Editing Ambrotype

{{Short description|Variant of the wet plate collodion process}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
[[File:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|Many ambrotypes were made by unknown photographers, such as this American example of a Union soldier (Sgt. Samuel Smith, 119th [[United States Colored Troops|USCT]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usctchronicle.blogspot.com/2012/10/civil-war-portrait-identified.html |title=USCT Chronicle |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=2017-03-22 |archive-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021114/http://usctchronicle.blogspot.com/2012/10/civil-war-portrait-identified.html |url-status=live }}</ref>) with his family, {{Circa|1863}}–65. Because of their fragility, ambrotypes were usually kept in folding cases like those used for [[daguerreotype]]s. This example is framed for display.]]

The '''ambrotype''', also known as a '''collodion positive''' in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the [[Collodion process|wet plate collodion process]]. As a cheaper alternative to the French [[daguerreotype]], ambrotypes came to replace them. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light. Like the [[daguerreotype]] or the prints produced by a [[Land camera|Polaroid camera]], each is a unique original that could only be duplicated by using a camera to copy it.

The ambrotype was introduced in the 1850s. During the 1860s it was superseded by the [[tintype]], a similar photograph on thin black-lacquered iron, hard to distinguish from an ambrotype if under glass.

The term ''ambrotype'' comes from {{langx|grc|ἄμβροτος}} ''ambrotos'', "immortal", and {{lang|grc|τύπος}} ''typos'', "impression".

== Process ==

One side of a clean glass plate was coated with a thin layer of [[Iodine|iodized]] [[collodion]], then dipped in a [[silver nitrate]] solution. The plate was [[exposure (photography)|exposed]] in the camera while still wet. Exposure times varied from five to sixty seconds or more depending on the brightness of the lighting and the [[lens speed|speed]] of the camera lens. The plate was then [[photographic processing|developed and fixed]]. The resulting [[negative (photography)|negative]], when viewed by reflected light against a black background, appears to be a positive image: the clear areas look black, and the exposed, opaque areas appear relatively light. This effect was integrated by backing the plate with black velvet; by taking the picture on a plate made of dark reddish-colored glass (the result was called a '''ruby ambrotype'''); or by coating one side of the plate with black [[varnish]]. Either the emulsion side or the bare side could be coated: if the bare side was blackened, the thickness of the glass added a sense of depth to the image. In either case, another plate of glass was put over the fragile emulsion side to protect it, and the whole was mounted in a metal frame and kept in a protective case. In some instances the protective glass was cemented directly to the emulsion, generally with a [[Canada balsam|balsam resin]]. This protected the image well but tended to darken it. Ambrotypes were sometimes hand-tinted; untinted ambrotypes are [[black-and-white|monochrome]], gray or tan in their lightest areas.

== History ==
{{See also|History of photography}}

The ambrotype was based on the wet plate [[collodion process]] invented by [[Frederick Scott Archer]]. Ambrotypes were deliberately underexposed [[negative (photography)|negatives]] made by that process and optimized for viewing as positives instead.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|title=History of Photography|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eastman/timeline/|website=American Experience|publisher=PBS|accessdate=20 June 2014|location=Boston|year=1999|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143921/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eastman/timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[United States|US]], ambrotypes first came into use in the early 1850s. In 1854, [[James Ambrose Cutting]] of Boston took out several patents relating to the process. Although Cutting, the patent holder, had named the process after himself, it appears the term, "ambrotype" itself may have been first coined in the gallery of [[Marcus Aurelius Root]], a well-known daguerreotypist, as documented in his 1864 book ''The Camera and the Pencil'' as follows:<ref>Root, Marcus. ''The Camera and the Pencil; or the Heliographic Art, its theory and practice in all its branches; e.g.-Daguerreotypy, photography, &c".'' Philadelphia, D. Appleton & Co., N.Y., 1864, pp. 372-373</ref>

<p style="margin-left: 40px">"After considerable improvements, this process was first introduced, in 1854, into various Daguerrean establishments, in the Eastern and Western States, by Cutting & Rehn. In June of this year, Cutting procured patents for the process, though Langdell had already worked it from the printed formulas.</p>

<p style="margin-left: 40px">"The process has since been introduced, as a legitimate business, into the leading establishments of our country. The positive branch of it; i.e. a solar impression upon one glass-plate, which is covered by a second hermetically sealed thereto, is entitled the "Ambrotype," (or the "imperishable picture"), a name devised in my gallery.</p>

Root also states (pp.&nbsp;373): "Isaac Rehn, formerly a successful daguerreotypist, in company with Cutting, of Boston, perfected and introduced through the United States the "Ambrotype," or the positive on glass." What isn't mentioned in the referenced book is the particular year in which the term "ambrotype" was first used.

