Editing Ambrym

{{short description|Volcanic island in Vanuatu}}
{{Lead too short|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Ambrym
| sobriquet  = 
| image_name = Ambryn sentinel-2.jpg
| map_image = Vanuatu - Ambrym.PNG
| map_caption = Map of Ambrym
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| location = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|15|S|168|7|E|region:VU_type:isle_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[New Hebrides]]
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 677.7
| highest_mount = 
| elevation_m = 1334
| country = Vanuatu
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Provinces of Vanuatu|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Malampa]]
| country_largest_city = 
| country_largest_city_population = 
| population = 7,275
| population_as_of = 2009
| density_km2 = 
| ethnic_groups = [[Ni-Vanuatu]]
}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Ambrym
| photo = Marum sept 2009.jpg
| photo_size = 180px
| photo_caption = [[Lava]] lake in Marum crater, Ambrym, in a photo taken 24 September 2009
| elevation_m   = 1334
| highest= Ambrym Volcano summit
| elevation_ref = <ref name="gvp"/>
| prominence_m  =
| prominence_ref=
| range =
| listing = [[List of volcanoes in Vanuatu|Volcanoes of Vanuatu]]
| location = [[Vanuatu]]
| map = Vanuatu
| coordinates = {{coord|16|15|S|168|7|E|region:VU_type:isle_scale:1000000|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="gvp"/>
| topo =
| type = [[Pyroclastic shield]]<ref name="gvp"/>
| age =
| volcanic_arc = [[New Hebrides arc]]<ref name="gvp"/>
| last_eruption = 2022<ref name="Ambrym volcano on Volcano Discovery">{{Cite news|title=Ambrym volcano|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/ambrym.html|publisher=Volcano Discovery|date=19 Feb 2018|access-date=2023-06-07}}</ref>
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}

'''Ambrym''' is a [[volcanic]] [[island]] in [[Malampa Province]] in the [[archipelago]] of [[Vanuatu]].  Volcanic activity on the island includes [[lava lake]]s in two craters near the summit.

==Etymology==
Ambrym (also known as ''Ambrin'',<ref name="Geographic">{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2964484&fid=4289&c=vanuatu |title=Ambrim: Vanuatu, name, geographic coordinates and map |publisher=Geographical Names |access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref> ''"ham rim"'' in the Ranon language)<ref name="Vanuatuparadise">{{cite web |url=http://www.vanuatuparadise.com/NewFiles/anglais/iles/ambrym_ang.html |title=Ambrim |publisher=Destination Vanuatu, South Pacific |access-date=2011-07-29 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301055859/http://www.vanuatuparadise.com/NewFiles/anglais/iles/ambrym_ang.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was allegedly named by [[Captain Cook]], who is said to have anchored off there in 1774. In fact, his expedition never touched Ambrym.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Geography==
Located near the center of the [[Vanuatu]]an archipelago, Ambrym is roughly triangular in shape, about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Seach">{{cite web|url=http://www.ambrym.com/ |title=Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu |publisher=John Seach |access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref>  With {{convert|677.7|km2|mi2}} of surface area, it is the fifth largest island in the country. The summit at the centre of the island is dominated by a desert-like [[caldera]], which covers an area of {{convert|100|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=gvp/> With the exception of human settlements, the rest of the island is covered by a dense jungle.<ref name="Seach"/>

===Important Bird Area===
The western part of the island, comprising 17,605&nbsp;ha of forest, together with gardens around habitation, has been recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because it supports populations of [[Vanuatu megapode]]s, [[Tanna fruit dove]]s, [[red-bellied fruit dove]]s, [[grey-eared honeyeater]]s, [[cardinal myzomela]]s, [[fan-tailed gerygone]]s, [[long-tailed triller]]s, [[streaked fantail]]s, [[Melanesian flycatcher]]s, [[buff-bellied monarch]]s and [[Vanuatu white-eye]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ambrym-west-iba-vanuatu|title= Ambrym West|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 9 February 2021}}</ref>

==Volcanology==
[[File:Ambrym volcano.jpg|left|thumb|[[Ash plume]] from Ambrym Volcano, October 4, 2004]]

Ambrym is a large [[basaltic]] volcano with a 12-km-wide caldera, and is one of the most active volcanoes of the [[New Hebrides]] volcanic arc. The caldera is the result of a huge [[Plinian eruption]], which took place around [[AD 50]]. Its explosive force is rated 6, the third highest in the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] ranks of the largest volcanic explosions in recent geological history.<ref name="VEI"/>

While at higher elevations cinder cones predominate, the western tip of the island is characterized by a series of [[basaltic]] [[tuff]] rings, of which the largest is about {{convert|1|km|mi}} in diameter. These were produced by [[phreatic eruptions]] when [[magma]] contacted the [[water table]] and water-saturated sediments along the coast.<ref name="Volcanophotos"/> The massive, 1900-year-old, {{convert|12|km|mi}} × {{convert|8|km|mi}} caldera is the site of two active volcanic cones, [[Benbow (volcano)|Benbow]] and Marum (also spelled Maroum).<ref name=gvp/> Mount Benbow was named after English Admiral [[John Benbow]] (1653–1702) by Captain Cook.

