her childhood when her family was not in Berkeley.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernardo |first1=Susan M. |last2=Murphy |first2=Graham J. |title=Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport, CT |isbn=9780313332258 |page=19}}</ref>

Like much of Le Guin's work, ''Always Coming Home'' follows [[Native American (U.S.)|Native American]] themes. According to [[Richard Erlich]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard D. |last1=Erlich |chapter=Always Coming Home |title=Coyote's Song: The Teaching Stories of Ursula K. Le Guin |page=247 |publisher=Wildside Press |series=The Milford Series Popular Writers of Today |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-4344-5775-2 |issn=0163-2469 |url=http://www.sfra.org/Coyote/alwayshome.htm |access-date=2013-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318004152/http://www.sfra.org/Coyote/alwayshome.htm |archive-date=2012-03-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "''Always Coming Home'' is a fictional retelling of much in [[Alfred L. Kroeber|A. L. Kroeber]]'s [Ursula's father] monumental ''Handbook of the Indians of California''." There are also some elements retrieved from her mother's ''[[The Inland Whale]]'' ([[Traditional narratives (Native California)|Traditional narratives of Native California]]), such as the importance of the number nine, and the map of the Na Valley which looks like the Ancient [[Yurok]] World.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Theodora |last1=Kroeber |title=[[The Inland Whale]] |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |year=1963 |page=10}}</ref> There are also [[Taoist]] themes: the heyiya-if looks like the ''[[taijitu]]'', and its hollow center (the "hinge") is like the hub of the wheel as described in the ''[[Tao Te Ching#Emptiness|Tao Te Ching]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Tao Te Ching#Emptiness|reason= The anchor (Emptiness) [[Special:Diff/819364781|has been deleted]].}}''. Le Guin had described herself "as an unconsistent Taoist and a consistent un-Christian".<ref>letter responding to the chapter about ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' in David Ketterer's book, ''New Worlds For Old: The Apocalyptic Imagination, Science Fiction, and American Literature'', see {{cite journal |first1=Ursula K. |last1=Le Guin |title=Ketterer on The Left Hand Of Darkness |journal=Science Fiction Studies |publisher=SF-TH |volume=2 |issue=6 |date=July 1975 |page=139 |url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/6/ketterer6forum.htm#leguin}}</ref>

One of its earliest reviews, by [[Samuel R. Delany]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', called it "a slow, rich read... [Le Guin's] most satisfying text among a set of texts that have provided much imaginative pleasure"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delany |first1=Samuel R. |title=PAPERBACKS; THE KESH IN SONG AND STORY |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 September 1985 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/29/books/paperbacks-the-kesh-in-song-and-story.html |access-date=17 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

[[David Langford|Dave Langford]] reviewed ''Always Coming Home'' for ''[[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]]'' #82, and stated that "Among many rich strangenesses it also includes a critique of its own improbabilities (as seen through twentieth-century eyes)."<ref name="WD82">{{cite journal  | last =Langford | first =Dave | author-link =David Langford | title =Critical Mass  | journal =[[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]]  | issue =82  | pages =8   | publisher =[[Games Workshop]]  | date = October 1986  }}</ref>

==Box set and soundtrack==
A box set edition of the book ({{ISBN|0-06-015456-X}}), comes with an audiocassette entitled ''Music and Poetry of the Kesh'', featuring 10 musical pieces and 3 poetry performances by Todd Barton. The book contains 100&nbsp;original illustrations by Margaret Chodos. As of 2017, the soundtrack can be purchased separately in MP3 format ({{ISBN|978-1-61138-209-9}}). A vinyl record was also released, together with a digital album for streaming and download in several formats. That combination sold out, but the digital album by itself remains available, and a second pressing of the vinyl, plus the digital, was scheduled to ship "on or around 25 May 2018".<ref>{{cite web |title=Music and Poetry of the Kesh by Ursula K. Le Guin & Todd Barton |url=https://ursulakleguintoddbarton.bandcamp.com/album/music-and-poetry-of-the-kesh |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180405202117/https://ursulakleguintoddbarton.bandcamp.com/album/music-and-poetry-of-the-kesh |archive-date=2018-04-05 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Bandcamp}}</ref>

==Stage performance==
A stage version of ''Always Coming Home'' was mounted at [[Naropa University]] in 1993 (with Le Guin's approval) by Ruth Davis-Fyer. Music for the production was composed and directed by Brian Mac Ian, although it was original music and not directly influenced by Todd Barton's work.

==Publication history==
* Original hardcover release (boxed, with audiocassette), 1985 {{ISBN|0-06-015545-0}}
* Original paperback (boxed, with audiocassette), 1985 {{ISBN|0-06-015456-X}}
* Mass-market Bantam Spectra paperback, 1986 {{ISBN|0-553-26280-7}}
* {{anchor|2001-edition}}[http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227354 Trade paperback from the University of California Press, February 2001]. Paperback, 534 pages. {{ISBN|9780520227354}} (as part of a series of literature pieces set in California) - the book had been out of print for many years when this was released.
* [[Library of America]] hardcover edition, 2019, 800 pages. {{ISBN|9781598536034}} Features new excerpts from the Kesh novel ''Dangerous People'' and other new material.
* Harper Perennial paperback, 2023 {{ISBN|0358726921}}

==Influence==
[[John Scalzi]], one-time president of the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]], wrote, in his introduction to the 2016 edition, that he discovered the book as a teenager, and calls it "a formative book...sunk deep in [his] bones", one to endlessly return to, always coming home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le Guin |first1=Ursula K. |title=Always Coming Home |date=2016 |isbn=9781473205802 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion |last1=Bernardo |first1=Susan M. |last2=Murphy |first2=Graham J. |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |edition=1st |year=2006 |isbn=0-313-33225-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre: Fiction for Children and Adults |last=Cadden |first=Mike |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |edition=1st |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-99527-2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite journal |last1=Le Guin |first1=Ursula K. |last2=Barton |first2=Todd |last3=Chodos-Irvine |first3=Margaret |last4=Hersh |first4=George |title=The Making of Always Coming Home: A panel at Mythopoeic Conference XIX Berkeley, California, July 31, 1988 |journal=[[Mythlore]] |issue=65 |pages=56–63 |date=1991 |volume=17 |issn=0146-9339 |jstor=26812610 |df=mdy-all }}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.challengingdestiny.com/reviews/leguin.htm |department=Review |title=The SF of Ursula K. Le Guin}}
*{{cite web |url=http://dannyreviews.com/h/Always_Coming_Home.html |department=Review |title=Always Coming Home |first=Danny |last=Ye}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Gray |first=Paul |department=Books |title=History of an imagined world Always Coming Home |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960103,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15 |date=1985-10-14 |url-access=subscription}} (snippet and paywall)
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ursulakleguin.com/ACH/Index.html |title=Ursula K. Le Guin |series=official author book site |access-date=2008-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119135053/http://www.ursulakleguin.com/ACH/Index.html |archive-date=2013-01-19 |url-status=dead }}
{{Ursula K. Le Guin}}

[[Category:1985 American novels]]
[[Category:1985 science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Anarchist fiction]]
[[Category:Environmental fiction books]]
[[Category:Pastoral science fiction]]
[[Category:Novels by Ursula K. Le Guin]]
[[Category:American post-apocalyptic novels]]
[[Category:Utopian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in California]]
[[Category:Solarpunk works]]