Ambrotypes were much less expensive to produce than [[daguerreotype]]s, the medium that predominated when they were introduced, and did not have the bright mirror-like metallic surface that could make daguerreotypes troublesome to view and which some people disliked. An ambrotype, however, appeared dull and drab when compared with the brilliance of a well-made and properly viewed daguerreotype.

By the late 1850s, the ambrotype was overtaking the daguerreotype in popularity. In 1858, the New York City Police Department, inspired by the pioneering Criminal Investigation Department in Glasgow, Scotland, used ambrotypes to establish a "rogues' gallery", consisting of portraits of wanted criminals and arrested villains.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17575 | title=Ambrotypes: Positively Capturing the Past | journal=Material Culture Review | date=6 June 1993 | last1=Maurice | first1=Phillipe }}</ref> By the mid-1860s, the ambrotype itself was being replaced by the [[tintype]], a similar image on a sturdy black-lacquered thin iron sheet, as well as by photographic [[albumen paper]] prints made from glass plate collodion negatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newhall |first=Beaumont |title=The history of photography: from 1839 to the present |date=1997 |publisher=Museum of modern art |isbn=978-0-87070-381-2 |edition=[5th] completely rev. and enlarged |location=New York}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:1860 Anonyme Un vétéran et sa femme Ambrotype.jpg|[[Peninsular War]] veteran and his wife, c. 1860, with some hand-tinting
File:Cute Blond Boy Glass ambrotype USA.jpg|Cute Blond Boy, c. 1860
File:Charlotte Cushman ambrotype.jpg|American actress [[Charlotte Cushman]], 1859
File:Porträtt av man, sittande med vänstra handen stucken inannför rocken - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0052940 1.jpg|Bare ambrotype plate, c. 1860, showing damage to emulsion and varnish
File:Damporträtt. Porträtt av okänd sittande kvinna. 1800-talets mitt - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0052391 1.jpg|Portrait on oval glass plate, c. 1850s
File:Grand-son of Vice-Admiral Charles John Napier (5570754738).jpg|Boy with elaborately hand-tinted [[tartan]] clothing, c. 1860
File:Dr Charles Nathan, surgeon (5570762546).jpg|[[Stereoscopy|Stereoscopic]] portrait of a surgeon, c. 1860
File:Princess Isabel and Leopoldina 1855 frame removed.png|Brazilian princesses [[Princess Leopoldina of Brazil|Leopoldina]] and [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel]] (seated), 1855
File:Whaler Benjamin Tucker in Honolulu, by Dr. Stangenwald.jpg|[[Whaler|Whaling ship]] in Honolulu harbor, 1857
File:Erika germany.jpg|An example of a modern ambrotype, May 2007
File:Martin Falbisoner - Ambrotype by Steffen Diemer.jpg|Example of a modern ambrotype, 2015
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Albumen print]]
* [[Calotype]]
* [[Collodion process]]
* [[Daguerreotype]]
* [[Tintype]]
* [[Lippmann plate]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ambrotypes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121338/http://www.alternativephotography.com/process_wetplate.html The wetplate collodion process, used to make ambrotypes]
* [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/videoDetails?cat=2&segid=1726 The Getty Museum: The Wet Collodion Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019053829/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/videoDetails?cat=2&segid=1726 |date=2014-10-19 }}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eastman/sfeature/wetplate_step1.html Step by Step Wet Plate Photography]
* [http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/animate/photitle.html Making a Photograph During the Brady Era]
* [http://www.americanantiquarian.org/content/ambrotypes-inventory Ambrotypes Collection at the American Antiquarian Society]
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1BtdiA1fDs

[[Category:1854 introductions]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Photographic processes dating from the 19th century]]