Several times a century, Ambrym volcano has destructive eruptions. Mount Benbow last erupted explosively in 1913, destroying the mission hospital at Dip Point. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a [[Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System]], which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving [[prediction of volcanic activity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-5839.pdf|title=Real-Time Multi-GAS sensing of volcanic gas composition: experiences from the permanent Etna and Stromboli networks, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-5839}}</ref>

In March 2017, Google added Marum crater with its lava lakes to [[Google Streetview]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://blog.google/products/maps/journey-under-earths-surface-street-view/ |title= Journey under the Earth's surface in Street View |date= March 15, 2017 |series= [[Google Streetview]] }}</ref> Since the last fissure eruption on 16 Dec 2018, the lava lake has disappeared.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257040|title=Global Volcanism Program &#124; Ambrym|website=Smithsonian Institution &#124; Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>

==Demographics==
With the neighbouring island of [[Malakula]] and a few smaller islands, Ambrym forms [[Malampa Province]]. The population of 7,275 inhabitants <ref>2009 National Census of Population and Housing, Vanuatu National Statistics Office</ref> lives mainly off [[coconut]] [[plantations]] in the three corners of the island.

[[File:Ambrym woodcarver.jpg|thumb|upright|An Ambrym woodcarver, circa 1925]]

==Languages==
Like many islands in Vanuatu, Ambrym has its own [[Austronesian languages]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franjieh |first=Michael |date=January 1, 2019 |title=The languages of northern Ambrym, Vanuatu: A guide to the deposited materials in ELAR |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/ccd7612b-2c34-4061-ab6b-e7cf7733cd5a/content |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |volume=13 |pages=83–111}}</ref>

In the north:

* [[Fanbak language|Fanbyak]]
* [[North Ambrym language]]

In the southeast:

* Vatlongos ([[Southeast Ambrym language]])

In the southwest:

* [[Daakie]]
* [[Daakaka language|Daakaka]]
* [[Dalkalaen language|Dalkalaen]]
* [[Lonwolwol language|Lonwolwol]]
* [[Raljago language|Raljago]]

==Towns and villages==
===Southwest===
* [[Fali, Vanuatu|Fali]], [[Craig Cove]], [[Baiap]], [[Sesivi]], [[Port Vato]], [[Bwele]], [[Lalinda]], Tow, Yaotilie, Sanesup, [[Emiotungan]], Maranata and [[Pelibetakever]]

===Southeast===
* Maat, Paamal, [[Toak]], [[Uléi]], Utas, Tavéak, Asé, Pawé, Saméo, [[Endu Pahakol|Endu]], [[Pahakol]] and Benebo

===North===
* [[Ranuetlam]],  [[Ranon, Vanuatu|Ranon]], [[Olal]], [[Fanla]], [[Linboul]], Wilit, Lonwara, Fona, Nebul and Megham

==Tourism==
Tourists are attracted by Ambrym's active volcanoes, tropical vegetation, and the customs of the local villagers. They stay in traditional bungalows, as there are no hotels on the island.<ref name="Vanuatuparadise"/>

==Transportation==
The island is served by two airports, [[Ulei Airport]] in the southeast and [[Craig Cove Airport]] in the southwest.

==Popular culture==
Ambrym is featured in the 2016 [[Werner Herzog]] documentary, ''[[Into the Inferno (film)|Into the Inferno]]''.

Episode two of the BBC documentary "Into the Volcano" hosted by [[Kate Humble]] was filmed on Ambrym in 2014.<ref name="Intothevolcano"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp |vn=257040 |title=Ambrym |access-date=2023-06-07}}</ref>
<ref name="VEI">
  {{cite web|url=http://www.allcountries.org/ranks/volcano_explocivity_index_ranks.html |title=Large Volcano Explocivity Index
  | publisher=geographic.org |access-date=2011-07-29
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724234441/http://www.allcountries.org/ranks/volcano_explocivity_index_ranks.html
  | archive-date= 24 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="Volcanophotos">
  {{cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/photos/volcanoes/volcano_photos_96.html |title=Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu
  | work=Countries of the World |publisher=geographic.org|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref>
<ref name="Intothevolcano">
{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04xwyvl |title=Into the volcano
  |publisher=BBC|access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ambrym}}
* {{cite web |url= http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/ambrym/project/ |work= Documentation of Endangered Languages ([[DOBES]]) |title= West Ambrym |publisher= [[Max Planck Institute]] (MPI) }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.sciencemovies.de/de/07_wer_spricht_noch_daakaka |title= Wer_spricht_noch_Daakaka |trans-title= Who still speaks Daakaka? |website= Science Movies |language= de |first= Soraya |last= Hosni |date= 2011 |series= Project |format= Video blog |location= Center for General Linguistics Berlin (ZAS) |publisher= Humboldt University of Berlin }}
* {{cite web |last= Parker |first= G.J |date= 1970 |url= http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=120 |title= South-East Ambrym word list |publisher= [[University of Auckland]] |work= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database |access-date= 2007-11-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130605132637/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=120 |archive-date= 2013-06-05 |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite web |website= Educated Earth |url= http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4845 |format= Video |title= Climbing A Volcanic Crater [Marum Volcano] |date= Sep 20, 2010 }}

{{Provinces and islands of Vanuatu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islands of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Malampa Province]]
[[Category:Shield volcanoes of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Mountains of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Calderas of Oceania]]
[[Category:Pyroclastic shields]]
[[Category:Lava lakes]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Vanuatu]]